Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition - E-Book. A scientific look at the biological bases of human nutrition. Covering advanced nutrition with a comprehensive, easy-to-understand approach, Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition, 4th Edition, focuses on nutrition at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and whole-body levels. Written by Martha Stipanuk, Marie Caudill, and a team of nutrition experts, the text addresses nutrients by classification, and describes macronutrient function from digestion to metabolism. This edition includes the most current recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, plus coverage of the historical evolution of nutrition and information on a wide range of vitamins, minerals, and other food components.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. i 3. Table of Contents - p. i 4. Copyright - p. ii 5. Contributors - p. iii 6. Reviewers - p. v 7. Preface - p. vi 8. Acknowledgments - p. vii 9. UNIT I. Nutrients - p. vii 10. Chapter 1. Nutrients: History and Definitions - p. 1 11. Chapter 2. Guidelines for Food and Nutrient Intake - p. 14 12. UNIT II. Structure and Properties of the Macronutrients - p. 27.e3 13. Chapter 3. Structure, Nomenclature, and Properties of Carbohydrates - p. 28 14. Chapter 4. Structure, Nomenclature, and Properties of Lipids - p. 56 15. Chapter 5. Structure, Nomenclature, and Properties of Proteins and Amino Acids - p. 95 16. UNIT III. Digestion and Absorption of the Macronutrients - p. 120.e2 17. Chapter 6. Overview of Digestion and Absorption - p. 121 18. Chapter 7. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate - p. 142 19. Chapter 8. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids - p. 169 20. Chapter 9. Digestion and Absorption of Protein - p. 188 21. UNIT IV. Metabolism of the Macronutrients - p. 202.e2 22. Chapter 10. Central Aspects of Macronutrient Metabolism - p. 203 23. Chapter 11. Overview of the Regulation of Macronutrient Metabolism - p. 229 24. Chapter 12. Metabolism of Carbohydrate - p. 263 25. Cellular Uptake and Metabolism of Glucose - p. 263 26. Glucose Utilization: Glycolysis - p. 269 27. Metabolism of Monosaccharides other than Glucose - p. 277 28. Glucose Utilization: Glycogen Synthesis from Glucose - p. 280 29. Other Pathways of Glucose Utilization - p. 286 30. Glucose Production: Glycogen Degradation - p. 290 31. Glucose Production: Gluconeogenesis - p. 294 32. Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism; Synthesis of other Sugars and Sugar Derivatives, Glucuronides, Lactose, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids - p. 304 33. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Hereditary Fructose Intolerance and Essential Fructosuria - p. 311 34. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Glycogen Synthase Deficiency - p. 311 35. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Glucose 6-Phosphatase Deficiency - p. 311 36. Thinking Critically—End of Chapter - p. 311 37. Chapter 13. Metabolism of Fatty Acids, Acylglycerols, and Sphingolipids - p. 312 38. Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism - p. 312 39. β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids - p. 365.e4 40. Formation of Ketone Bodies from Acetyl-CoA in the Liver as a Fuel for Extrahepatic Tissues - p. 324 41. De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids from Acetyl-CoA - p. 327 42. Synthesis of C20 and C22 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Dietary Precursors - p. 335 43. Synthesis of Triacylglycerols - p. 338 44. Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism of Triacylglycerol-Rich Lipoproteins - p. 342 45. Mobilization of Stored Triacylglycerols - p. 348 46. Phospholipids - p. 350 47. Ether-Linked Glycerophospholipids - p. 359 48. Sphingolipids - p. 362 49. Proteolipids - p. 365 50. Thinking Critically—Nutrition Insight BOX—The Carnitine Shuttle in Reverse - p. 365 51. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Deficiencies in Beta-Oxidation - p. 365 52. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency - p. 365 53. Thinking Critically—Nutrition Insight Box—Fatty Acid Remodeling - p. 365.e2 54. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Inborn Errors - p. 365.e2 55. Thinking Critically—End of Chapter - p. 365.e2 56. Chapter 14. Cholesterol and Lipoproteins: Synthesis, Transport, and Metabolism - p. 366 57. Chapter 15. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism - p. 402 58. Chapter 16. Metabolism of Individual Amino Acids - p. 444 59. UNIT V. Macronutrient Requirements - p. 481.e4 60. Chapter 17. Total Energy Requirement: Energy Expenditure, Growth, and Energy Stores - p. 482 61. Chapter 18. Requirements or Recommended Intakes for Carbohydrates and Lipids - p. 510 62. Chapter 19. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements - p. 540 63. Chapter 20. Consequences of Energy Imbalance: Obesity and Undernutrition - p. 569 64. UNIT VI. The Vitamins - p. 590.e3 65. Chapter 21. Niacin, Riboflavin, and Thiamin - p. 591 66. Chapter 22. Folate, Choline, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin B6 - p. 614 67. Folate - p. 614 68. Nomenclature and Structure - p. 614 69. Food Sources of Folate - p. 614 70. Absorption Of Folate - p. 614 71. Bioavailability of Folate - p. 616 72. Tissue Uptake and Transport - p. 616 73. Excretion - p. 617 74. Metabolism and Biological Functions of Folate - p. 617 75. Health Effects - p. 621 76. Folate Dietary Recommendations - p. 623 77. Folate Intake - p. 624 78. Assessment and Status Indicators - p. 625 79. Choline - p. 625 80. Nomenclature and Structure - p. 625 81. Food sources - p. 625 82. Digestion and Absorption of Choline - p. 625 83. Bioavailablity of Choline - p. 627 84. Tissue Uptake of Choline - p. 627 85. Metabolism of Choline - p. 627 86. Excretion of Choline - p. 632 87. Biological Functions - p. 632 88. Choline Deficiency - p. 634 89. Health Effects - p. 634 90. Dietary Recommendations for Choline - p. 636 91. Factors Affecting Choline Requirements - p. 637 92. Dietary Intake of Choline - p. 637 93. Assessment and Status Indicators - p. 637 94. Toxicity - p. 638 95. Vitamin B12 - p. 638 96. Nomenclature and Structure - p. 638 97. Food Sources - p. 640 98. Digestion of Vitamin B12 - p. 640 99. Absorption of Vitamin B12 - p. 641 100. Bioavailability of Vitamin B12 - p. 641 101. Transport, Tissue Uptake, Metabolism, and Excretion - p. 642 102. Biological Functions of Vitamin B12 - p. 642 103. Vitamin B12 Deficiency - p. 645 104. Dietary Recommendations and Intake - p. 647 105. Assessment of Vitamin B12 - p. 648 106. Vitamin B6 - p. 649 107. Nomenclature and Structure - p. 649 108. Food Sources - p. 649 109. Digestion and Absorption - p. 649 110. Bioavailablity - p. 651 111. Metabolism of Vitamin B6 - p. 651 112. Distribution - p. 651 113. Storage and Turnover - p. 651 114. Biological Functions - p. 651 115. Vitamin B6 Deficiency - p. 653 116. Health Effects - p. 654 117. Dietary Recommendations - p. 656 118. Vitamin B6 Intake - p. 657 119. Assessment and Status Indicators - p. 657 120. Toxicity - p. 658 121. Thinking Critically—End of Chapter - p. 658 122. Chapter 23. Biotin and Pantothenic Acid - p. 659 123. Chapter 24. Vitamin C - p. 674 124. Chapter 25. Vitamin K - p. 697 125. Chapter 26. Vitamin E - p. 708 126. Chapter 27. Vitamin A - p. 718 127. Chapter 28. Vitamin D - p. 739 128. UNIT VII. The Minerals - p. 752.e4 129. Chapter 29. Calcium and Phosphorus - p. 753 130. Chapter 30. Magnesium - p. 777 131. Chapter 31. Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium - p. 788 132. Chapter 32. Body Fluids and Water Balance - p. 806 133. Chapter 33. Iron - p. 824 134. Chapter 34. Zinc, Copper, and Manganese - p. 849 135. Chapter 35. Iodine - p. 867 136. Chapter 36. Selenium - p. 882 137. Chapter 37. Fluoride - p. 901 138. Chapter 38. Molybdenum and the Beneficial Bioactive Trace Elements - p. 911 139. Index - p. 926 140. Common Abbreviations - p. 960
Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition - E-Book. A scientific look at the biological bases of human nutrition. Covering advanced nutrition with a comprehensive, easy-to-understand approach, Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition, 4th Edition, focuses on nutrition at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and whole-body levels. Written by Martha Stipanuk, Marie Caudill, and a team of nutrition experts, the text addresses nutrients by classification, and describes macronutrient function from digestion to metabolism. This edition includes the most current recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, plus coverage of the historical evolution of nutrition and information on a wide range of vitamins, minerals, and other food components.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. i 3. Table of Contents - p. i 4. Copyright - p. ii 5. Contributors - p. iii 6. Reviewers - p. v 7. Preface - p. vi 8. Acknowledgments - p. vii 9. UNIT I. Nutrients - p. vii 10. Chapter 1. Nutrients: History and Definitions - p. 1 11. Chapter 2. Guidelines for Food and Nutrient Intake - p. 14 12. UNIT II. Structure and Properties of the Macronutrients - p. 27.e3 13. Chapter 3. Structure, Nomenclature, and Properties of Carbohydrates - p. 28 14. Chapter 4. Structure, Nomenclature, and Properties of Lipids - p. 56 15. Chapter 5. Structure, Nomenclature, and Properties of Proteins and Amino Acids - p. 95 16. UNIT III. Digestion and Absorption of the Macronutrients - p. 120.e2 17. Chapter 6. Overview of Digestion and Absorption - p. 121 18. Chapter 7. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate - p. 142 19. Chapter 8. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids - p. 169 20. Chapter 9. Digestion and Absorption of Protein - p. 188 21. UNIT IV. Metabolism of the Macronutrients - p. 202.e2 22. Chapter 10. Central Aspects of Macronutrient Metabolism - p. 203 23. Chapter 11. Overview of the Regulation of Macronutrient Metabolism - p. 229 24. Chapter 12. Metabolism of Carbohydrate - p. 263 25. Cellular Uptake and Metabolism of Glucose - p. 263 26. Glucose Utilization: Glycolysis - p. 269 27. Metabolism of Monosaccharides other than Glucose - p. 277 28. Glucose Utilization: Glycogen Synthesis from Glucose - p. 280 29. Other Pathways of Glucose Utilization - p. 286 30. Glucose Production: Glycogen Degradation - p. 290 31. Glucose Production: Gluconeogenesis - p. 294 32. Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism; Synthesis of other Sugars and Sugar Derivatives, Glucuronides, Lactose, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids - p. 304 33. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Hereditary Fructose Intolerance and Essential Fructosuria - p. 311 34. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Glycogen Synthase Deficiency - p. 311 35. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Glucose 6-Phosphatase Deficiency - p. 311 36. Thinking Critically—End of Chapter - p. 311 37. Chapter 13. Metabolism of Fatty Acids, Acylglycerols, and Sphingolipids - p. 312 38. Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism - p. 312 39. β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids - p. 365.e4 40. Formation of Ketone Bodies from Acetyl-CoA in the Liver as a Fuel for Extrahepatic Tissues - p. 324 41. De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids from Acetyl-CoA - p. 327 42. Synthesis of C20 and C22 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Dietary Precursors - p. 335 43. Synthesis of Triacylglycerols - p. 338 44. Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism of Triacylglycerol-Rich Lipoproteins - p. 342 45. Mobilization of Stored Triacylglycerols - p. 348 46. Phospholipids - p. 350 47. Ether-Linked Glycerophospholipids - p. 359 48. Sphingolipids - p. 362 49. Proteolipids - p. 365 50. Thinking Critically—Nutrition Insight BOX—The Carnitine Shuttle in Reverse - p. 365 51. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Deficiencies in Beta-Oxidation - p. 365 52. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency - p. 365 53. Thinking Critically—Nutrition Insight Box—Fatty Acid Remodeling - p. 365.e2 54. Thinking Critically—Clinical Correlation Box—Inborn Errors - p. 365.e2 55. Thinking Critically—End of Chapter - p. 365.e2 56. Chapter 14. Cholesterol and Lipoproteins: Synthesis, Transport, and Metabolism - p. 366 57. Chapter 15. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism - p. 402 58. Chapter 16. Metabolism of Individual Amino Acids - p. 444 59. UNIT V. Macronutrient Requirements - p. 481.e4 60. Chapter 17. Total Energy Requirement: Energy Expenditure, Growth, and Energy Stores - p. 482 61. Chapter 18. Requirements or Recommended Intakes for Carbohydrates and Lipids - p. 510 62. Chapter 19. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements - p. 540 63. Chapter 20. Consequences of Energy Imbalance: Obesity and Undernutrition - p. 569 64. UNIT VI. The Vitamins - p. 590.e3 65. Chapter 21. Niacin, Riboflavin, and Thiamin - p. 591 66. Chapter 22. Folate, Choline, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin B6 - p. 614 67. Folate - p. 614 68. Nomenclature and Structure - p. 614 69. Food Sources of Folate - p. 614 70. Absorption Of Folate - p. 614 71. Bioavailability of Folate - p. 616 72. Tissue Uptake and Transport - p. 616 73. Excretion - p. 617 74. Metabolism and Biological Functions of Folate - p. 617 75. Health Effects - p. 621 76. Folate Dietary Recommendations - p. 623 77. Folate Intake - p. 624 78. Assessment and Status Indicators - p. 625 79. Choline - p. 625 80. Nomenclature and Structure - p. 625 81. Food sources - p. 625 82. Digestion and Absorption of Choline - p. 625 83. Bioavailablity of Choline - p. 627 84. Tissue Uptake of Choline - p. 627 85. Metabolism of Choline - p. 627 86. Excretion of Choline - p. 632 87. Biological Functions - p. 632 88. Choline Deficiency - p. 634 89. Health Effects - p. 634 90. Dietary Recommendations for Choline - p. 636 91. Factors Affecting Choline Requirements - p. 637 92. Dietary Intake of Choline - p. 637 93. Assessment and Status Indicators - p. 637 94. Toxicity - p. 638 95. Vitamin B12 - p. 638 96. Nomenclature and Structure - p. 638 97. Food Sources - p. 640 98. Digestion of Vitamin B12 - p. 640 99. Absorption of Vitamin B12 - p. 641 100. Bioavailability of Vitamin B12 - p. 641 101. Transport, Tissue Uptake, Metabolism, and Excretion - p. 642 102. Biological Functions of Vitamin B12 - p. 642 103. Vitamin B12 Deficiency - p. 645 104. Dietary Recommendations and Intake - p. 647 105. Assessment of Vitamin B12 - p. 648 106. Vitamin B6 - p. 649 107. Nomenclature and Structure - p. 649 108. Food Sources - p. 649 109. Digestion and Absorption - p. 649 110. Bioavailablity - p. 651 111. Metabolism of Vitamin B6 - p. 651 112. Distribution - p. 651 113. Storage and Turnover - p. 651 114. Biological Functions - p. 651 115. Vitamin B6 Deficiency - p. 653 116. Health Effects - p. 654 117. Dietary Recommendations - p. 656 118. Vitamin B6 Intake - p. 657 119. Assessment and Status Indicators - p. 657 120. Toxicity - p. 658 121. Thinking Critically—End of Chapter - p. 658 122. Chapter 23. Biotin and Pantothenic Acid - p. 659 123. Chapter 24. Vitamin C - p. 674 124. Chapter 25. Vitamin K - p. 697 125. Chapter 26. Vitamin E - p. 708 126. Chapter 27. Vitamin A - p. 718 127. Chapter 28. Vitamin D - p. 739 128. UNIT VII. The Minerals - p. 752.e4 129. Chapter 29. Calcium and Phosphorus - p. 753 130. Chapter 30. Magnesium - p. 777 131. Chapter 31. Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium - p. 788 132. Chapter 32. Body Fluids and Water Balance - p. 806 133. Chapter 33. Iron - p. 824 134. Chapter 34. Zinc, Copper, and Manganese - p. 849 135. Chapter 35. Iodine - p. 867 136. Chapter 36. Selenium - p. 882 137. Chapter 37. Fluoride - p. 901 138. Chapter 38. Molybdenum and the Beneficial Bioactive Trace Elements - p. 911 139. Index - p. 926 140. Common Abbreviations - p. 960
