Written and edited by world-renowned experts in the field, Benzel’s Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management, 5th Edition, provides expert, step-by-step guidance on the evaluation and management of disorders of the spine. This definitive, two-volume work explores the full spectrum of techniques used in spine surgery, giving you the tools you need to hone your skills and increase your knowledge in this challenging area. Clearly organized and extensively revised throughout, it features contributions from both neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons to present a truly comprehensive approach to spine disease.
Offers a thorough overview of the effective management of patients with spinal disorders, including fundamental principles, biomechanics, applied anatomy, instrumentation, pathophysiology of spinal disorders, surgical techniques, motion preservation strategies, non-surgical management, and complication avoidance and management, as well as controversies.
Focuses on both pathophysiology and surgical treatment of spine disease, with an increased emphasis on minimally invasive surgery.
Contains new features such as key points boxes at the beginning of chapters and algorithms to help streamline the decision making process.
Covers today’s hot topics in spine surgery, such as health economics, artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, new less invasive techniques including endoscopic spine surgery, and the future of spine surgery.
Provides expert coverage of key topics including biomechanics of motion preservation techniques, spinal injuries in sports, biologics in spine fusion surgery, anterior sub-axial cervical fixation and fusion techniques, complex lumbosacropelvic fixation techniques, and many more.
Features more than 1,500 high-quality illustrations, as well as new procedural videos on en bloc spondylectomy, minimally invasive endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy, cervical total disc replacement, minimally invasive lumbar decompression of stenosis, and more.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedication - p. iii 6. List of Contributors - p. iii 7. Preface - p. iii 8. Volume 1 - p. iii 9. Part 1: Fundamentals of the Spine - p. iii 10. List of Illustrations - p. iii 11. List of Tables - p. iii 12. Chapter 1: History of Spine Surgery - p. iii 13. Chapter 2: History of Spine Biomechanics - p. g17 14. Chapter 3: History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era - p. g29 15. Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of the Spine - p. g39 16. Chapter 5: Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine - p. g48 17. Chapter 6: The Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Aging - p. g55 18. Chapter 7: Muscles and the Spine: Dynamic Stabilization - p. g60 19. Chapter 8: Bone Physiology and Osteoporosis - p. g66 20. Chapter 9: Applied Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Spine - p. g76 21. Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Spinal Alignment and Balance - p. g97 22. Chapter 11: Applied Anatomy of the Spinal Cord - p. g104 23. Chapter 12: Molecular and Anatomic Mechanisms of Nerve Root, Spinal Nerve, and Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. g116 24. Chapter 13: Spine Fusion: Biology and Biomechanics - p. g121 25. Chapter 14: Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation - p. g129 26. Chapter 15: Biomechanics and Implant Materials: The Anterior Column - p. g135 27. Chapter 16: Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques - p. g141 28. Chapter 17: Complications in Spine Surgery: Expected Rates and Classification - p. g147 29. Part 2: Pathophysiology of Spinal Disorders - p. g157 30. Section 2.1: Pathophysiology of Congenital and Developmental Disorders - p. g157 31. Chapter 18: Spinal Cord Dysraphism and Myelodysplasia - p. g157 32. Chapter 19: Congenital Spinal Deformity - p. g169 33. Chapter 20: Early-Onset Scoliosis - p. g185 34. Chapter 21: Late-Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. g198 35. Chapter 22: Scheuermann Disease - p. g205 36. Chapter 23: Developmental Spondylolisthesis - p. g224 37. Chapter 24: Craniovertebral Junction Deformities - p. g236 38. Chapter 25: Developmental Deformity in the Cervical Spine - p. g249 39. Chapter 26: Tarlov Cysts - p. g255 40. Chapter 27: Dural and Meningeal Pathologies - p. g262 41. Chapter 28: Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia - p. g269 42. Section 2.2: Pathophysiology of Degenerative Disorders - p. g278 43. Chapter 29: Pathophysiology of Cervical Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy - p. g278 44. Chapter 30: Pathophysiology of Thoracic Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy - p. g286 45. Chapter 31: Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Pain - p. g295 46. Chapter 32: Deformity in the Cervical Spine - p. g305 47. Chapter 33: Adult Degenerative Scoliosis - p. g312 48. Chapter 34: Lumbar Spondylolisthesis - p. g317 49. Section 2.3: Pathophysiology of Traumatic Disorders - p. g321 50. Chapter 35: Occipitocervical Injuries - p. g321 51. Chapter 36: Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries - p. g330 52. Chapter 37: Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries - p. g345 53. Chapter 38: Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. g355 54. Chapter 39: Spinal Cord Injury - p. g370 55. Chapter 40: Spinal Injuries in Sports - p. g376 56. Section 2.4: Pathophysiology of Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders - p. g387 57. Chapter 41: Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. g387 58. Chapter 42: Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders - p. g404 59. Chapter 43: Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - p. g411 60. Chapter 44: Primary Infections of the Spine - p. g418 61. Chapter 45: Secondary Infections of the Spine - p. g441 62. Chapter 46: Primary Tumors of the Spine - p. g446 63. Chapter 47: Metastatic Tumors of the Spine - p. g461 64. Chapter 48: Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors - p. g469 65. Chapter 49: Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions - p. g478 66. Chapter 50: Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending Into the Cervicothoracic Spine - p. g488 67. Section 2.6: Pathophysiology of Syndromic Disorders Affecting the Spine: Connective Tissue and Vascular - p. g495 68. Chapter 51: Spinal Disorders Associated With Connective Tissue Disorders - p. g495 69. Chapter 52: Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and Metabolic Bone Disease - p. g504 70. Chapter 53: Vascular Malformations of the Spine - p. g517 71. Chapter 54: Neuromuscular Disorders in the Pediatric Spine - p. g526 72. Chapter 55: Neuromuscular Disorders in the Adult Spine - p. g535 73. Section 2.7: Pathophysiology of Postoperative Spinal Disorders - p. g543 74. Chapter 56: Postoperative Spinal Disorders—Cervical - p. g543 75. Chapter 57: Postoperative Spinal Deformity - p. g550 76. Chapter 58: Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical Spine - p. g558 77. Chapter 59: Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Lumbar Spine - p. g565 78. Chapter 60: Proximal and Distal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure - p. g570 79. Part 3: Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Disorders - p. g577 80. Chapter 61: Physical and Neurological Examination - p. g577 81. Chapter 62: Sagittal Spinal Alignment: An Evolutionary Perspective - p. g586 82. Chapter 63: Spinal Alignment: Significance and Preoperative Planning - p. g594 83. Chapter 64: Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis - p. g599 84. Chapter 65: Electrodiagnostic Studies - p. g604 85. Chapter 66: Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine - p. g614 86. Chapter 67: Patient Selection for Spine Surgery: Preoperative Optimization - p. g633 87. Chapter 68: Evaluation of the Aging Patient - p. g637 88. Chapter 69: Preoperative Evaluation of Psychosocial Aspects and Work-Related Issues - p. g642 89. Chapter 70: Preoperative Evaluation of Patients With Tumors Affecting the Spine - p. g645 90. Chapter 71: Measuring Preoperative Health-Related Quality of Life: What Metrics Matter - p. g656 91. Part 4: Management of Spinal Disorders - p. g660 92. Section 4.1: Nonoperative Approaches - p. g660 93. Chapter 72: Rehabilitation and Interventions in Management of Spinal Disorders - p. g660 94. Chapter 73: Spine Injections - p. g666 95. Chapter 74: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Back Pain - p. g683 96. Chapter 75: Regenerative Strategies and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration - p. g691 97. Chapter 76: Neuromodulation and Rehabilitative Interventions for the Spine - p. g694 98. Chapter 77: Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives - p. g700 99. Section 4.2: Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Overview and Principles - p. g704 100. Chapter 78: Fundamentals of Spine Surgery - p. g704 101. Chapter 79: Perioperative Management Protocols: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - p. g709 102. Chapter 80: Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction - p. g722 103. Chapter 81: Intraoperative Imaging Protocols - p. g742 104. Chapter 82: Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications - p. g751 105. Chapter 83: Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery - p. g764 106. Chapter 84: Blood Management and Complex Spine Surgery - p. g771 107. Chapter 85: Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad - p. g783 108. Volume 2 - p. g794 109. Chapter 86: Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery - p. g794 110. Chapter 87: Osteointegration: The Bone and Implant Interface - p. g800 111. Chapter 88: Common Complications in Spine Surgery: Pseudoarthrosis - p. g805 112. Chapter 89: Postoperative Medical Complications - p. g815 113. Chapter 90: Preventing Postoperative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach - p. g820 114. Chapter 91: Neurological Complications of Common Spine Operations - p. g825 115. Chapter 92: Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Repair and Outcomes - p. g829 116. Chapter 93: Arachnoiditis - p. g835 117. Chapter 94: Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia - p. g840 118. Chapter 95: Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia - p. g846 119. Chapter 96: Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications - p. g850 120. Chapter 97: Postoperative Spinal Deformities - p. g862 121. Chapter 98: Implant Wear, Degradation, and Breakage - p. g870 122. Chapter 99: Spine Readmissions and Reoperations - p. g877 123. Section 4.3: Operative Management of Spinal Disoders: Occipital and Cervical - p. g882 124. Chapter 100: Cervical Spine Construct Design - p. g882 125. Chapter 101: Occipitocervical Spine Approaches for Decompression - p. g891 126. Chapter 102: Occipitocervical Spine Posterior Approaches for Fusion - p. g902 127. Chapter 103: Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction - p. g915 128. Chapter 104: Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Posterior - p. g925 129. Chapter 105: Posterior Cervical Decompressions: Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy - p. g934 130. Chapter 106: Cervical Laminoplasty - p. g937 131. Chapter 107: Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques - p. g941 132. Chapter 108: Posterior Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine - p. g948 133. Chapter 109: Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Anterior Approach - p. g955 134. Chapter 110: Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy - p. g967 135. Chapter 111: Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance - p. g978 136. Chapter 112: Anterior Subaxial Cervical Fixation and Fusion Techniques - p. g983 137. Chapter 113: Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty - p. g989 138. Chapter 114: Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery - p. g993 139. Section 4.4: Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Thoracolumbar - p. g998 140. Chapter 115: Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design - p. g998 141. Chapter 116: Posterior Approaches to the Thoracic Spine - p. g1007 142. Chapter 117: Anterior and Lateral Approaches to the Thoracic Spine - p. g1014 143. Chapter 118: Minimally Invasive Lateral Thoracic Decompression - p. g1025 144. Chapter 119: Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction - p. g1030 145. Chapter 120: Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion - p. g1039 146. Chapter 121: Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spine Instrumentation - p. g1044 147. Chapter 122: Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Cortical Bone Trajectory Pedicle Screw Placement - p. g1058 148. Chapter 123: Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. g1066 149. Chapter 124: Dorsal Semirigid Stabilization - p. g1077 150. Chapter 125: Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty - p. g1087 151. Chapter 126: Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale - p. g1097 152. Chapter 127: Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Decompression - p. g1106 153. Chapter 128: Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine - p. g1115 154. Chapter 129: Endoscopic Surgical Approaches to the Lumbar Spine - p. g1121 155. Chapter 130: Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Fusion - p. g1127 156. Chapter 131: Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. g1134 157. Chapter 132: Anterior and Anterolateral Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion: Minimally Invasive Surgery Approaches - p. g1145 158. Chapter 133: Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques - p. g1156 159. Chapter 134: Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures - p. g1163 160. Part 5: Operative Management of Specific Disorders of the Spine - p. g1172 161. Section 5.1: Degenerative Pathologies - p. g1172 162. Chapter 135: Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain - p. g1172 163. Chapter 136: Cervical Disc Herniation - p. g1181 164. Chapter 137: Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. g1188 165. Chapter 138: Thoracic Discectomy - p. g1193 166. Chapter 139: Degenerative Spondylolisthesis - p. g1201 167. Chapter 140: Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. g1204 168. Section 5.2: Spinal Deformity - p. g1213 169. Chapter 141: Surgical Principles for Spinal Deformity - p. g1213 170. Chapter 142: An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity - p. g1221 171. Chapter 143: An Approach for Treatment of Complex Pediatric Spinal Deformity - p. g1228 172. Chapter 144: Cervicothoracic Deformity: The Role of Anterior Surgery - p. g1244 173. Chapter 145: Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction: Posterior-Based Osteotomies - p. g1255 174. Chapter 146: The Role of Anterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Deformity - p. g1262 175. Chapter 147: Anterior Column Release in Deformity - p. g1273 176. Chapter 148: Posterior-Based Management of Spinal Deformity - p. g1278 177. Chapter 149: Minimally Invasive Approaches to Spinal Deformity - p. g1282 178. Chapter 150: Surgical Management of High-Grade Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis - p. g1289 179. Chapter 151: Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. g1299 180. Chapter 152: Failed Back Surgery Syndrome - p. g1307 181. Section 5.3: Tumors of the Spine - p. g1313 182. Chapter 153: Oncological Approaches, and Outcomes for Primary Spine Tumors - p. g1313 183. Chapter 154: Staging, Classification, and Oncological Approaches for Metastatic Tumors Involving the Spine - p. g1323 184. Chapter 155: Tumors at the Foramen Magnum and Craniocervical Junction - p. g1341 185. Chapter 156: Cervicothoracic Junction Tumors - p. g1356 186. Chapter 157: Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors: Regional Challenges - p. g1365 187. Chapter 158: Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges - p. g1378 188. Chapter 159: Radiosurgery for Spinal Tumors - p. g1390 189. Section 5.4: Trauma and the Spine - p. g1398 190. Chapter 160: The Acute Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Polytrauma - p. g1398 191. Chapter 161: Timing of Surgery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury - p. g1403 192. Chapter 162: Medical Management of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury - p. g1409 193. Chapter 163: Spinal Traction - p. g1417 194. Chapter 164: Medical Management of Fractures Without Spinal Cord Injury - p. g1423 195. Chapter 165: Anterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma - p. g1436 196. Chapter 166: Posterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma - p. g1436 197. Chapter 167: Surgical Approaches to Thoracolumbar Trauma - p. g1454 198. Chapter 168: Surgical Approaches for Sacral Fractures and Sacropelvic Injuries - p. g1471 199. Chapter 169: Rehabilitation and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury - p. g1479 200. Section 5.5: General Surgical Technique - p. g1493 201. Chapter 170: Harvest of Autograft for Spinal Fusion - p. g1493 202. Chapter 171: Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery - p. g1500 203. Chapter 172: Spinal Wound Closure - p. g1504 204. Part 6: Evidence Development and Guidance of Informed Choice for Optimal Outcomes - p. g1516 205. Chapter 173: Big Data in Healthcare - p. g1516 206. Chapter 174: Spine Registries - p. g1527 207. Chapter 175: Conflicts of Interest in Spine Surgery - p. g1533 208. Chapter 176: Art of the Clinical Trial - p. g1538 209. Chapter 177: Meaningful Retrospective Analysis - p. g1543 210. Chapter 178: Art and Science of Guideline Formation - p. g1548 211. Chapter 179: Appropriate Use Criteria in Spine Surgery - p. g1553 212. Chapter 180: Precision Medicine: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Evaluation and Management of Spinal Disorders - p. g1560 213. Chapter 181: Healthcare Reform and Spine Surgery - p. g1566 214. Chapter 182: Development of New Technologies in Spine Surgery - p. g1573 215. Index - p. g1580
Written and edited by world-renowned experts in the field, Benzel’s Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management, 5th Edition, provides expert, step-by-step guidance on the evaluation and management of disorders of the spine. This definitive, two-volume work explores the full spectrum of techniques used in spine surgery, giving you the tools you need to hone your skills and increase your knowledge in this challenging area. Clearly organized and extensively revised throughout, it features contributions from both neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons to present a truly comprehensive approach to spine disease.
Offers a thorough overview of the effective management of patients with spinal disorders, including fundamental principles, biomechanics, applied anatomy, instrumentation, pathophysiology of spinal disorders, surgical techniques, motion preservation strategies, non-surgical management, and complication avoidance and management, as well as controversies.
Focuses on both pathophysiology and surgical treatment of spine disease, with an increased emphasis on minimally invasive surgery.
Contains new features such as key points boxes at the beginning of chapters and algorithms to help streamline the decision making process.
Covers today’s hot topics in spine surgery, such as health economics, artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, new less invasive techniques including endoscopic spine surgery, and the future of spine surgery.
Provides expert coverage of key topics including biomechanics of motion preservation techniques, spinal injuries in sports, biologics in spine fusion surgery, anterior sub-axial cervical fixation and fusion techniques, complex lumbosacropelvic fixation techniques, and many more.
Features more than 1,500 high-quality illustrations, as well as new procedural videos on en bloc spondylectomy, minimally invasive endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy, cervical total disc replacement, minimally invasive lumbar decompression of stenosis, and more.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iii 5. Dedication - p. iii 6. List of Contributors - p. iii 7. Preface - p. iii 8. Volume 1 - p. iii 9. Part 1: Fundamentals of the Spine - p. iii 10. List of Illustrations - p. iii 11. List of Tables - p. iii 12. Chapter 1: History of Spine Surgery - p. iii 13. Chapter 2: History of Spine Biomechanics - p. g17 14. Chapter 3: History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era - p. g29 15. Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of the Spine - p. g39 16. Chapter 5: Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine - p. g48 17. Chapter 6: The Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Aging - p. g55 18. Chapter 7: Muscles and the Spine: Dynamic Stabilization - p. g60 19. Chapter 8: Bone Physiology and Osteoporosis - p. g66 20. Chapter 9: Applied Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Spine - p. g76 21. Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Spinal Alignment and Balance - p. g97 22. Chapter 11: Applied Anatomy of the Spinal Cord - p. g104 23. Chapter 12: Molecular and Anatomic Mechanisms of Nerve Root, Spinal Nerve, and Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. g116 24. Chapter 13: Spine Fusion: Biology and Biomechanics - p. g121 25. Chapter 14: Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation - p. g129 26. Chapter 15: Biomechanics and Implant Materials: The Anterior Column - p. g135 27. Chapter 16: Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques - p. g141 28. Chapter 17: Complications in Spine Surgery: Expected Rates and Classification - p. g147 29. Part 2: Pathophysiology of Spinal Disorders - p. g157 30. Section 2.1: Pathophysiology of Congenital and Developmental Disorders - p. g157 31. Chapter 18: Spinal Cord Dysraphism and Myelodysplasia - p. g157 32. Chapter 19: Congenital Spinal Deformity - p. g169 33. Chapter 20: Early-Onset Scoliosis - p. g185 34. Chapter 21: Late-Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. g198 35. Chapter 22: Scheuermann Disease - p. g205 36. Chapter 23: Developmental Spondylolisthesis - p. g224 37. Chapter 24: Craniovertebral Junction Deformities - p. g236 38. Chapter 25: Developmental Deformity in the Cervical Spine - p. g249 39. Chapter 26: Tarlov Cysts - p. g255 40. Chapter 27: Dural and Meningeal Pathologies - p. g262 41. Chapter 28: Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia - p. g269 42. Section 2.2: Pathophysiology of Degenerative Disorders - p. g278 43. Chapter 29: Pathophysiology of Cervical Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy - p. g278 44. Chapter 30: Pathophysiology of Thoracic Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy - p. g286 45. Chapter 31: Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Pain - p. g295 46. Chapter 32: Deformity in the Cervical Spine - p. g305 47. Chapter 33: Adult Degenerative Scoliosis - p. g312 48. Chapter 34: Lumbar Spondylolisthesis - p. g317 49. Section 2.3: Pathophysiology of Traumatic Disorders - p. g321 50. Chapter 35: Occipitocervical Injuries - p. g321 51. Chapter 36: Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries - p. g330 52. Chapter 37: Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries - p. g345 53. Chapter 38: Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. g355 54. Chapter 39: Spinal Cord Injury - p. g370 55. Chapter 40: Spinal Injuries in Sports - p. g376 56. Section 2.4: Pathophysiology of Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders - p. g387 57. Chapter 41: Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. g387 58. Chapter 42: Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders - p. g404 59. Chapter 43: Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - p. g411 60. Chapter 44: Primary Infections of the Spine - p. g418 61. Chapter 45: Secondary Infections of the Spine - p. g441 62. Chapter 46: Primary Tumors of the Spine - p. g446 63. Chapter 47: Metastatic Tumors of the Spine - p. g461 64. Chapter 48: Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors - p. g469 65. Chapter 49: Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions - p. g478 66. Chapter 50: Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending Into the Cervicothoracic Spine - p. g488 67. Section 2.6: Pathophysiology of Syndromic Disorders Affecting the Spine: Connective Tissue and Vascular - p. g495 68. Chapter 51: Spinal Disorders Associated With Connective Tissue Disorders - p. g495 69. Chapter 52: Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and Metabolic Bone Disease - p. g504 70. Chapter 53: Vascular Malformations of the Spine - p. g517 71. Chapter 54: Neuromuscular Disorders in the Pediatric Spine - p. g526 72. Chapter 55: Neuromuscular Disorders in the Adult Spine - p. g535 73. Section 2.7: Pathophysiology of Postoperative Spinal Disorders - p. g543 74. Chapter 56: Postoperative Spinal Disorders—Cervical - p. g543 75. Chapter 57: Postoperative Spinal Deformity - p. g550 76. Chapter 58: Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical Spine - p. g558 77. Chapter 59: Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Lumbar Spine - p. g565 78. Chapter 60: Proximal and Distal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure - p. g570 79. Part 3: Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Disorders - p. g577 80. Chapter 61: Physical and Neurological Examination - p. g577 81. Chapter 62: Sagittal Spinal Alignment: An Evolutionary Perspective - p. g586 82. Chapter 63: Spinal Alignment: Significance and Preoperative Planning - p. g594 83. Chapter 64: Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis - p. g599 84. Chapter 65: Electrodiagnostic Studies - p. g604 85. Chapter 66: Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine - p. g614 86. Chapter 67: Patient Selection for Spine Surgery: Preoperative Optimization - p. g633 87. Chapter 68: Evaluation of the Aging Patient - p. g637 88. Chapter 69: Preoperative Evaluation of Psychosocial Aspects and Work-Related Issues - p. g642 89. Chapter 70: Preoperative Evaluation of Patients With Tumors Affecting the Spine - p. g645 90. Chapter 71: Measuring Preoperative Health-Related Quality of Life: What Metrics Matter - p. g656 91. Part 4: Management of Spinal Disorders - p. g660 92. Section 4.1: Nonoperative Approaches - p. g660 93. Chapter 72: Rehabilitation and Interventions in Management of Spinal Disorders - p. g660 94. Chapter 73: Spine Injections - p. g666 95. Chapter 74: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Back Pain - p. g683 96. Chapter 75: Regenerative Strategies and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration - p. g691 97. Chapter 76: Neuromodulation and Rehabilitative Interventions for the Spine - p. g694 98. Chapter 77: Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives - p. g700 99. Section 4.2: Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Overview and Principles - p. g704 100. Chapter 78: Fundamentals of Spine Surgery - p. g704 101. Chapter 79: Perioperative Management Protocols: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - p. g709 102. Chapter 80: Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction - p. g722 103. Chapter 81: Intraoperative Imaging Protocols - p. g742 104. Chapter 82: Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications - p. g751 105. Chapter 83: Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery - p. g764 106. Chapter 84: Blood Management and Complex Spine Surgery - p. g771 107. Chapter 85: Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad - p. g783 108. Volume 2 - p. g794 109. Chapter 86: Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery - p. g794 110. Chapter 87: Osteointegration: The Bone and Implant Interface - p. g800 111. Chapter 88: Common Complications in Spine Surgery: Pseudoarthrosis - p. g805 112. Chapter 89: Postoperative Medical Complications - p. g815 113. Chapter 90: Preventing Postoperative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach - p. g820 114. Chapter 91: Neurological Complications of Common Spine Operations - p. g825 115. Chapter 92: Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Repair and Outcomes - p. g829 116. Chapter 93: Arachnoiditis - p. g835 117. Chapter 94: Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia - p. g840 118. Chapter 95: Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia - p. g846 119. Chapter 96: Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications - p. g850 120. Chapter 97: Postoperative Spinal Deformities - p. g862 121. Chapter 98: Implant Wear, Degradation, and Breakage - p. g870 122. Chapter 99: Spine Readmissions and Reoperations - p. g877 123. Section 4.3: Operative Management of Spinal Disoders: Occipital and Cervical - p. g882 124. Chapter 100: Cervical Spine Construct Design - p. g882 125. Chapter 101: Occipitocervical Spine Approaches for Decompression - p. g891 126. Chapter 102: Occipitocervical Spine Posterior Approaches for Fusion - p. g902 127. Chapter 103: Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction - p. g915 128. Chapter 104: Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Posterior - p. g925 129. Chapter 105: Posterior Cervical Decompressions: Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy - p. g934 130. Chapter 106: Cervical Laminoplasty - p. g937 131. Chapter 107: Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques - p. g941 132. Chapter 108: Posterior Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine - p. g948 133. Chapter 109: Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Anterior Approach - p. g955 134. Chapter 110: Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy - p. g967 135. Chapter 111: Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance - p. g978 136. Chapter 112: Anterior Subaxial Cervical Fixation and Fusion Techniques - p. g983 137. Chapter 113: Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty - p. g989 138. Chapter 114: Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery - p. g993 139. Section 4.4: Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Thoracolumbar - p. g998 140. Chapter 115: Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design - p. g998 141. Chapter 116: Posterior Approaches to the Thoracic Spine - p. g1007 142. Chapter 117: Anterior and Lateral Approaches to the Thoracic Spine - p. g1014 143. Chapter 118: Minimally Invasive Lateral Thoracic Decompression - p. g1025 144. Chapter 119: Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction - p. g1030 145. Chapter 120: Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion - p. g1039 146. Chapter 121: Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spine Instrumentation - p. g1044 147. Chapter 122: Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Cortical Bone Trajectory Pedicle Screw Placement - p. g1058 148. Chapter 123: Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. g1066 149. Chapter 124: Dorsal Semirigid Stabilization - p. g1077 150. Chapter 125: Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty - p. g1087 151. Chapter 126: Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale - p. g1097 152. Chapter 127: Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Decompression - p. g1106 153. Chapter 128: Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine - p. g1115 154. Chapter 129: Endoscopic Surgical Approaches to the Lumbar Spine - p. g1121 155. Chapter 130: Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Fusion - p. g1127 156. Chapter 131: Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. g1134 157. Chapter 132: Anterior and Anterolateral Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion: Minimally Invasive Surgery Approaches - p. g1145 158. Chapter 133: Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques - p. g1156 159. Chapter 134: Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures - p. g1163 160. Part 5: Operative Management of Specific Disorders of the Spine - p. g1172 161. Section 5.1: Degenerative Pathologies - p. g1172 162. Chapter 135: Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain - p. g1172 163. Chapter 136: Cervical Disc Herniation - p. g1181 164. Chapter 137: Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. g1188 165. Chapter 138: Thoracic Discectomy - p. g1193 166. Chapter 139: Degenerative Spondylolisthesis - p. g1201 167. Chapter 140: Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. g1204 168. Section 5.2: Spinal Deformity - p. g1213 169. Chapter 141: Surgical Principles for Spinal Deformity - p. g1213 170. Chapter 142: An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity - p. g1221 171. Chapter 143: An Approach for Treatment of Complex Pediatric Spinal Deformity - p. g1228 172. Chapter 144: Cervicothoracic Deformity: The Role of Anterior Surgery - p. g1244 173. Chapter 145: Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction: Posterior-Based Osteotomies - p. g1255 174. Chapter 146: The Role of Anterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Deformity - p. g1262 175. Chapter 147: Anterior Column Release in Deformity - p. g1273 176. Chapter 148: Posterior-Based Management of Spinal Deformity - p. g1278 177. Chapter 149: Minimally Invasive Approaches to Spinal Deformity - p. g1282 178. Chapter 150: Surgical Management of High-Grade Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis - p. g1289 179. Chapter 151: Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. g1299 180. Chapter 152: Failed Back Surgery Syndrome - p. g1307 181. Section 5.3: Tumors of the Spine - p. g1313 182. Chapter 153: Oncological Approaches, and Outcomes for Primary Spine Tumors - p. g1313 183. Chapter 154: Staging, Classification, and Oncological Approaches for Metastatic Tumors Involving the Spine - p. g1323 184. Chapter 155: Tumors at the Foramen Magnum and Craniocervical Junction - p. g1341 185. Chapter 156: Cervicothoracic Junction Tumors - p. g1356 186. Chapter 157: Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors: Regional Challenges - p. g1365 187. Chapter 158: Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges - p. g1378 188. Chapter 159: Radiosurgery for Spinal Tumors - p. g1390 189. Section 5.4: Trauma and the Spine - p. g1398 190. Chapter 160: The Acute Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Polytrauma - p. g1398 191. Chapter 161: Timing of Surgery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury - p. g1403 192. Chapter 162: Medical Management of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury - p. g1409 193. Chapter 163: Spinal Traction - p. g1417 194. Chapter 164: Medical Management of Fractures Without Spinal Cord Injury - p. g1423 195. Chapter 165: Anterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma - p. g1436 196. Chapter 166: Posterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma - p. g1436 197. Chapter 167: Surgical Approaches to Thoracolumbar Trauma - p. g1454 198. Chapter 168: Surgical Approaches for Sacral Fractures and Sacropelvic Injuries - p. g1471 199. Chapter 169: Rehabilitation and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury - p. g1479 200. Section 5.5: General Surgical Technique - p. g1493 201. Chapter 170: Harvest of Autograft for Spinal Fusion - p. g1493 202. Chapter 171: Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery - p. g1500 203. Chapter 172: Spinal Wound Closure - p. g1504 204. Part 6: Evidence Development and Guidance of Informed Choice for Optimal Outcomes - p. g1516 205. Chapter 173: Big Data in Healthcare - p. g1516 206. Chapter 174: Spine Registries - p. g1527 207. Chapter 175: Conflicts of Interest in Spine Surgery - p. g1533 208. Chapter 176: Art of the Clinical Trial - p. g1538 209. Chapter 177: Meaningful Retrospective Analysis - p. g1543 210. Chapter 178: Art and Science of Guideline Formation - p. g1548 211. Chapter 179: Appropriate Use Criteria in Spine Surgery - p. g1553 212. Chapter 180: Precision Medicine: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Evaluation and Management of Spinal Disorders - p. g1560 213. Chapter 181: Healthcare Reform and Spine Surgery - p. g1566 214. Chapter 182: Development of New Technologies in Spine Surgery - p. g1573 215. Index - p. g1580
