This volume focuses on the interplay of mind and motion-the bidirectional link between thought and action. In particular, it investigates the implications that this coupling has for decision making. How do we anticipate the consequences of choices and how is the brain able to represent these choice options and their potential consequences? How are different options evaluated and how is a preferred option selected and implemented? This volume addresses these questions not only through an extensive body of knowledge consisting of individual chapters by international experts, but also through integrative group reports that pave a runway into the future. The understanding of how people make decisions is of common interest to experts working in fields such as psychology, economics, movement science, cognitive neuroscience, neuroinformatics, robotics, and sport science. So far, however, it has mainly been advanced in isolation within distinct research disciplines; in contrast, this book results from a deliberate assembly of multidisciplinary teams. It offers intense, focused, and genuine interdisciplinary perspective. It conveys state-of-the-art and outlines future research directions on the hot topic of Mind and Motion (or embodied cognition). It includes contributions from psychologists, neuroscientists, movement scientists, economists, and others.
1. Introduction 2. Measurement of rhythmic movements and first elements of biomechanics 3. The central control of movements 4. Reflex function and its generalization 5. Conclusion 6. Acknowledgments 7. Genetic dissection of rhythmic motor networks in mice 8. Abbreviations 9. Rhythmic motor circuits in the hindbrain and spinal cord 10. The developmental program of the caudal neuroaxis 11. Genetically defined interneuronal populations that shape the locomotor rhythm 12. New genetic approaches for studying motor circuits in the spinal cord 13. Conclusion 14. Acknowledgments 15. Genetic factors determining the functional organization of neural circuits controlling rhythmic movements 16. Introduction 17. Molecular identification of central oscillators during embryonic development: the e-pF oscillator 18. Odd rhombomeric (Egr2/Krox20, Hox) patterning of the parafacial hindbrain 19. The paired-like homeobox 2b (Phox2b) gene, a visceral cell-type fingerprint in respiratory control: link with central chemosensitivity and the congenital central hyperventilation syndrome 20. The e-pF expresses the proneural mouse atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1/Math 1) 21. Perspective: the spinal connection 22. Perspective: insertion of inhibitory interneurons 23. Perspective: the pre-Bötzinger complex 24. Acknowledgments 25. Development of motor rhythms in zebrafish embryos 26. Introduction 27. Morphology of the embryonic zebrafish spinal cord 28. Physiology and pharmacology of slow rhythms 29. Physiology and pharmacology of evoked rhythms 30. Physiology and pharmacology of embryonic swimming rhythms 31. Increasing the frequency of swimming in larvae 32. Rhythm mutants 33. Future research 34. Summary 35. Acknowledgments 36. Limb, respiratory, and masticatory muscle compartmentalization 37. Abbreviations 38. Introduction 39. Neuromuscular compartmentalization of muscle 40. Central partitioning of motoneurons innervating neuromuscular compartments 41. Development of neuromuscular compartments 42. Hormonal influences on compartment muscle phenotype 43. Summary 44. Acknowledgments 45. Spinal interneurons providing input to the final common path during locomotion 46. Introduction 47. Last-order inhibitory interneurons 48. Last-order excitatory interneurons 49. Spinal modulatory neurons 50. Concluding remarks 51. Acknowledgments 52. Beyond connectivity of locomotor circuitry—ionic and modulatory mechanisms 53. Introduction 54. Unit burst generation in the spinal cord 55. Organization of the locomotor network 56. Calcium—a pivotal current for firing and release of transmitter 57. Potassium—currents shaping action potentials 58. KNa channels—a built-in feedback system 59. Embedded modulation—setting the baseline locomotor frequency 60. Plasticity in the spinal cord—contribution of endocannabinoids and NO 61. Common mechanisms with other model systems 62. Conclusion 63. Acknowledgments 64. Synaptically activated burst-generating conductances may underlie a group-pacemaker mechanism for respiratory rhythm generation in mammals 65. Abbreviations 66. Introduction 67. Rhythmic motor behaviors studied in vitro 68. Role of pacemaker properties in respiratory rhythmogenesis 69. Role of synaptically triggered burst-generating conductances in respiratory rhythmogenesis 70. Group-pacemaker hypothesis of respiratory rhythm generation 71. Conclusions 72. Acknowledgments 73. Modulation of rhythmogenic properties of trigeminal neurons contributing to the masticatory CPG 74. Abbreviations 75. Boundaries and components of the CPG 76. Development of bursting properties in relation to mastication 77. Mechanisms of rhythmogenesis 78. Pattern variability and sensory modulation of CPGs 79. Putative cellular mechanisms underlying sensory modulation of bursting in NVsnpr neurons 80. Conclusion 81. Acknowledgment 82. Axial dynamics during locomotion in vertebrates 83. Introduction 84. Diversity and variability of axial locomotor patterns 85. Neural mechanisms underlying the flexibility of axial networks 86. Conclusion 87. Acknowledgment 88. Recruitment of masseter motoneurons by the presumed spindle Ia inputs 89. Development of isometric contraction during the slow-closing phase 90. Orderly recruitment of masseter motoneurons during isometric contraction by the activity of γ-motoneurons 91. Specialized stretch reflex circuit of jaw-closing muscles 92. Recruitment of jaw-closing motoneurons by temporal summation and facilitation of Ia inputs 93. Orderly recruitment of jaw-closing motoneurons by Ia-EPSPs 94. Possible involvements of leak K+ channels, TASK1/3, in IR-ordered recruitment 95. Modulation of orderly recruitment by alteration of TASK channels activity 96. The interactions between locomotion and respiration 97. Abbreviations 98. Introduction 99. Conclusions 100. Acknowledgments 101. Rhythmogenesis in axial locomotor networks: an interspecies comparison 102. Introduction 103. Locomotor behavior 104. Spinal neurons 105. The role of spinal neurons in rhythm generation 106. Conclusions 107. Acknowledgments 108. General Principles of Rhythmogenesis in Central Pattern Generator Networks 109. Abbreviations 110. Neuronal or network oscillators? 111. Principle I: instead of thinking about rhythmic neurons or circuits, consider rhythmogenic ionic currents 112. Principle II: synaptic currents do not simply depolarize of hyperpolarize the cell by rapid synaptic action, but can also evoke nonlinear membrane responses 113. Principle III: there are multiple mechanisms for rhythm generation in any system, which could vary with age, species, and modulatory state 114. Principle IV: it may not be only neurons: the possible role of glial cells 115. Conclusion 116. Acknowledgments
This volume focuses on the interplay of mind and motion-the bidirectional link between thought and action. In particular, it investigates the implications that this coupling has for decision making. How do we anticipate the consequences of choices and how is the brain able to represent these choice options and their potential consequences? How are different options evaluated and how is a preferred option selected and implemented? This volume addresses these questions not only through an extensive body of knowledge consisting of individual chapters by international experts, but also through integrative group reports that pave a runway into the future. The understanding of how people make decisions is of common interest to experts working in fields such as psychology, economics, movement science, cognitive neuroscience, neuroinformatics, robotics, and sport science. So far, however, it has mainly been advanced in isolation within distinct research disciplines; in contrast, this book results from a deliberate assembly of multidisciplinary teams. It offers intense, focused, and genuine interdisciplinary perspective. It conveys state-of-the-art and outlines future research directions on the hot topic of Mind and Motion (or embodied cognition). It includes contributions from psychologists, neuroscientists, movement scientists, economists, and others.
1. Introduction 2. Measurement of rhythmic movements and first elements of biomechanics 3. The central control of movements 4. Reflex function and its generalization 5. Conclusion 6. Acknowledgments 7. Genetic dissection of rhythmic motor networks in mice 8. Abbreviations 9. Rhythmic motor circuits in the hindbrain and spinal cord 10. The developmental program of the caudal neuroaxis 11. Genetically defined interneuronal populations that shape the locomotor rhythm 12. New genetic approaches for studying motor circuits in the spinal cord 13. Conclusion 14. Acknowledgments 15. Genetic factors determining the functional organization of neural circuits controlling rhythmic movements 16. Introduction 17. Molecular identification of central oscillators during embryonic development: the e-pF oscillator 18. Odd rhombomeric (Egr2/Krox20, Hox) patterning of the parafacial hindbrain 19. The paired-like homeobox 2b (Phox2b) gene, a visceral cell-type fingerprint in respiratory control: link with central chemosensitivity and the congenital central hyperventilation syndrome 20. The e-pF expresses the proneural mouse atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1/Math 1) 21. Perspective: the spinal connection 22. Perspective: insertion of inhibitory interneurons 23. Perspective: the pre-Bötzinger complex 24. Acknowledgments 25. Development of motor rhythms in zebrafish embryos 26. Introduction 27. Morphology of the embryonic zebrafish spinal cord 28. Physiology and pharmacology of slow rhythms 29. Physiology and pharmacology of evoked rhythms 30. Physiology and pharmacology of embryonic swimming rhythms 31. Increasing the frequency of swimming in larvae 32. Rhythm mutants 33. Future research 34. Summary 35. Acknowledgments 36. Limb, respiratory, and masticatory muscle compartmentalization 37. Abbreviations 38. Introduction 39. Neuromuscular compartmentalization of muscle 40. Central partitioning of motoneurons innervating neuromuscular compartments 41. Development of neuromuscular compartments 42. Hormonal influences on compartment muscle phenotype 43. Summary 44. Acknowledgments 45. Spinal interneurons providing input to the final common path during locomotion 46. Introduction 47. Last-order inhibitory interneurons 48. Last-order excitatory interneurons 49. Spinal modulatory neurons 50. Concluding remarks 51. Acknowledgments 52. Beyond connectivity of locomotor circuitry—ionic and modulatory mechanisms 53. Introduction 54. Unit burst generation in the spinal cord 55. Organization of the locomotor network 56. Calcium—a pivotal current for firing and release of transmitter 57. Potassium—currents shaping action potentials 58. KNa channels—a built-in feedback system 59. Embedded modulation—setting the baseline locomotor frequency 60. Plasticity in the spinal cord—contribution of endocannabinoids and NO 61. Common mechanisms with other model systems 62. Conclusion 63. Acknowledgments 64. Synaptically activated burst-generating conductances may underlie a group-pacemaker mechanism for respiratory rhythm generation in mammals 65. Abbreviations 66. Introduction 67. Rhythmic motor behaviors studied in vitro 68. Role of pacemaker properties in respiratory rhythmogenesis 69. Role of synaptically triggered burst-generating conductances in respiratory rhythmogenesis 70. Group-pacemaker hypothesis of respiratory rhythm generation 71. Conclusions 72. Acknowledgments 73. Modulation of rhythmogenic properties of trigeminal neurons contributing to the masticatory CPG 74. Abbreviations 75. Boundaries and components of the CPG 76. Development of bursting properties in relation to mastication 77. Mechanisms of rhythmogenesis 78. Pattern variability and sensory modulation of CPGs 79. Putative cellular mechanisms underlying sensory modulation of bursting in NVsnpr neurons 80. Conclusion 81. Acknowledgment 82. Axial dynamics during locomotion in vertebrates 83. Introduction 84. Diversity and variability of axial locomotor patterns 85. Neural mechanisms underlying the flexibility of axial networks 86. Conclusion 87. Acknowledgment 88. Recruitment of masseter motoneurons by the presumed spindle Ia inputs 89. Development of isometric contraction during the slow-closing phase 90. Orderly recruitment of masseter motoneurons during isometric contraction by the activity of γ-motoneurons 91. Specialized stretch reflex circuit of jaw-closing muscles 92. Recruitment of jaw-closing motoneurons by temporal summation and facilitation of Ia inputs 93. Orderly recruitment of jaw-closing motoneurons by Ia-EPSPs 94. Possible involvements of leak K+ channels, TASK1/3, in IR-ordered recruitment 95. Modulation of orderly recruitment by alteration of TASK channels activity 96. The interactions between locomotion and respiration 97. Abbreviations 98. Introduction 99. Conclusions 100. Acknowledgments 101. Rhythmogenesis in axial locomotor networks: an interspecies comparison 102. Introduction 103. Locomotor behavior 104. Spinal neurons 105. The role of spinal neurons in rhythm generation 106. Conclusions 107. Acknowledgments 108. General Principles of Rhythmogenesis in Central Pattern Generator Networks 109. Abbreviations 110. Neuronal or network oscillators? 111. Principle I: instead of thinking about rhythmic neurons or circuits, consider rhythmogenic ionic currents 112. Principle II: synaptic currents do not simply depolarize of hyperpolarize the cell by rapid synaptic action, but can also evoke nonlinear membrane responses 113. Principle III: there are multiple mechanisms for rhythm generation in any system, which could vary with age, species, and modulatory state 114. Principle IV: it may not be only neurons: the possible role of glial cells 115. Conclusion 116. Acknowledgments
