Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics

1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics, 14th ed. List of Techniques - p. ES1 5. Copyright - p. iv 6. Dedication - p. v 7. Contributors - p. vii 8. Preface - p. ix 9. Videos - p. ix 10. Part I. General Principles - p. ix 11. Chapter 1. Surgical Techniques - p. 2 12. Surgical Techniques - p. 2 13. Tourniquets - p. 2 14. Radiographs in the Operating Room - p. 5 15. Preventing Mistakes - p. 6 16. Positioning of the Patient - p. 6 17. Local Preparation of the Patient - p. 7 18. Draping - p. 9 19. Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis Virus Transmission - p. 10 20. Reversing Prophylactic Anticoagulation Prior to Surgery - p. 10 21. Blood Loss Control During Surgery - p. 10 22. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis - p. 11 23. Postoperative Pain Control - p. 11 24. Special Operative Techniques - p. 14 25. Methods of Tendon-to-Bone Fixation - p. 14 26. Fixation of Tendon to Bone - p. 14 27. Tendon Fixation into the Intramedullary Canal - p. 15 28. Tendon to Bone Fixation Using Locking Loop Suture - p. 15 29. Tendon to Bone Fixation Using Wire Suture - p. 16 30. Fixation of Osseous Attachment of Tendon to Bone - p. 17 31. Bone Grafting - p. 18 32. Removal of a Tibial Graft - p. 22 33. Removal of Fibular Grafts - p. 23 34. Removal of an Iliac Bone Graft - p. 25 35. Surgical Approaches - p. 27 36. Approach to the Interphalangeal Joints - p. 28 37. Medial Approach to the Great Toe Metatarsophalangeal Joint - p. 28 38. Dorsomedial Approach to Great Toe Metatarsophalangeal Joint - p. 29 39. Approach to the Lesser Toe Metatarsophalangeal Joints - p. 29 40. Medial Approach to the Calcaneus - p. 29 41. Lateral Approach to the Calcaneus - p. 29 42. Extended Lateral Approach to the Calcaneus - p. 29 43. Sinus Tarsi Approach - p. 31 44. U-Shaped Approach to the Calcaneus - p. 31 45. Kocher Approach (Curved L) to the Calcaneus - p. 32 46. Tarsus and Ankle - p. 32 47. Anterolateral Approach to Chopart Joint - p. 32 48. Anterior Approach to Expose the Ankle Joint and Both Malleoli - p. 33 49. Kocher Lateral Approach to the Tarsus and Ankle - p. 34 50. Ollier Approach to the Tarsus - p. 34 51. Single-Incision Posterolateral Approach to the Lateral and Posterior Malleoli - p. 35 52. Posterolateral Approach to the Ankle - p. 35 53. Anterolateral Approach to the Lateral Dome of the Talus - p. 35 54. Posterior Approach to the Ankle - p. 36 55. Medial Approach to the Tarsus - p. 37 56. Medial Approach to the Ankle - p. 37 57. Medial Approach to the Posterior Lip of the Tibia - p. 38 58. Tibia - p. 38 59. Anterolateral Approach to the Tibia - p. 39 60. Medial Approach to the Tibia - p. 39 61. Posterolateral Approach to the Tibial Shaft - p. 39 62. Anterolateral Approach to the Lateral Tibial Plateau - p. 39 63. Medial Approach to the Medial Tibial Plateau - p. 41 64. Posteromedial Approach to the Medial Tibial Plateau - p. 41 65. Posteromedial Approach (Prone) to the Superomedial Tibia - p. 42 66. Posterolateral Approach to the Tibial Plateau - p. 43 67. Posterolateral Approach to the Tibial Plateau Without Fibular Osteotomy - p. 44 68. Tscherne-Johnson Extensile Approach to the Lateral Tibial Plateau - p. 44 69. Anterolateral Approach for Access to Posterolateral Corner - p. 45 70. Posterolateral Approach to the Fibula - p. 46 71. Knee - p. 47 72. Anteromedial Parapatellar Approach - p. 47 73. Subvastus (Southern) Anteromedial Approach to the Knee - p. 47 74. Anterolateral Approach to the Knee - p. 48 75. Posterolateral Approach to the Knee - p. 49 76. Posteromedial Approach to the Knee - p. 51 77. Medial Approach to the Knee - p. 52 78. Medial Approach to the Knee - p. 53 79. Transverse Approach to the Meniscus - p. 53 80. Lateral Approach to the Knee - p. 55 81. Lateral Approach to the Knee - p. 56 82. Lateral Approach to the Knee - p. 57 83. Extensile Approach to the Knee - p. 58 84. Direct Posterior Approach to the Knee - p. 58 85. Direct Posteromedial Approach to the Knee for Tibial Plateau Fracture - p. 61 86. Direct Posterolateral Approach to the Knee - p. 62 87. Anterolateral Approach to the Femur - p. 62 88. Lateral Approach to the Femoral Shaft - p. 63 89. Posterolateral Approach to the Femoral Shaft - p. 64 90. Posterior Approach to the Femur - p. 64 91. Medial Approach to the Posterior Surface of the Femur in the Popliteal Space - p. 67 92. Lateral Approach to the Posterior Surface of the Femur in the Popliteal Space - p. 67 93. Lateral Approach to the Proximal Shaft and the Trochanteric Region - p. 68 94. Hip - p. 69 95. Anterior Iliofemoral Approach to the Hip - p. 69 96. Anterior Approach to the Hip Using a Transverse Incision - p. 71 97. Modified Anterolateral Iliofemoral Approach to the Hip - p. 71 98. Lateral Approach to the Hip - p. 73 99. Lateral Approach for Extensive Exposure of the Hip - p. 73 100. Lateral Approach to the Hip Preserving the Gluteus Medius - p. 75 101. Lateral Transgluteal Approach to the Hip - p. 75 102. Lateral Transgluteal Approach to the Hip - p. 77 103. Posterolateral Approach - p. 78 104. Posterior Approach to the Hip - p. 80 105. Posterior Approach to the Hip - p. 82 106. Medial Approach to the Hip - p. 83 107. Acetabulum and Pelvis - p. 84 108. Stoppa Approach - p. 85 109. Ilioinguinal Approach to the Acetabulum - p. 87 110. Iliofemoral Approach to the Acetabulum - p. 89 111. Kocher-Langenbeck Approach - p. 91 112. Modified Gibson Approach - p. 92 113. Extensile Iliofemoral Approach - p. 93 114. Extensile Iliofemoral Approach - p. 94 115. Triradiate Extensile Approach to the Acetabulum - p. 97 116. Extensile Approach to the Acetabulum - p. 99 117. Approach to the Ilium - p. 99 118. Approach to the Symphysis Pubis - p. 100 119. Posterior Approach to the Sacroiliac Joint - p. 102 120. Anterior Approach to the Sacroiliac Joint - p. 102 121. Approach to Both Sacroiliac Joints or Sacrum - p. 103 122. Spine - p. 104 123. Sternoclavicular Joint - p. 104 124. Approach to the Sternoclavicular Joint - p. 104 125. Approach to the Acromioclavicular Joint and Coracoid Process - p. 104 126. Shoulder - p. 105 127. Anteromedial Approach to the Shoulder - p. 105 128. Anteromedial/Posteromedial Approach to the Shoulder - p. 106 129. Anterior Axillary Approach to the Shoulder - p. 106 130. Anterolateral Limited Deltoid-Splitting Approach to the Shoulder - p. 106 131. Extensile Anterolateral Approach to the Shoulder - p. 109 132. Transacromial Approach to the Shoulder - p. 109 133. Posterior Deltoid-Splitting Approach to the Shoulder - p. 109 134. Posterior Approach to the Shoulder - p. 111 135. Simplified Posterior Approach to the Shoulder - p. 111 136. Posterior Inverted-U Approach to the Shoulder - p. 111 137. Humerus - p. 114 138. Anterolateral Approach to the Shaft of the Humerus - p. 114 139. Subbrachial Approach to the Humerus - p. 116 140. Posterior Approach to the Proximal Humerus - p. 116 141. Posterolateral Approach to the Distal Humeral Shaft - p. 118 142. Posterolateral Extensile (Cold) Approach to the Distal Humerus - p. 120 143. Elbow - p. 120 144. Posterolateral Approach to the Elbow - p. 120 145. Extensile Posterolateral Approach to the Elbow - p. 121 146. Posterior Approach to the Elbow by Olecranon Osteotomy - p. 123 147. Extensile Posterior Approach to the Elbow - p. 123 148. Lateral Approach to the Elbow - p. 124 149. Lateral J-Shaped Approach to the Elbow - p. 126 150. Medial Approach with Osteotomy of the Medial Epicondyle - p. 126 151. Medial and Lateral Approach to the Elbow - p. 127 152. Global Approach to the Elbow - p. 127 153. Posterolateral Approach to the Radial Head and Neck - p. 130 154. Approach to the Proximal and Middle Thirds of the Posterior Surface of the Radius - p. 131 155. Anterolateral Approach to the Proximal Shaft and Elbow Joint - p. 132 156. Anterior Approach to the Distal Half of the Radius - p. 132 157. Anterior Approach to the Coronoid Process of the Proximal Ulna - p. 133 158. Approach to the Proximal Third of the Ulna and the Proximal Fourth of the Radius - p. 135 159. Dorsal Approach to the Wrist - p. 137 160. Dorsal Approach to the Wrist - p. 137 161. Volar Approach to the Wrist - p. 137 162. Lateral Approach to the Wrist - p. 138 163. Medial Approach to the Wrist - p. 138 164. Hand - p. 139 165. References - p. 139 166. Supplemental References - p. 140 167. Chapter 2. Advanced Imaging in Orthopaedics - p. 141 168. Part II. Reconstructive Procedures of the Hip in Adults - p. 176.e4 169. Chapter 3. Arthroplasty of the Hip - p. 178 170. Applied Biomechanics - p. 179 171. Design and Selection of Total Hip Components - p. 183 172. Indications and Contraindications for Total Hip Arthroplasty - p. 200 173. Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Optimization - p. 200 174. Preoperative Radiographs - p. 203 175. Preoperative Templating for Total Hip Arthroplasty - p. 203 176. The Hip-Spine Relationship - p. 204 177. Preparation and Draping - p. 205 178. Surgical Approaches and Techniques - p. 205 179. Implantation of Cemented Acetabular Component - p. 212 180. Implantation of Cementless Femoral Component - p. 214 181. Implantation of Cemented Femoral Component - p. 217 182. Surgical Problems Relative to Specific Hip Disorders - p. 230 183. Complications - p. 253 184. Gluteus Maximus and Tensor Fascia Lata Transfer for Primary Deficiency of the Abductors of the Hip - p. 269 185. Revision After Adverse Local Tissue Reaction - p. 285 186. revision Of Total Hip Arthroplasty - p. 286 187. Transtrochanteric Approach for Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty - p. 289 188. Removal of Cementless Femoral Component - p. 290 189. Removal of Implants With Extensive Distal BoneIngrowth - p. 291 190. Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy - p. 292 191. Removal of a Broken Femoral Component - p. 294 192. Removal of a Broken Stem—Proximal Window - p. 294 193. Removal of a Broken Stem—Distal Window - p. 295 194. Removal of Femoral Cement - p. 295 195. Removal of Distal Cement With A High-Speed Burr - p. 296 196. Removal of Distal Cement With A High-Speed Burr and Cortical Window - p. 298 197. Removal of A Loose All-Polyethylene Cup - p. 299 198. Removal of a Metal-Backed, Cemented Acetabular Component - p. 299 199. Cementless Acetabular Component - p. 300 200. Management of Acetabular Cavitary Deficits - p. 302 201. Management of Segmental Acetabular Deficit with Femoral Head Allograft - p. 307 202. Management of Segmental Acetabular Deficit With Metal Augment - p. 307 203. Management of Combined Deficits With Structural Grafting - p. 308 204. Acetabular Distraction for Management of Pelvic Discontinuity - p. 310 205. Cup-Cage Technique for Management of Pelvic Discontinuity - p. 311 206. Management of Pelvic Discontinuity With Allografting and Custom Component - p. 311 207. Management of Femoral Deficit with Modular Femoral Component - p. 316 208. Revision with Extensively Porous-Coated Femoral Stem - p. 316 209. Management of Proximal Femoral Bone Loss With Modular Tapered Fluted Stem - p. 317 210. Management of Proximal Femoral Deficiencies with Impaction Bone Grafting and Cemented Revision Stem - p. 317 211. Management of Massive Deficits with Proximal Femoral Allograft-Prosthesis Composite - p. 319 212. Management of Massive Deficits with Modular Megaprosthesis - p. 321 213. Postoperative Management of Total Hip Arthroplasty - p. 321 214. References - p. 323 215. Developmental Dysplasia - p. 327 216. Supplemental References - p. 333 217. Chapter 4. Surface Replacement Hip Arthroplasty - p. 334 218. Chapter 5. Arthrodesis of the Hip - p. 348 219. Chapter 6. Hip Pain in the Young Adult and Hip Preservation Surgery - p. 356 220. Evaluation and History - p. 357 221. Femoroacetabular Impingement - p. 364 222. Surgical Dislocation Of The Hip - p. 367 223. Combined Hip Arthroscopy And Limited Open Osteochondroplasty - p. 371 224. Mini-Open Direct Anterior Approach - p. 372 225. Hip Dysplasia - p. 376 226. Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy - p. 381 227. Rectus-Sparing Modification of Bernese Osteotomy - p. 385 228. Extraarticular Sources of Hip Pain - p. 386 229. Step-Cut Lengthening Of The Iliotibial Band - p. 388 230. Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head - p. 390 231. Core Decompression - p. 393 232. Core Decompression—Percutaneous Technique - p. 394 233. Idiopathic Transient Osteoporosis - p. 397 234. Protrusio Acetabuli - p. 398 235. Adult-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 398 236. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - p. 398 237. Osteoarthritis - p. 399 238. Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint) - p. 400 239. References - p. 400 240. Supplemental References - p. 405 241. Part III. Reconstructive Procedures of the Knee in Adults - p. 404.e8 242. Chapter 7. Arthroplasty of the Knee - p. 406 243. Modern Prosthesis Evolution and Design - p. 406 244. Knee and Implant Biomechanics - p. 413 245. Indications and Contraindications - p. 425 246. Results of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty - p. 431 247. Preoperative evaluation - p. 434 248. Surgical Technique for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty - p. 436 249. Surgical Approach for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty - p. 436 250. Bone Preparation for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty - p. 439 251. Pie-Crusting - p. 444 252. Posterior Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty in a Varus Knee - p. 445 253. Posterior Cruciate–Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty of A Varus Knee - p. 445 254. Valgus Deformity Correction - p. 445 255. Flexion Contracture Correction - p. 447 256. Recurvatum Correction - p. 448 257. Posterior Cruciate Ligament Balancing - p. 448 258. Bone Grafting of Peripheral Tibial Defects - p. 450 259. Component Implantation - p. 453 260. Patellofemoral Arthroplasty - p. 456 261. Surgical Problems Relative to Specific Disorders - p. 456 262. Complications - p. 458 263. Arthrodesis With an Intramedullary Nail for an Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty - p. 463 264. Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty - p. 470 265. References - p. 477 266. Supplemental References - p. 484 267. Chapter 8. Arthrodesis of the Knee - p. 485 268. Chapter 9. Soft-Tissue Procedures and Osteotomies About the Knee - p. 493 269. Part IV. Reconstructive Procedures of the Ankle in Adults - p. 523.e2 270. Chapter 10. Total Ankle Arthroplasty - p. 526 271. Chapter 11. Ankle Arthrodesis - p. 563 272. Part V. Reconstructive Procedures of the Shoulder and Elbow in Adults - p. 598.e3 273. Chapter 12. Shoulder and Elbow Arthroplasty - p. 600 274. Reconstructive Procedures of the Shoulder - p. 600 275. Hemiarthroplasty - p. 608 276. Total Shoulder Arthroplasty - p. 612 277. Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty - p. 617 278. Reconstructive Procedures of the Elbow - p. 630 279. Debridement Arthroplasty - p. 633 280. Interposition Arthroplasty - p. 637 281. Radial Head Arthroplasty - p. 639 282. Coonrad-Morrey Prosthesis - p. 642 283. Elbow Resection Arthroplasty - p. 648 284. References - p. 649 285. Supplemental References - p. 655 286. Chapter 13. Salvage Operations for the Shoulder and Elbow - p. 656 287. Part VI. Amputations - p. 677.e2 288. Chapter 14. General Principles of Amputations - p. 680 289. Chapter 15. Amputations of the Foot - p. 698 290. Chapter 16. Amputations of the Lower Extremity - p. 720 291. Chapter 17. Amputations of the Hip and Pelvis - p. 733 292. Chapter 18. Major Amputations of the Upper Extremity - p. 742 293. Chapter 19. Amputations of the Hand - p. 759 294. Part VII. Infections - p. 789.e1 295. Chapter 20. General Principles of Infection - p. 792 296. Chapter 21. Osteomyelitis - p. 817 297. Chapter 22. Infectious Arthritis - p. 842 298. Chapter 23. Tuberculosis and other Unusual Infections - p. 868 299. Part VIII. Tumors - p. 888.e2 300. Chapter 24. General Principles of Tumors - p. 890 301. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 890 302. Adjuvant Treatment - p. 899 303. Principles of Surgery - p. 901 304. Surgical Techniques - p. 908 305. Resection of the Shoulder Girdle - p. 909 306. Resection of the Scapula - p. 913 307. Resection of the Proximal Humerus - p. 916 308. Intercalary Resection of the Humeral Shaft - p. 920 309. Resection of the Distal Humerus - p. 920 310. Resection of the Proximal Radius - p. 920 311. Resection of the Proximal Ulna - p. 921 312. Resection of the Distal Radius - p. 921 313. Resection of the Pubis and Ischium - p. 928 314. Resection of the Acetabulum - p. 932 315. Resection of the Innominate Bone (Internal Hemipelvectomy) - p. 934 316. Resection of the Sacroiliac Joint - p. 934 317. Resection of the Sacrum - p. 936 318. Resection of the Sacrum - p. 937 319. Resection of the Sacrum Through Posterior Approach - p. 937 320. Resection of Vertebrae - p. 937 321. Resection of the Proximal Femur - p. 938 322. Resection of the Entire Femur - p. 938 323. Intraarticular Resection of the Distal Femur with Endoprosthetic Reconstruction - p. 943 324. Resection of the Proximal Tibia - p. 944 325. Resection of the Distal Femur or Proximal Tibia with Allograft Arthrodesis - p. 945 326. Resection of the Proximal Fibula - p. 945 327. Resection of the Tibial Diaphysis - p. 945 328. Resection of the Distal Third of the Fibula - p. 945 329. Rotationplasty for a Lesion in the Distal Femur - p. 950 330. Rotationplasty for a Lesion of the Proximal Femur Without Involvement of the Hip Joint - p. 950 331. Rotationplasty for a Lesion of the Proximal Femur Involving the Hip Joint - p. 952 332. References - p. 952 333. Supplemental References - p. 956 334. Chapter 25. Benign Bone Tumors and Nonneoplastic Conditions Simulating Bone Tumors - p. 957 335. Chapter 26. Benign/Aggressive Tumors of Bone - p. 986 336. Chapter 27. Malignant Tumors of Bone - p. 1009 337. Osteosarcoma - p. 1009 338. Chondrosarcoma - p. 1015 339. Ewing Sarcoma - p. 1018 340. Chordoma - p. 1021 341. Adamantinoma - p. 1022 342. Malignant Vascular Tumors - p. 1023 343. Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma - p. 1023 344. Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma - p. 1024 345. Lymphoma - p. 1026 346. Metastatic Carcinoma - p. 1028 347. References - p. 1042 348. Supplemental References - p. 1048 349. Chapter 28. Soft-Tissue Tumors - p. 1049 350. Part IX. Congenital And Developmental Disorders - p. 1078.e4 351. Chapter 29. Congenital Anomalies of the Lower Extremity - p. 1080 352. Anomalies of the Toes - p. 1080 353. Amputation of an Extra Toe (Simple Postaxial Polydactyly) - p. 1081 354. Tsuge Ray Reduction - p. 1082 355. Ray Reduction - p. 1083 356. Ray Amputation - p. 1083 357. Simplified Cleft Closure - p. 1087 358. Correction of Angulated Toe - p. 1088 359. Arthroplasty of the Fifth Metatarsophalangeal Joint - p. 1088 360. Creation of Syndactyly of the Great Toe and Second Toe for Hallux Varus - p. 1090 361. Dome-Shaped Osteotomies of Metatarsal Bases - p. 1092 362. Cuneiform and Cuboid Osteotomies - p. 1095 363. Anomalies of the Foot - p. 1095 364. Anterior Tibial Tendon Transfer - p. 1100 365. Transverse Circumferential (Cincinnati) Incision - p. 1102 366. Extensile Posteromedial and Posterolateral Release - p. 1103 367. Achilles Tendon Lengthening and Posterior Capsulotomy (Selective Approach) - p. 1106 368. First Metatarsal Osteotomy and Tendon Transfer for Dorsal Bunion - p. 1108 369. Osteotomy of the Calcaneus for Persistent Varus Deformity of the Heel - p. 1109 370. Medial Release with Osteotomy of the Distal Calcaneus - p. 1109 371. Selective Joint-Sparing Osteotomies for Residual Cavovarus Deformity - p. 1110 372. Triple Arthrodesis - p. 1112 373. Talectomy - p. 1112 374. Open Reduction and Realignment of Talonavicular and Subtalar Joints - p. 1115 375. Open Reduction and Extraarticular Subtalar Fusion - p. 1116 376. Anomalies of the Leg - p. 1118 377. Tibiofibular Synostosis - p. 1120 378. Insertion of Williams Intramedullary Rod and Bone Grafting - p. 1123 379. One-Stage or Two-Stage Release of Circumferential Constricting Band - p. 1126 380. Capsular Release and Quadriceps Lengthening for Correction of Congenital Knee Dislocation - p. 1127 381. Lateral Release and Medial Plication - p. 1129 382. Distal Fibulotalar Arthrodesis - p. 1136 383. Proximal Tibiofibular Synostosis - p. 1137 384. Varus Supramalleolar Osteotomy of the Ankle - p. 1139 385. Knee Fusion for Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency - p. 1145 386. Rotationplasty - p. 1148 387. Syme Amputation - p. 1150 388. Boyd Amputation - p. 1152 389. Physeal Exposure Around the Knee - p. 1160 390. Percutaneous Epiphysiodesis - p. 1161 391. Percutaneous Transepiphyseal Screw Epiphysiodesis - p. 1162 392. Tension Plate Epiphysiodesis - p. 1164 393. Proximal Femoral Metaphyseal Shortening - p. 1165 394. Distal Femoral Metaphyseal Shortening - p. 1165 395. Proximal Tibial Metaphyseal Shortening - p. 1166 396. Tibial Diaphyseal Shortening - p. 1166 397. Closed Femoral Diaphyseal Shortening - p. 1166 398. Transiliac Lengthening - p. 1168 399. Tibial Lengthening - p. 1170 400. Tibial Lengthening - p. 1171 401. Tibial Lengthening Over Intramedullary Nail (PRECICE Intramedullary Lengthening System, Ellipse Technologies, Irvine, Ca) - p. 1174 402. Femoral Lengthening - p. 1175 403. Femoral Lengthening - p. 1175 404. Femoral Lengthening Over Intramedullary Nail (PRECICE) - p. 1179 405. References - p. 1182 406. Supplemental References - p. 1185 407. Chapter 30. Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the hip and Pelvis - p. 1186 408. Developmental Dysplasia of the hip - p. 1186 409. Arthrography of the hip in Ddh - p. 1193 410. Application of a Hip Spica Cast - p. 1195 411. Anterior Approach - p. 1197 412. Medial Approach - p. 1199 413. Trochanteric Advancement - p. 1202 414. Varus Derotational Osteotomy of the Femur in Hip Dysplasia, With Pediatric hip Screw Fixation - p. 1203 415. Primary Femoral Shortening - p. 1206 416. Innominate Osteotomy Including Open Reduction - p. 1209 417. Pericapsular Osteotomy of the Ilium - p. 1211 418. Triple Innominate Osteotomy - p. 1214 419. Transiliac (Dega) Osteotomy - p. 1216 420. Slotted Acetabular Augmentation - p. 1219 421. Innominate Osteotomy With Medial Displacement Of The Acetabulum (Chiari) - p. 1221 422. Congenital and Developmental Coxa Vara - p. 1224 423. Valgus Osteotomy for Developmental Coxa Vara - p. 1225 424. Exstrophy of the Bladder - p. 1225 425. Bilateral Anterior Iliac Osteotomies - p. 1227 426. References - p. 1228 427. Supplemental References - p. 1230 428. Chapter 31. Congenital Anomalies of the Trunk and Upper Extremity - p. 1231 429. Chapter 32. Osteochondrosis or Epiphysitis and Other Miscellaneous Affections - p. 1246 430. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1246 431. Innominate Osteotomy for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1250 432. Lateral Shelf Procedure for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1252 433. Varus Derotational Osteotomy of the Proximal Femur for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1253 434. Reversed or Closing Wedge Technique for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1256 435. Arthrodiastasis for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1257 436. Osteochondroplasty Surgical Dislocation of the hip - p. 1258 437. Trochanteric Advancement for Trochanteric Overgrowth - p. 1261 438. Trochanteric Advancement For Trochanteric Overgrowth - p. 1262 439. Greater Trochanteric Epiphysiodesis for Trochanteric Overgrowth - p. 1263 440. Osteochondrosis or Epiphysitis - p. 1263 441. Tibial Tuberosity and Ossicle Excision - p. 1267 442. Excision of Ununited Tibial Tuberosity Fragment for Osgood-Schlatter Disease - p. 1268 443. Arthroscopic Ossicle and Tibial Tuberosity Debridement for Osgood-Schlatter Disease - p. 1269 444. Extraarticular Drilling for Stable Osteochondritis Dissecans of The Knee - p. 1270 445. Reconstruction of The Articular Surface With Osteochondral Plug Grafts for Osteochondrosis of the Capitellum - p. 1276 446. Tibia Vara (Blount Disease) - p. 1276 447. Metaphyseal Osteotomy for Tibia Vara - p. 1281 448. Chevron Osteotomy for Tibia Vara - p. 1282 449. Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal Osteotomy for Tibia Vara - p. 1283 450. Hemielevation of The Epiphysis Osteotomy With Leg Lengthening Using an Ilizarov Frame for Tibia Vara - p. 1285 451. Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy - p. 1289 452. Hemophilia - p. 1290 453. Synovectomy of the Knee in Hemophilia - p. 1293 454. Synoviorthesis for Treatment of Hemophilic Arthropathy - p. 1293 455. Open Ankle Synovectomy in Hemophilia - p. 1293 456. Congenital Affections - p. 1295 457. Fassier-Duval Telescoping rod, Femur - p. 1297 458. Tibial Lengthening Over an Intramedullary Nail With External Fixation in Dwarfism - p. 1305 459. Bony Bridge Resection for Physeal Arrest - p. 1306 460. Bony Bridge Resection and Angulation Osteotomy for Physeal Arrest - p. 1306 461. Peripheral and Linear Physeal bar Resection for Physeal Arrest - p. 1308 462. Central Physeal bar Resection for Physeal Arrest - p. 1308 463. References - p. 1310 464. Supplemental References - p. 1315 465. Part X. Nervous System Disorders in Children - p. 1314.e13 466. Chapter 33. Cerebral Palsy - p. 1316 467. Etiology - p. 1316 468. Classification - p. 1318 469. Diagnosis - p. 1320 470. Associated Conditions - p. 1323 471. Treatment - p. 1323 472. Hip - p. 1326 473. Adductor Tenotomy and Release - p. 1328 474. Iliopsoas Recession - p. 1329 475. Iliopsoas Release at the Lesser Trochanter - p. 1329 476. Combined One-Stage Correction of Spastic Dislocated Hip - p. 1333 477. Proximal Femoral Resection - p. 1335 478. Redirectional Osteotomy (Mchale Procedure for Neglected Hip Dislocation) - p. 1337 479. Hip Arthrodesis - p. 1337 480. Knee - p. 1338 481. Fractional Lengthening of Hamstring Tendons - p. 1339 482. Distal Femoral Extension Osteotomy and Patellar Tendon Advancement - p. 1341 483. Rectus Femoris Transfer - p. 1343 484. Rotational Abnormalities - p. 1345 485. Foot and Ankle - p. 1345 486. Z-Plasty Lengthening of the Achilles Tendon - p. 1346 487. Percutaneous Lengthening of the Achilles Tendon - p. 1347 488. Gastrocnemius-Soleus Lengthening - p. 1348 489. Musculotendinous Recession of the Posterior Tibial Tendon - p. 1349 490. Split Posterior Tibial Tendon Transfer - p. 1350 491. Split Anterior Tibial Tendon Transfer - p. 1351 492. Lateral Closing-Wedge Calcaneal Osteotomy - p. 1353 493. Medial Displacement Calcaneal Osteotomy - p. 1354 494. Hindfoot Arthrodesis - p. 1355 495. Spine-Pelvic Obliquity and Scoliosis - p. 1357 496. Upper Extremity - p. 1358 497. Release of Elbow Flexion Contracture - p. 1359 498. Adults With Cerebral Palsy - p. 1360 499. Adult Stroke Patients - p. 1360 500. Correction of Talipes Equinovarus - p. 1362 501. Release of Internal Rotation Contracture of the Shoulder - p. 1363 502. Fractional Lengthening of Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major - p. 1364 503. References - p. 1364 504. Supplemental References - p. 1368 505. Chapter 34. Paralytic Disorders - p. 1369 506. Poliomyelitis - p. 1369 507. Posterior Transfer of Anterior Tibial Tendon - p. 1374 508. Subtalar Arthrodesis - p. 1376 509. Subtalar Arthrodesis - p. 1377 510. Triple Arthrodesis - p. 1378 511. Correction of Cavus Deformity - p. 1380 512. Lambrinudi Arthrodesis - p. 1380 513. Anterior Transfer of Posterior Tibial Tendon - p. 1382 514. Anterior Transfer of Posterior Tibial Tendon - p. 1382 515. Split Transfer of Anterior Tibial Tendon - p. 1383 516. Peroneal Tendon Transfer - p. 1384 517. Peroneus Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus, or Flexor or Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon Transfer - p. 1385 518. Tenodesis of The Achilles Tendon - p. 1386 519. Posterior Transfer of Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis, and Posterior Tibial Tendons - p. 1387 520. Posterior Transfer of Posterior Tibial, Peroneus Longus, and Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendons - p. 1388 521. Transfer of Biceps Femoris and Semitendinosus Tendons - p. 1389 522. Osteotomy of the Tibia for Genu Recurvatum - p. 1391 523. Triple Tenodesis for Genu Recurvatum - p. 1392 524. Complete Release of Hip Flexion, Abduction, and External Rotation Contracture - p. 1394 525. Complete Release of Muscles from Iliac Wing and Transfer of Crest of Ilium - p. 1395 526. Posterior Transfer of the Iliopsoas for Paralysis of the Gluteus Medius and Maximus Muscles - p. 1396 527. Trapezius Transfer for Paralysis of Deltoid - p. 1401 528. Trapezius Transfer for Paralysis of Deltoid - p. 1402 529. Transfer of Deltoid Origin for Partial Paralysis - p. 1402 530. Transfer of Latissimus Dorsi or Teres Major or Both for Paralysis of Subscapularis or Infraspinatus - p. 1403 531. Flexorplasty - p. 1404 532. Anterior Transfer of the Triceps - p. 1405 533. Transfer of the Pectoralis Major Tendon - p. 1405 534. Transfer of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle - p. 1406 535. Rerouting of Biceps Tendon for Supination Deformities of Forearm - p. 1408 536. Myelomeningocele - p. 1409 537. V-O Procedure - p. 1416 538. Anterolateral Release - p. 1418 539. Transfer of the Anterior Tibial Tendon to the Calcaneus - p. 1418 540. Screw Epiphysiodesis - p. 1422 541. Supramalleolar Varus Derotation Osteotomy - p. 1422 542. Radical Flexor Release - p. 1424 543. Anterior Hip Release - p. 1426 544. Fascial Release - p. 1427 545. Adductor Release - p. 1427 546. Transfer of Adductors, External Oblique, and Tensor Fasciae Latae - p. 1428 547. Proximal Femoral Resection and Interposition Arthroplasty - p. 1429 548. Pelvic Osteotomy - p. 1430 549. Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita - p. 1432 550. Correction of Knee Flexion Contracture with Circular-Frame External Fixation - p. 1436 551. Correction of Knee Flexion Contracture with Anterior Stapling - p. 1438 552. Reorientational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy for Hip Contractures in Arthrogryposis - p. 1439 553. Posterior Elbow Capsulotomy with Triceps Lengthening for Elbow Extension Contracture - p. 1442 554. Posterior Release of Elbow Extension Contracture and Triceps Tendon Transfer - p. 1442 555. Dorsal Closing Wedge Osteotomy of the Wrist - p. 1443 556. Brachial Plexus Palsy - p. 1444 557. Anterior Shoulder Release - p. 1449 558. Rotational Osteotomy of the Humerus - p. 1449 559. Derotational Osteotomy with Plate and Screw Fixation - p. 1450 560. Glenoid Anteversion Osteotomy and Tendon Transfer - p. 1450 561. Release of the Internal Rotation Contracture and Transfer of the Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major - p. 1451 562. Arthroscopic Release and Transfer of the Latissimus Dorsi - p. 1455 563. References - p. 1455 564. Supplemental References - p. 1458.e1 565. Chapter 35. Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 1459 566. Part XI. Fractures and Dislocations in Children - p. 1490.e5 567. Chapter 36. Fractures and Dislocations in Children - p. 1492 568. General Principles - p. 1492 569. Growth Plate Injuries - p. 1492 570. Open Fractures - p. 1494 571. Birth Fractures - p. 1494 572. Nonaccidental Trauma - p. 1495 573. Clavicle - p. 1498 574. Sternoclavicular Fractures and Dislocations - p. 1498 575. Lateral (Distal) Clavicular Fractures - p. 1498 576. Acromioclavicular Dislocations - p. 1498 577. Shoulder Dislocations - p. 1500 578. Proximal Humeral Fractures - p. 1500 579. Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning (or Screw Fixation) of Proximal Humerus - p. 1501 580. Closed Reduction and Intramedullary Nailing of Proximal Humerus - p. 1501 581. Humeral Shaft Fractures - p. 1502 582. Closed/Open Reduction and Intramedullary Nailing of Humeral Shaft - p. 1502 583. Supracondylar Humeral Fractures - p. 1502 584. Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of Supracondylar Fractures (Two Lateral Pins) - p. 1504 585. Anterior Approach - p. 1507 586. Lateral Closing Wedge Osteotomy for Cubitus Varus - p. 1509 587. Lateral Condylar Fractures - p. 1510 588. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Lateral Condylar Fracture - p. 1512 589. Osteotomy for Established Cubitus Valgus Secondary to Nonunion or Growth Arrest - p. 1513 590. Medial Condylar Fractures - p. 1514 591. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Medial Condylar Fracture - p. 1515 592. Medial Epicondylar Fractures - p. 1516 593. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Displaced or Entrapped Medial Epicondyle - p. 1518 594. Distal Humeral Fractures - p. 1519 595. Capitellar Fractures - p. 1521 596. Olecranon Fractures - p. 1521 597. Radial Head and Neck Fractures - p. 1522 598. Closed and Open Reduction of Radial Neck Fractures - p. 1526 599. Percutaneous Reduction and Pinning - p. 1527 600. Closed Intramedullary Nailing - p. 1527 601. Coronoid Fractures - p. 1528 602. Elbow Dislocations - p. 1528 603. Radial Head Dislocations (Monteggia Fracture-Dislocations) - p. 1529 604. Overcorrection Osteotomy and Ligamentous Repair or Reconstruction - p. 1535 605. Galeazzi Fractures - p. 1535 606. Nursemaid’s Elbow - p. 1536 607. Forearm Fractures - p. 1537 608. Intramedullary Forearm Nailing - p. 1538 609. Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of Fractures of the Distal Radius - p. 1540 610. Wrist Dislocations - p. 1541 611. Scaphoid and Carpal Fractures - p. 1541 612. Metacarpal Fractures - p. 1541 613. Phalangeal Fractures - p. 1542 614. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Physeal Fractures of Phalanges and Metacarpals - p. 1543 615. Pediatric Spine Fractures and Dislocations - p. 1544 616. Pelvic Fractures - p. 1549 617. Hip Fractures - p. 1555 618. Closed Reduction and Internal Fixation - p. 1561 619. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation - p. 1561 620. Valgus Subtrochanteric Osteotomy for Acquired Coxa Vara or Nonunion - p. 1561 621. Modified Pauwels Intertrochanteric Osteotomy for Acquired Coxa Vara or Nonunion - p. 1564 622. Traumatic Hip Dislocations - p. 1565 623. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis - p. 1566 624. Determining The Entry Point for Cannulated Screw Fixation of a Slipped Epiphysis - p. 1569 625. Determining the Entry Point for Cannulated Screw Fixation of a Slipped Epiphysis - p. 1570 626. Positional Reduction and Fixation for Scfe - p. 1572 627. Subcapital Realignment of the Epiphysis (Modified Dunn) for Scfe - p. 1573 628. Compensatory Basilar Osteotomy of the Femoral Neck - p. 1575 629. Extracapsular Base-Of-Neck Osteotomy - p. 1576 630. Intertrochanteric Osteotomy (Imhäuser) - p. 1578 631. Femoral Fractures - p. 1580 632. Spica Cast Application - p. 1586 633. Flexible Intramedullary Nail Fixation - p. 1589 634. Closed or Open Reduction - p. 1595 635. Knee Fractures and Dislocations - p. 1596 636. Reconstruction of the Patellofemoral and Patellotibial Ligaments With a Semitendinosus Tendon Graft - p. 1598 637. 3-in-1 Procedure for Recurrent Dislocation of the Patella: Lateral Release, Vastus Medialis Obliquus Muscle Advancement, and Transfer of the Medial Third of the Patellar Tendon to the Medial Collateral Ligament - p. 1599 638. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Sleeve Fracture - p. 1600 639. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Tibial Eminence Fracture - p. 1602 640. Arthroscopic Reduction of Tibial Eminence Fracture and Internal Fixation With Bioabsorbable Nails - p. 1603 641. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation - p. 1606 642. Tibial and Fibular Fractures - p. 1609 643. Open Reduction and Removal of Interposed Tissue - p. 1611 644. Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing of Tibial Fracture - p. 1614 645. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation - p. 1617 646. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation - p. 1618 647. Foot Fractures - p. 1619 648. Excision of Osteochondral Fragment of the Talus - p. 1625 649. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Cuboid Compression (Nutcracker) Fracture - p. 1629 650. References - p. 1630 651. Supplemental References - p. 1639 652. Part XII. The Spine - p. 1639.e23 653. Chapter 37. Anatomic Approaches to the Spine - p. 1642 654. Chapter 38. Degenerative Disorders of the Cervical Spine - p. 1682 655. Overview of Disc Degeneration and Herniation in the Cervical Spine - p. 1682 656. Disc and Spine Anatomy - p. 1682 657. Natural History of Disc Disease - p. 1683 658. Diagnostic Studies - p. 1684 659. Injection Studies - p. 1686 660. Interlaminar Cervical Epidural Injection - p. 1688 661. Cervical Medial Branch Block Injection - p. 1689 662. Cervical Discography - p. 1690 663. Cervical Disc Disease - p. 1690 664. Removal of Posterolateral Herniations by Posterior Approach (Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy) - p. 1695 665. Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy With Tubular Distractors - p. 1697 666. Full-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy - p. 1697 667. Tissue-Sparing Posterior Cervical Fusion - p. 1699 668. Smith-Robinson Anterior Cervical Fusion - p. 1703 669. Anterior Occipitocervical Arthrodesis By Extrapharyngeal Exposure - p. 1705 670. Fibular Strut Graft in Cervical Spine Arthrodesis With Corpectomy - p. 1705 671. Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Spine - p. 1709 672. Ankylosing Spondylitis of the Cervical Spine - p. 1713 673. References - p. 1715 674. Supplemental References - p. 1718 675. Chapter 39. Degenerative Disorders of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine - p. 1719 676. Overview of Lumbar and Thoracic Disc Degeneration and Herniation - p. 1720 677. Disc and Spine Anatomy - p. 1720 678. Natural History of Disc Disease - p. 1721 679. Diagnostic Studies - p. 1723 680. Myelography - p. 1724 681. Interlaminar Thoracic Epidural Injection - p. 1728 682. Interlaminar Lumbar Epidural Injection - p. 1729 683. Transforaminal Lumbar and Sacral Epidural Injection - p. 1730 684. Caudal Sacral Epidural Injection - p. 1730 685. Lumbar Intraarticular Injection - p. 1732 686. Lumbar Medial Branch Block Injection - p. 1732 687. Sacroiliac Joint Injection - p. 1734 688. Lumbar Discography - p. 1735 689. Thoracic Discography - p. 1736 690. Thoracic Disc Disease - p. 1737 691. Thoracic Costotransversectomy - p. 1738 692. Thoracic Discectomy—Anterior Approach - p. 1738 693. Thoracoscopic Thoracic Discectomy - p. 1740 694. Minimally Invasive Thoracic Discectomy - p. 1740 695. Transforaminal Endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy - p. 1741 696. Lumbar Disc Disease - p. 1741 697. Microscopic Lumbar Discectomy - p. 1747 698. Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy - p. 1750 699. Interlaminar Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy - p. 1750 700. Dural Repair Augmented with Fibrin Glue - p. 1754 701. Repeat Lumbar Disc Excision - p. 1755 702. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Arthrodesis - p. 1756 703. Transthoracic approach to the thoracic spine - p. 1756 704. Anterior Interbody Fusion of the Lumbar Spine - p. 1757 705. Percutaneous Anterior Lumbar Arthrodesis—Lateral Approach to L1 to L4-5 - p. 1758 706. Hibbs fusion - p. 1759 707. Posterolateral Lumbar Fusion - p. 1760 708. Intertransverse Lumbar Fusion - p. 1761 709. Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion - p. 1762 710. Pseudarthrosis Repair - p. 1764 711. Degenerative Disc Disease and Internal Disc Derangement - p. 1764 712. Thoracic/Lumbar Disc Arthroplasty (Total Disc Replacement) - p. 1770 713. Stenosis of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine - p. 1772 714. Midline Decompression (Neural Arch Resection) - p. 1780 715. Spinous Process Osteotomy (Decompression) - p. 1781 716. Microdecompression - p. 1782 717. Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 1784 718. Adult Spinal Deformity - p. 1786 719. Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy - p. 1792 720. Coccygeal Pain - p. 1794 721. Coccygeal Injection - p. 1795 722. References - p. 1796 723. Supplemental References - p. 1801 724. Chapter 40. Spondylolisthesis - p. 1802 725. Chapter 41. Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations of the Spine - p. 1832 726. Initial Management of Spinal Injury - p. 1832 727. Stretch Test - p. 1838 728. Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1841 729. Application of Gardner-Wells Tongs - p. 1843 730. Closed Reduction of the Cervical Spine - p. 1843 731. Cervical Spine Injuries - p. 1846 732. Halo Vest Application - p. 1848 733. Occipitocervical Fusion Using Modular Plate and Rod Construct, Segmental Fixation With Occipital Plating, C1 Lateral Mass Screw, C2 Isthmic (Pars) Screws, and Lateral Mass Fixation - p. 1851 734. Occipitocervical Fusion Using Wires and Bone Graft - p. 1853 735. Posterior Primary Osteosynthesis of C1 - p. 1856 736. Anterior Odontoid Screw Fixation - p. 1858 737. Posterior C1-C2 Fusion Using Rod and Screw Construct With C1 Lateral Mass Screws - p. 1859 738. Posterior C1-C2 Fusion With C2 Translaminar Screws - p. 1862 739. Posterior C1-C2 Transarticular Screws - p. 1863 740. Posterior C1-C2 Fusion Using the Modified Gallie Posterior Wiring Technique - p. 1863 741. Posterior C1-C2 Wiring - p. 1864 742. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion With Plating - p. 1873 743. Cervical Corpectomy and Reconstruction With Plating - p. 1875 744. Posterior Subaxial Fixation and Fusion - p. 1877 745. Lateral Mass Screw and Rod Fixation - p. 1877 746. Thoracic and Lumbar Injuries - p. 1880 747. Thoracic and Lumbar Segmental Fixation With Pedicle Screws - p. 1888 748. Anterior Plating - p. 1891 749. Sacral Fractures and Spinopelvic Dissociation Injuries - p. 1892 750. Lumbopelvic Fixation (Triangular Osteosynthesis) - p. 1895 751. References - p. 1898 752. Supplemental References - p. 1907 753. Chapter 42. Infections and Tumors of the Spine - p. 1924 754. Infections of the Spine - p. 1924 755. Drainage of Retropharyngeal Abscess Through Posterior Triangle of the Neck - p. 1934 756. Anterior Cervical Approach to Drainage of Retropharyngeal Abscess - p. 1934 757. Costotransversectomy for Drainage of Dorsal Spine Abscess - p. 1935 758. Drainage of Paravertebral Abscess - p. 1935 759. Drainage Through the Petit Triangle - p. 1936 760. Drainage by Lateral Incision - p. 1936 761. Drainage by Anterior Incision - p. 1937 762. Coccygectomy for Drainage of a Pelvic Abscess - p. 1937 763. Radical Debridement and Arthrodesis - p. 1937 764. Tumors of the Spine - p. 1939 765. Anterior Excision of Spinal Tumor - p. 1949 766. Costotransversectomy for Intralesional Excision of Spinal Tumor - p. 1950 767. Transpedicular Intralesional Excision for Tumor of the Spine - p. 1950 768. Supplemental References - p. 1951 769. Chapter 43. Pediatric Cervical Spine - p. 1957 770. Chapter 44. Scoliosis and Kyphosis - p. 1998 771. Scoliosis - p. 1999 772. Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 1999 773. Casting for Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 2002 774. Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 2004 775. Dual Growing Rod Instrumentation Without Fusion - p. 2007 776. Shilla Guided Growth System - p. 2008 777. Growing Rod Attachment Using Rib Anchors - p. 2010 778. Anterior Vertebral Tethering - p. 2012 779. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 2013 780. Posterior Surgeries for Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 2025 781. Facet Fusion - p. 2027 782. Facet Fusion - p. 2027 783. Autogenous Iliac Crest Bone Graft - p. 2028 784. Thoracic Pedicle Screw Insertion Techniques - p. 2035 785. Pedicle Hook Implantation - p. 2039 786. Transverse Process Hook Implantation - p. 2040 787. LaminaR Hook Implantation - p. 2040 788. Sublaminar Wires - p. 2040 789. Instrumentation Sequence in Typical Lenke 1A Curve - p. 2043 790. Deformity Correction By Direct Vertebral Rotation - p. 2044 791. Temporary Distraction Rod - p. 2048 792. Anterior Release - p. 2050 793. Osteotomy In Complex Spinal Deformity - p. 2050 794. Posterior Thoracic Vertebral Column Resection - p. 2051 795. Osteotomy of the Ribs - p. 2058 796. Thoracoabdominal Approach - p. 2059 797. Lumbar Extraperitoneal Approach - p. 2059 798. Disc Excision - p. 2060 799. Anterior Instrumentation of A Thoracolumbar Curve - p. 2060 800. Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Discectomy - p. 2065 801. Thoracoscopic Vertebral Body Instrumentation for Vertebral Body Tether - p. 2067 802. Neuromuscular Scoliosis - p. 2070 803. Luque Rod Instrumentation And Sublaminar Wires Without Pelvic Fixation - p. 2074 804. Sacropelvic Fixation - p. 2075 805. Galveston Sacropelvic Fixation - p. 2076 806. Unit Rod Instrumentation With Pelvic Fixation - p. 2078 807. Iliac Fixation With Iliac Screws - p. 2079 808. Iliac and Lumbosacral Fixation With Sacral-Alar-Iliac Screws - p. 2081 809. Congenital Scoliosis - p. 2093 810. Transpedicular Convex Anterior Hemiepiphysiodesis and Posterior Arthrodesis - p. 2098 811. Convex Anterior and Posterior Hemiepiphysiodeses and Fusion - p. 2099 812. Hemivertebra Excision: Anteroposterior Approach - p. 2102 813. Hemivertebra Excision: Lateral-Posterior Approach - p. 2105 814. Hemivertebra Excision: Posterior Approach - p. 2105 815. Transpedicular Eggshell Osteotomies With Frameless Stereotactic Guidance - p. 2107 816. Expansion Thoracoplasty - p. 2110 817. Kyphosis - p. 2114 818. Scheuermann Disease - p. 2115 819. Anterior Release and Fusion - p. 2120 820. Posterior Multiple Hook and Screw Segmental Instrumentation - p. 2120 821. Posterior Column Shortening Procedure for Scheuermann Kyphosis - p. 2122 822. Congenital Kyphosis - p. 2123 823. Anterior Osteotomy and Fusion - p. 2129 824. Anterior Cord Decompression and Fusion - p. 2129 825. Anterior Vascular Rib Bone Grafting - p. 2130 826. Circumferential Decompression and Cantilever Bending - p. 2132 827. Posterior Hemivertebra Resection With Transpedicular Instrumentation - p. 2133 828. Progressive Anterior Vertebral Fusion - p. 2134 829. Infantile Lumbar Hypoplasia - p. 2135 830. Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis - p. 2136 831. Spondylolysis Repair - p. 2142 832. Modified Scott Repair Technique - p. 2143 833. Intralaminar Screw Fixation OF Pars Defect (Buck Screw Technique) - p. 2144 834. Spondylolysis Repair with U-Rod or V-Rod - p. 2144 835. Posterolateral Fusion and Pedicle Screw Fixation - p. 2147 836. Instrumented Reduction - p. 2147 837. Reduction and Interbody Fusion - p. 2150 838. One-Stage Decompression and Posterolateral Interbody Fusion - p. 2152 839. Uninstrumented Circumferential In Situ Fusion - p. 2154 840. Kyphoscoliosis - p. 2158 841. Posterior Instrumentation and Fusion - p. 2160 842. Vertebral Excision and Reduction of Kyphosis - p. 2163 843. Unusual Causes OF Scoliosis - p. 2167 844. Open Biopsy of Thoracic Vertebra - p. 2173 845. Unusual Causes of Kyphosis - p. 2182 846. References - p. 2190 847. Supplemental References - p. 2197 848. Part XIII. Sports Medicine - p. 2196.e28 849. Chapter 45. Knee Injuries - p. 2198 850. Anatomy - p. 2198 851. Mechanics - p. 2210 852. Menisci - p. 2211 853. Open Meniscal Repair - p. 2222 854. Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy and Decompression of Meniscal Cyst - p. 2226 855. Excision of Meniscal Cyst - p. 2227 856. Acute Traumatic Lesions of Ligaments - p. 2228 857. Repair of Medial Compartment Disruptions - p. 2244 858. Reconstruction of Medial Compartment - p. 2252 859. Repair of Posteromedial Corner - p. 2256 860. Reconstruction of Posteromedial Corner - p. 2257 861. Reconstruction of the Anterolateral Ligament - p. 2260 862. Repair of Lateral Compartment Disruptions - p. 2260 863. Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Structures for Mild-To-Moderate Posterolateral Instability - p. 2267 864. Reconstruction of the Popliteal Tendon Using the Iliotibial Band for Posterolateral Instability - p. 2270 865. Rerouting of the Biceps Tendon to the Femoral Epicondyle for Posterolateral Instability - p. 2273 866. Anatomic Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction for Grade III Posterolateral Injury - p. 2275 867. Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction With a Single Allograft Fibular Sling - p. 2276 868. Allograft Reconstruction of the Lateral Collateral Ligament - p. 2277 869. Reconstruction of Posterolateral Structures With Semitendinosus Tendon - p. 2279 870. Valgus Tibial Osteotomy and Posterolateral Reconstruction - p. 2280 871. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - p. 2282 872. Repair of Bony Tibial Avulsions of Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 2287 873. Extraarticular Procedures (Iliotibial Band Tenodesis) - p. 2289 874. Extraarticular Procedures (Iliotibial Band Tenodesis) - p. 2289 875. Extraarticular Procedures (Iliotibial Band Tenodesis) - p. 2290 876. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Graft - p. 2296 877. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Hamstrings (With Proximal Release of Hamstrings) - p. 2301 878. Posterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 2312 879. Repair of Bony Avulsion - p. 2316 880. Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament With Patellar Tendon Graft - p. 2319 881. Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament With Patellar Tendon Graft - p. 2321 882. Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament With Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone or Achilles Tendon–Bone Grafts - p. 2326 883. Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament With Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone or Achilles Tendon–Bone Grafts - p. 2327 884. Traumatic Dislocations - p. 2328 885. Synovial Plicae - p. 2335 886. Articular Cartilage Injuries - p. 2336 887. Osteochondritis Dissecans - p. 2343 888. Disorders of the Patella - p. 2347 889. Subperiosteal Release of the Lateral Quadriceps Mechanism - p. 2348 890. Advancement of the Tibial Tuberosity - p. 2351 891. Patellectomy - p. 2352 892. Thompson Quadricepsplasty - p. 2353 893. Mini-Invasive Quadricepsplasty - p. 2353 894. Posterior Capsulotomy - p. 2356 895. Posterior Capsulotomy - p. 2356 896. Open Wounds of the Knee Joint - p. 2357 897. References - p. 2359 898. Supplemental References - p. 2373 899. Chapter 46. Shoulder and Elbow Injuries - p. 2374 900. Shoulder Injuries - p. 2374 901. Open Anterior Acromioplasty - p. 2388 902. Open Repair of Rotator Cuff Tears - p. 2392 903. Latissimus Dorsi Transfer - p. 2397 904. Decompression and Debridement of Massive Rotator Cuff Tears - p. 2398 905. Closed Manipulation - p. 2402 906. Posterior Surgical Approach for Quadrilateral Space Syndrome - p. 2406 907. Posterior Surgical Approach for Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment - p. 2407 908. Suprascapular Notch Decompression - p. 2408 909. Spinoglenoid Notch Decompression - p. 2408 910. Removal of a Ganglion From the Inferior Branch of the Suprascapular Nerve - p. 2409 911. Elbow Injuries - p. 2409 912. Correction of Tennis Elbow - p. 2412 913. Correction of Medial Epicondylitis - p. 2413 914. Anterior and Posterior Release of Elbow Contracture - p. 2416 915. Excision of Heterotopic Ossification - p. 2418 916. References - p. 2419 917. Supplemental References - p. 2425 918. Chapter 47. Recurrent Dislocations - p. 2426 919. Patella - p. 2426 920. Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament - p. 2431 921. Medial Quadriceps Tendon-Femoral Ligament Reconstruction - p. 2432 922. Distal Realignment - p. 2434 923. Oblique Osteotomy of the Tuberosity - p. 2434 924. Fulkerson Osteotomy - p. 2435 925. Trochleoplasty - p. 2435 926. Hip - p. 2437 927. Sternoclavicular Joint - p. 2437 928. Shoulder - p. 2438 929. Bankart Operation - p. 2447 930. Modified Bankart Repair - p. 2448 931. Anterior Stabilization With Associated Glenoid Deficiency (Laterjet Procedure) - p. 2450 932. Reconstruction of Anterior Glenoid Using Iliac Crest Bone Autograft - p. 2453 933. Capsular Shift - p. 2454 934. Neer Inferior Capsular Shift Procedure Through a Posterior Approach - p. 2457 935. Tibone and Bradley Technique - p. 2459 936. Capsular Shift Reconstruction With Posterior Glenoid Osteotomy - p. 2460 937. Mclaughlin Procedure - p. 2461 938. Surgical Failures - p. 2462 939. Elbow - p. 2463 940. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction—andrews et al. Technique - p. 2468 941. Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction - p. 2470 942. Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair With an Internal Brace - p. 2472 943. Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction for Posterolateral Rotatory Instability - p. 2473 944. References - p. 2475 945. Supplemental References - p. 2478 946. Chapter 48. Traumatic Disorders - p. 2479 947. Compartment Syndrome - p. 2479 948. Fasciotomy for Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Thigh - p. 2482 949. Single-Incision Fasciotomy for Lower Leg Compartment Syndrome - p. 2483 950. Double-Incision Fasciotomy for Lower Leg Compartment Syndrome - p. 2484 951. Double Mini-Incision Fasciotomy for Chronic Anterior Compartment Syndrome - p. 2487 952. Single-Incision Fasciotomy for Chronic Anterior and Lateral Compartment Syndrome - p. 2487 953. Double-Incision Fasciotomy for Chronic Posterior Compartment Syndrome - p. 2489 954. Rupture of Muscles and Tendons - p. 2490 955. Open Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 2493 956. Open Repair of Achilles Tendon Rupture—Krackow et al. - p. 2494 957. Open Repair of Achilles Tendon Rupture—Lindholm - p. 2494 958. Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture Using Plantaris Tendon - p. 2495 959. Dynamic Loop Suture Technique for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 2495 960. Minimally Invasive and Percutaneous Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture - p. 2496 961. Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair - p. 2497 962. Transfer of the Peroneus Brevis Tendon for Neglected Achilles Tendon Ruptures - p. 2500 963. Direct Repair of Neglected Achilles Tendon Ruptures - p. 2502 964. Repair of Neglected Achilles Tendon Ruptures Using Peroneus Brevis and Plantaris Tendons - p. 2502 965. Repair of Neglected Achilles Tendon Ruptures Using Gastrocnemius-Soleus Turn-Down Graft - p. 2503 966. V-Y Repair of Neglected Achilles Tendon Ruptures - p. 2503 967. Repair of Neglected Achilles Tendon Ruptures Using Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Transfer - p. 2504 968. Tenotomy and Repair for Chronic Patellar Tendinosis - p. 2507 969. Fixation of Patellar Stress Fracture - p. 2507 970. Suture Repair of Patellar Tendon Rupture - p. 2509 971. Suture Anchor Repair of Patellar Tendon Rupture - p. 2510 972. Achilles Tendon Allograft for Chronic Patellar Tendon Rupture - p. 2511 973. Hamstring (Semitendinosus and Gracilis) Autograft Augmentation for Chronic Patellar Tendon Rupture - p. 2513 974. Hamstring Autograft Augmentation for Chronic Patellar Tendon Rupture - p. 2514 975. Repair of Acute Rupture of the Tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle - p. 2514 976. Repair of Proximal Hamstring Avulsion - p. 2518 977. Open Repair of Proximal Hamstring Avulsion - p. 2519 978. Endoscopic Repair of Proximal Hamstring Avulsion - p. 2519 979. Repair of Proximal Biceps Tendon Rupture - p. 2521 980. Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis - p. 2521 981. Two-Incision Technique for Repair of the Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 2524 982. Single-Incision Technique for Repair of the Distal Biceps Tendon - p. 2525 983. Double-Row Repair of the Distal Triceps Tendon - p. 2526 984. Displacement of Tendons - p. 2527 985. Repair of the Superior Peroneal Retinaculum - p. 2529 986. Fibular Groove Deepening With Tissue Transfer (Periosteal Flap) for Recurrent Peroneal Tendon Dislocation - p. 2529 987. Indirect (Impaction) Fibular Groove Deepening for Peroneal Tendon Dislocation - p. 2530 988. Achilles Tendon Augmentation of Superior Peroneal Retinaculum Repair - p. 2531 989. Treatment of Biceps Brachii Tendon Displacement - p. 2532 990. References - p. 2532 991. Supplemental References - p. 2538 992. Part XIV. Arthroscopy - p. 2538.e7 993. Chapter 49. General Principles of Arthroscopy - p. 2540 994. Chapter 50. Arthroscopy of the Foot and Ankle - p. 2552 995. Chapter 51. Arthroscopy of the Lower Extremity - p. 2576 996. Knee - p. 2576 997. Resection of Bucket-Handle Tear - p. 2585 998. Removal of Posterior Horn Tear - p. 2586 999. Treatment of Partial Depth Meniscal Tears - p. 2587 1000. Partial Excision of the Discoid Meniscus - p. 2588 1001. Inside-To-Outside Technique - p. 2590 1002. Outside-To-Inside Technique - p. 2592 1003. Lateral Meniscal Suturing - p. 2593 1004. Outside-In Repair of Complete Radial Tear of the Lateral Meniscus - p. 2594 1005. Transtibial Pull-Out Repair of Radial or Meniscal Root Tear - p. 2597 1006. Meniscal Replacement - p. 2599 1007. Removal of Loose Bodies - p. 2601 1008. Resection of Plica - p. 2603 1009. Arthroscopic Drilling of an Intact Lesion of the Femoral Condyle - p. 2605 1010. Arthroscopic Screw Fixation for Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions in the Medial Femoral Condyle - p. 2605 1011. Osteochondral Autograft Transfer - p. 2606 1012. Anatomic Single-Bundle Endoscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Graft - p. 2610 1013. Two-Incision Technique for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Graft - p. 2616 1014. Endoscopic Quadruple Hamstring Graft - p. 2617 1015. All-Inside Quadruple Hamstring Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 2619 1016. Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 2620 1017. Transepiphyseal Replacement of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Using Quadruple Hamstring Grafts - p. 2623 1018. Physeal-Sparing Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 2625 1019. Partial Transepiphyseal Acl Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Athletes - p. 2626 1020. Anterior Cruciate and Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction (BOX 51.8) - p. 2627 1021. Single-Tunnel Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 2631 1022. Double-Tunnel Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 2633 1023. Lateral Retinacular Release - p. 2637 1024. Arthroscopically Assisted Fracture Reduction and Percutaneous Fixation - p. 2639 1025. Arthroscopic Lysis and Excision of Adhesions - p. 2639 1026. HIP - p. 2640 1027. Supine Position Arthroscopy - p. 2642 1028. Lateral Position Arthroscopy - p. 2645 1029. Arthroscopic Repair of Labral Tears - p. 2649 1030. Arthroscopic Treatment of Pincer Impingement - p. 2652 1031. Arthroscopic Treatment of Cam Impingement - p. 2652 1032. Arthroscopic Labral Reconstruction - p. 2653 1033. Repair of the Adductor Tendon - p. 2655 1034. Treatment of External Snapping Hip - p. 2655 1035. Psoas Release at the Lesser Trochanter - p. 2656 1036. Psoas Release at the Joint Level - p. 2656 1037. References - p. 2656 1038. Supplemental References - p. 2662 1039. Chapter 52. Arthroscopy of the Upper Extremity - p. 2663 1040. Shoulder - p. 2663 1041. Establishing A Posterior Portal - p. 2667 1042. Antegrade Method - p. 2668 1043. Retrograde Method - p. 2668 1044. Establishing The Superior Portal - p. 2669 1045. Arthroscopic Removal of Loose Body - p. 2671 1046. Arthroscopic Fixation of Type II Slap Lesions - p. 2673 1047. Biceps Tendon Release - p. 2678 1048. Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis: Percutaneous Intraarticular Transtendon Technique - p. 2680 1049. Arthroscopic “Loop ‘N’ Tack” Tenodesis - p. 2680 1050. Biceps Tenodesis: Arthroscopic or Mini-Open Technique with Screw Fixation - p. 2682 1051. Arthroscopic Bankart Repair Technique - p. 2684 1052. Posterior Shoulder Stabilization - p. 2692 1053. Capsular Shift - p. 2694 1054. Arthroscopic Repair of Posterior Humeral Avulsion of the Glenohumeral Ligament - p. 2695 1055. Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression and Acromioplasty - p. 2700 1056. Chock-Block Method for Acromioplasty - p. 2702 1057. Debridement of Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears - p. 2703 1058. Repair of Delamination and Localized, Articular-Side Partial-Thickness Cuff Tears - p. 2704 1059. Transtendinous Repair of A Partial Articular-Side Supraspinatus Tendon Avulsion Lesion - p. 2704 1060. Rotator Cuff Repair - p. 2713 1061. Superior Capsule Reconstruction - p. 2717 1062. Subscapularis Tendon Repair - p. 2721 1063. Arthroscopic Resection of the Distal End of the Clavicle (Mumford Procedure) - p. 2724 1064. Superior Approach - p. 2726 1065. Acromioclavicular Joint Separation - p. 2726 1066. Arthroscopically Assisted AC Joint Reconstruction - p. 2726 1067. Release of Calcific Tendinitis - p. 2727 1068. Capsular Release - p. 2730 1069. Suprascapular Nerve Release - p. 2731 1070. Scapulothoracic Bursectomy - p. 2733 1071. Elbow - p. 2735 1072. Arthroscopic Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans - p. 2744 1073. Osteochondral Autograft Transfer - p. 2744 1074. Removal of Olecranon Tip and Osteophytes - p. 2746 1075. Resection of Thickened Pathologic Synovial PLICA - p. 2747 1076. Arthroscopy for Arthrofibrosis - p. 2747 1077. Arthroscopic Tennis Elbow Release - p. 2749 1078. Arthroscopic Bursectomy - p. 2750 1079. Wrist - p. 2751 1080. References - p. 2751 1081. Supplemental References - p. 2756 1082. Part XV. Fractures and Dislocations in Adults - p. 2755.e10 1083. Chapter 53. General Principles of Fracture Treatment - p. 2758 1084. Classification of Fractures - p. 2759 1085. Classification of Soft-Tissue Injuries - p. 2759 1086. Trauma Principles - p. 2763 1087. Percutaneous Drainage of a Morel-Lavallée Lesion - p. 2771 1088. Irrigation and Debridement of Open Wounds - p. 2774 1089. Fracture Healing (Bone Regeneration) - p. 2776 1090. Harvest of Femoral or Tibial Bone Graft With the RIA Instrumentation - p. 2779 1091. Principles of Surgical Treatment - p. 2783 1092. Biomaterials of Fracture Fixation - p. 2785 1093. Biomechanics of Implant Design and Fracture Fixation - p. 2787 1094. Screw Fixation - p. 2790 1095. Asif Cancellous Screw Technique - p. 2791 1096. Pin Insertion - p. 2804 1097. Rehabilitation - p. 2805 1098. Treatment of Complications From Surgical Treatment of Fractures - p. 2805 1099. References - p. 2808 1100. Supplemental References - p. 2811 1101. Chapter 54. Fractures of the Lower Extremity - p. 2812 1102. Ankle - p. 2812 1103. Fixation of the Lateral Malleolus - p. 2818 1104. Fixation of the Medial Malleolus - p. 2819 1105. Repair of the Deltoid Ligament and Internal Fixation of the Lateral Malleolus - p. 2821 1106. Reduction and Fixation of Posterior Malleolar Fracture - p. 2823 1107. Reduction and Fixation of Anterior Tibial Margin Fractures - p. 2824 1108. Stabilization of Unstable Ankle Fracture-Dislocation - p. 2826 1109. Staged Minimally Invasive Open Reduction and Internal Fixation - p. 2831 1110. Posterolateral Approach to Pilon Fractures - p. 2832 1111. Spanning External Fixation of Tibial Pilon Fracture - p. 2835 1112. Definitive Ring External Fixation of Tibial Pilon Fractures - p. 2837 1113. Fractures of the Tibial Shaft - p. 2839 1114. Intramedullary Nailing of Tibial Shaft Fractures - p. 2848 1115. External Fixation for Tibial Shaft Fractures - p. 2854 1116. Ilizarov External Fixation for Tibial Shaft Fractures - p. 2857 1117. Tibial Plateau Fracture - p. 2861 1118. Open Reduction and Fixation of a Lateral Tibial Plateau Fracture - p. 2869 1119. Posteromedial Exposure - p. 2871 1120. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Bicondylar Injuries - p. 2872 1121. Circular External Fixation - p. 2872 1122. Patella - p. 2873 1123. Common Approach and Technique for Patellar Fractures - p. 2876 1124. Circumferential Wire Loop Fixation - p. 2876 1125. Tension Band Wiring Fixation - p. 2877 1126. Partial Patellectomy - p. 2879 1127. Partial Patellectomy Using Figure-of-Eight Load-Sharing Wire or Cable - p. 2879 1128. Total Patellectomy - p. 2880 1129. Distal Femur - p. 2880 1130. Fracture Fixation of the Medial Condyle - p. 2884 1131. Fracture Fixation of the Posterior Part of the Medial Condyle - p. 2885 1132. Swashbuckler Approach to the Distal Femur - p. 2886 1133. Submuscular Minimally Invasive Locking Condylar Plate Application - p. 2887 1134. Double Plate Fixation - p. 2888 1135. Shaft of the Femur - p. 2890 1136. Antegrade Femoral Nailing - p. 2895 1137. Retrograde Femoral Nailing - p. 2901 1138. Extraction of an Unbroken Antegrade Femoral Nail - p. 2904 1139. Extraction of a Broken Femoral Antegrade Nail - p. 2904 1140. References - p. 2906 1141. Supplemental References - p. 2908 1142. Chapter 55. Fractures and Dislocations of the Hip - p. 2909 1143. Femoral Neck Fractures - p. 2909 1144. Fixation of Femoral Neck Fracture With Cannulated Screws - p. 2912 1145. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation - p. 2914 1146. Fluoroscopically Guided Capsulotomy of the Hip - p. 2918 1147. Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures - p. 2924 1148. Screw–Side Plate Fixation of Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures - p. 2925 1149. Intramedullary Nailing of Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures - p. 2929 1150. Intramedullary Nailing of Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures With Integrated Proximal Interlocking Screws (Intertan) - p. 2933 1151. Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures - p. 2935 1152. Intramedullary Nailing in Reconstruction Mode - p. 2935 1153. Fixation of Subtrochanteric Femoral Fracture With a Proximal Femoral Locking Plate - p. 2938 1154. Fixation of Subtrochanteric Femoral Fracture With a Blade Plate - p. 2940 1155. Hip Dislocations and Femoral Head Fractures - p. 2943 1156. Open Reduction of Posterior Hip Dislocation Through a Posterior Approach - p. 2948 1157. Fractures of the Ipsilateral Femoral Neck and Shaft - p. 2952 1158. References - p. 2954 1159. Supplemental References - p. 2957 1160. Chapter 56. Fractures of the Acetabulum and Pelvis - p. 2958 1161. Acetabular Fractures - p. 2958 1162. Anterior Intra-Pelvic Approach - p. 2973 1163. Fixation of Comminuted Posterior Wall Fracture With or Without a Transverse Component - p. 2988 1164. Anterior Approach for Total Hip Arthroplasty for Fractures Involving Primarily the Anterior Wall and Column - p. 2988 1165. Pelvic Fractures - p. 2991 1166. Gluteal Pillar External Fixation - p. 3008 1167. Supra-Acetabular External Fixation - p. 3008 1168. Anterior Subcutaneous Internal Fixation - p. 3010 1169. Pelvic Clamps - p. 3011 1170. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Pubic Symphysis - p. 3015 1171. Internal Fixation: Posterior Approach and Fixation of Sacral Fractures and Sacroiliac Dislocations (Prone) - p. 3016 1172. Percutaneous Iliosacral Screw Fixation of Sacroiliac Disruptions and Sacral Fractures (Supine) - p. 3017 1173. Anterior Approach and Stabilization of the Sacroiliac Joint - p. 3019 1174. References - p. 3027 1175. Supplemental References - p. 3030 1176. Chapter 57. Fractures of the Shoulder, Arm, and Forearm - p. 3031 1177. Clavicle - p. 3031 1178. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Clavicular Fractures - p. 3034 1179. Intramedullary Fixation With a Headed, Distally Threaded Pin (Rockwood Clavicle Pin) - p. 3036 1180. Distal Clavicular Fracture Repair With Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction and Cortical Button Fixation - p. 3039 1181. Fractures Around The Shoulder - p. 3040 1182. Intramedullary Nailing of a Proximal Humeral Fracture - p. 3053 1183. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humeral Fractures - p. 3054 1184. Anterolateral Acromial Approach for Internal Fixation of Proximal Humeral Fracture - p. 3055 1185. Fractures of the Humeral Shaft - p. 3058 1186. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Humeral Shaft Through a Modified Posterior Approach (Triceps-Reflecting) - p. 3062 1187. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis - p. 3064 1188. Antegrade Intramedullary Nailing of Humeral Shaft Fractures - p. 3067 1189. Fractures of the Humeral Shaft With Radial Nerve Palsy - p. 3067 1190. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Distal Humerus With Olecranon Osteotomy - p. 3075 1191. Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations of the Elbow - p. 3077 1192. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Radial Head Fracture - p. 3081 1193. Stabilization of “Terrible Triad” Elbow Fracture-Dislocation - p. 3084 1194. Internal Joint Stabilization for Elbow Instability - p. 3088 1195. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Olecranon Fracture - p. 3093 1196. Fractures of the Shafts of the Radius and Ulna - p. 3097 1197. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Both-Bone Forearm Fractures - p. 3097 1198. Fractures of the Distal Radius - p. 3099 1199. Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of Distal Radial Fracture - p. 3103 1200. External Fixation of Fracture of the Distal Radius - p. 3105 1201. Volar Plate Fixation of Fracture of the Distal Radius - p. 3108 1202. Distraction Plate Fixation - p. 3111 1203. References - p. 3118 1204. Supplemental References - p. 3126 1205. Chapter 58. Malunited Fractures - p. 3127 1206. Foot - p. 3128 1207. Correction of Metatarsal Angulation - p. 3129 1208. Correction of Tarsal Malunion - p. 3129 1209. Posterior Subtalar Arthrodesis - p. 3131 1210. Distraction Arthrodesis - p. 3132 1211. Resection of Lateral Prominence of Calcaneus - p. 3133 1212. Correction of Calcaneal Malunion Through Extensile Lateral Approach - p. 3134 1213. Correction of Valgus Malunion of Extraarticular Calcaneal Fracture - p. 3136 1214. Ankle - p. 3137 1215. Osteotomy for Bimalleolar Fracture - p. 3138 1216. Correction of Diastasis of the Tibia And Fibula - p. 3139 1217. Supramalleolar Osteotomy - p. 3139 1218. Tibia - p. 3140 1219. Oblique Tibial Osteotomy - p. 3142 1220. Clamshell Osteotomy - p. 3145 1221. Subcondylar Osteotomy and Wedge Graft for Malunion of Lateral Condyle - p. 3149 1222. Osteotomy and Internal Fixation of the Lateral Condyle - p. 3149 1223. Patella - p. 3150 1224. Femur and Hip - p. 3150 1225. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation - p. 3150 1226. Osteotomy for Femoral Malunion - p. 3152 1227. Osteotomy for Femoral Malunion in Children - p. 3155 1228. Correction of Cervicotrochanteric Malunion - p. 3157 1229. Acetabulum - p. 3158 1230. Pelvis - p. 3158 1231. Scapula - p. 3159 1232. Osteotomy and Reorientation of Scapular Neck - p. 3160 1233. Clavicle - p. 3161 1234. Osteotomy and Plate Fixation - p. 3161 1235. Osteotomy and Elastic Intramedullary Nailing of Midshaft Clavicular Fracture - p. 3164 1236. Humerus - p. 3165 1237. Closing Wedge Valgus Osteotomy for Varus Malunion of Proximal Humerus - p. 3168 1238. Correction of Proximal Third Humeral Malunion - p. 3169 1239. Forearm - p. 3169 1240. Correction of Radial Neck Malunion - p. 3170 1241. Osteotomy and Fixation of Monteggia Fracture Malunion - p. 3170 1242. Resection of Proximal Part of Radial Shaft - p. 3172 1243. Osteotomy and Plating for Forearm Malunion - p. 3173 1244. Correction of Forearm Malunion with Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability - p. 3174 1245. Drill Osteoclasis - p. 3174 1246. Distal Radius - p. 3175 1247. Opening Wedge Metaphyseal Osteotomy with Bone Grafting and Internal Fixation with Plate and Screws - p. 3179 1248. Volar Osteotomy - p. 3180 1249. Intramedullary Fixation - p. 3182 1250. External Fixation - p. 3183 1251. Osteotomy for Intraarticular Malunion - p. 3184 1252. Radiolunate Arthrodesis - p. 3185 1253. Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy - p. 3186 1254. Resection of the Distal Ulna - p. 3187 1255. Carpus - p. 3189 1256. Hand - p. 3189 1257. References - p. 3189 1258. Supplemental References - p. 3191 1259. Chapter 59. Delayed Union and Nonunion of Fractures - p. 3192 1260. Definitions - p. 3192 1261. Etiology and Pathophysiology - p. 3194 1262. General Treatment of Nonunions - p. 3195 1263. Decortication - p. 3199 1264. Fibular Autograft (Nonvascularized) - p. 3200 1265. Intramedullary Fibular Strut Allograft (Humerus) - p. 3200 1266. Factors Complicating Nonunion - p. 3206 1267. Nonunion of Specific Bones - p. 3208 1268. Resection of the Distal Fragment of the Medial Malleolus - p. 3210 1269. Sliding Graft - p. 3210 1270. Bone Graft of Medial Malleolar Nonunion - p. 3211 1271. Posterolateral Bone Grafting - p. 3212 1272. Anterior Central Bone Grafting - p. 3212 1273. Percutaneous Bone Marrow Injection - p. 3213 1274. Tibial Exchange Nailing - p. 3214 1275. Plate Fixation and Bone Grafting of the Clavicle - p. 3222 1276. References - p. 3224 1277. Supplemental References - p. 3227 1278. Chapter 60. Acute Dislocations - p. 3228 1279. Chapter 61. Old Unreduced Dislocations - p. 3246 1280. Part XVI. Peripheral Nerve Injuries of the Upper and Lower Extremities - p. 3270.e2 1281. Chapter 62. Peripheral Nerve Injuries - p. 3272 1282. Anatomy of the Spinal Nerves - p. 3272 1283. Internal Topography of Peripheral Nerves - p. 3275 1284. Neuronal Degeneration and Regeneration - p. 3275 1285. Classification of Nerve Injuries - p. 3276 1286. Effects of Peripheral Nerve Injuries - p. 3278 1287. Etiology of Peripheral Nerve Injuries - p. 3282 1288. Clinical Diagnosis of Nerve Injuries - p. 3282 1289. General Considerations of Treatment of Nerve Injuries - p. 3285 1290. Factors That Influence Regeneration After Neurorrhaphy - p. 3286 1291. General Considerations for Surgery - p. 3287 1292. Technique of Nerve Repair - p. 3288 1293. Epineurial Neurorrhaphy - p. 3292 1294. Perineurial (Fascicular) Neurorrhaphy - p. 3292 1295. Interfascicular Nerve Grafting - p. 3293 1296. Cervical Plexus - p. 3294 1297. Nerve Transfers - p. 3295 1298. Transfer of the Ulnar Nerve Fascicles to Nerve of the Biceps Muscle - p. 3295 1299. Double Fascicular Transfer From Ulnar and Median Nerves to Nerve of the Brachialis Branches - p. 3296 1300. Neurotization of the Suprascapular Nerve With the Spinal Accessory Nerve - p. 3297 1301. Neurotization of the Axillary Nerve With Radial Nerve - p. 3298 1302. Upper Extremity Nerve Injuries - p. 3300 1303. Posterior Approach for Division of the Transverse Scapular Ligament - p. 3300 1304. Approach to the Axillary Nerve - p. 3301 1305. Approach to the Musculocutaneous Nerve - p. 3302 1306. Approach to the Radial Nerve - p. 3303 1307. Approach to the Ulnar Nerve - p. 3306 1308. Nerve Transfer for Ulnar Nerve Reconstruction - p. 3308 1309. Approach to the Median Nerve - p. 3309 1310. Lumbar Plexus - p. 3311 1311. Approach to the Femoral Nerve - p. 3312 1312. Sacral Plexus - p. 3313 1313. Approach to the Sciatic Nerve - p. 3314 1314. Approach to the Common, Superficial, and Deep Peroneal Nerves - p. 3316 1315. Approach to the Tibial Nerve Deep to the Soleus Muscle - p. 3318 1316. References - p. 3319 1317. Supplemental References - p. 3322 1318. Part XVII. Microsurgery - p. 3321.e6 1319. Chapter 63. Microsurgery - p. 3324 1320. Microvascular Anastomosis (End-to-End) - p. 3325 1321. Microvascular End-to-Side Anastomosis - p. 3326 1322. Microvascular Vein Grafting - p. 3327 1323. Replantation - p. 3328 1324. Preparation for Replantation - p. 3334 1325. Vessel Repair in Replantation - p. 3337 1326. Nerve Repair for Replantation - p. 3338 1327. Reoperation - p. 3340 1328. Revascularization - p. 3341 1329. Pocket Technique For Microvascular Anastomosis - p. 3341 1330. Single-Stage Tissue Transfer (Free Flaps) - p. 3341 1331. Dissection for Free Groin Flap - p. 3347 1332. Dissection for Anterolateral Thigh Flap - p. 3349 1333. Dissection for Scapular and Parascapular Flap - p. 3350 1334. Dissection for Lateral Arm Flap - p. 3351 1335. Muscle and Musculocutaneous Free Flaps - p. 3352 1336. Dissection for Latissimus Dorsi Transfer - p. 3354 1337. Dissection for Serratus Anterior Flap - p. 3356 1338. Dissection for Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Flap - p. 3357 1339. Dissection for Gracilis Muscle Transfer - p. 3359 1340. Dissection for Rectus Abdominis Transfer - p. 3360 1341. Functioning Neuromuscular Transfers - p. 3360 1342. Transfer of Functioning Muscle - p. 3361 1343. Free Vascularized Bone Transplant - p. 3363 1344. Posterior Approach for Harvesting Fibular Graft - p. 3365 1345. Lateral Approach for Harvesting Fibular Graft - p. 3365 1346. Distal Tibiofibular Fusion to Prevent Progressive Valgus Deformity - p. 3368 1347. Free Iliac Crest Bone Graft - p. 3369 1348. Harvesting of Medial Femoral Condyle Corticoperiosteal Free Flap - p. 3369 1349. Medial Femoral Condyle Corticoperiosteal Free Flap for Scaphoid Arthroplasty - p. 3370 1350. Composite Free Tissue Transfers From the Foot - p. 3372 1351. Dorsalis Pedis Free Tissue Transfer - p. 3374 1352. Neurovascular Free Flap Transfer First Web Space - p. 3377 1353. Great Toe Wraparound Flap Transfer - p. 3378 1354. Thumb and Finger Reconstruction - p. 3380 1355. Single-Stage Great Toe Transfer - p. 3382 1356. Trimmed-Toe Transfer - p. 3384 1357. Second or Third Toe Transplantation - p. 3386 1358. Vascularized Free Flaps Containing Joints and Epiphyses - p. 3389 1359. References - p. 3389 1360. Supplemental References - p. 3391 1361. Part XVIII. The Hand - p. 3390.e6 1362. Chapter 64. Basic Surgical Technique and Postoperative Care - p. 3392 1363. Chapter 65. Acute Hand Injuries - p. 3417 1364. Chapter 66. Flexor and Extensor Tendon Injuries - p. 3442 1365. Flexor Tendons - p. 3442 1366. Modified Kessler-Tajima Suture - p. 3446 1367. Flexor Tendon Repair Using Six-Strand Repair (Adelaide Technique) - p. 3448 1368. Four- or Six-Strand Repair - p. 3449 1369. Multiple Looped Suture Tendon Repair - p. 3449 1370. Six-Strand Double-Loop Suture Repair - p. 3449 1371. Eight-Strand Repair - p. 3450 1372. End-to-Side Repair - p. 3451 1373. Roll Stitch - p. 3452 1374. Pull-Out Technique for Tendon Attachment - p. 3452 1375. Repair in Zones I and II - p. 3458 1376. Repair in Zones III, IV, and V - p. 3461 1377. Profundus Advancement - p. 3467 1378. Reconstruction of Finger Flexors: Single-Stage Tendon Graft - p. 3468 1379. Reconstruction of Flexor Tendon Pulleys - p. 3473 1380. Stage 1: Excision of Tendon and Scar and Reconstruction of Flexor Pulley - p. 3475 1381. Stage 2: Rod Removal and Tendon Graft Insertion - p. 3477 1382. Flexor Tendon Graft - p. 3478 1383. Two-Stage Flexor Tendon Graft for Flexor Pollicis Longus - p. 3478 1384. Transfer of Ring Finger Flexor Sublimis to Flexor Pollicis Longus - p. 3480 1385. Flexor Tenolysis After Repair and Grafting - p. 3480 1386. Freeing of Adherent Tendon - p. 3480 1387. Tenodesis - p. 3481 1388. Extensor Tendons - p. 3481 1389. Chronic Mallet Finger (Secondary Repair) - p. 3483 1390. Chronic Mallet Finger (Secondary Repair) - p. 3485 1391. Tendon Transfer for Correction of old Mallet Finger Deformity - p. 3486 1392. Tendon Graft for Correction of old Mallet Finger Deformity - p. 3486 1393. Repair of Central Slip of The Extensor Expansion Causing Boutonniere Deformity - p. 3487 1394. Reconstruction of the Extensor Mechanism for Chronic Boutonniere Deformity - p. 3488 1395. Repair of Traumatic Dislocation of the Extensor Tendon - p. 3491 1396. References - p. 3493 1397. Supplemental References - p. 3496 1398. Chapter 67. Fractures, Dislocations, and Ligamentous Injuries of The Hand and Wrist - p. 3497 1399. Chapter 68. Nerve Injuries at the Level of the Hand and Wrist - p. 3560 1400. Chapter 69. Wrist Disorders - p. 3577 1401. Anatomy - p. 3577 1402. Diagnosis of Wrist Conditions - p. 3581 1403. Arthroscopy of the Wrist - p. 3582 1404. Patient Positioning for Wrist Arthroscopy - p. 3585 1405. Radiocarpal Examination - p. 3586 1406. Midcarpal Examination - p. 3587 1407. Distal Radioulnar Examination - p. 3588 1408. Fractures and Dislocations of the Carpal Bones, Including Kienböck Disease - p. 3588 1409. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation OF Acute Displaced Fractures of the Scaphoid—Volar Approach with ILIAC Crest Bone Grafting - p. 3591 1410. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Acute Displaced Fractures of the Scaphoid—Dorsal Approach - p. 3592 1411. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Acute Displaced Fractures of the Scaphoid—Volar Approach with Distal Radial Autograft - p. 3593 1412. Percutaneous Fixation of Scaphoid Fractures - p. 3594 1413. Excision of the Proximal Fragment - p. 3598 1414. Proximal Row Carpectomy - p. 3600 1415. Arthroscopic Proximal Row Carpectomy - p. 3601 1416. Grafting Operations - p. 3604 1417. Grafting Operations - p. 3606 1418. Grafting Operations - p. 3606 1419. Pronator-Based Graft - p. 3608 1420. Vascularized BONE Grafts— - p. 3609 1421. Vascularized Bone Grafts— - p. 3609 1422. Excision Or Reduction and Fixation of the Hook of the Hamate - p. 3614 1423. Capitate Shortening With Capitate-Hamate Fusion - p. 3617 1424. Radial Decompression for Treatment of Kienböck Disease - p. 3620 1425. Radial Shortening - p. 3621 1426. Distal Radioulnar and Ulnocarpal Joint Injuries - p. 3622 1427. Arthroscopic Debridement of Triangular Fibrocartilage Tears - p. 3625 1428. Arthroscopic Repair of Class 1B Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears from the Ulna - p. 3626 1429. Open Repair of Class 1B Injury - p. 3626 1430. Open Repair of Class 1c Injury - p. 3627 1431. Arthroscopic Repair of Class 1D Injury - p. 3627 1432. Open Repair of Class 1D Injuries - p. 3630 1433. Anatomic Reconstruction of the Distal Radioulnar Ligaments - p. 3632 1434. Reconstruction of the Dorsal Ligament of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex - p. 3634 1435. Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy - p. 3636 1436. Limited Ulnar Head Excision: Hemiresection Interposition Arthroplasty - p. 3637 1437. “Matched” Distal Ulnar Resection - p. 3639 1438. “Wafer” Distal Ulnar Resection - p. 3639 1439. Combined Arthroscopic “Wafer” Distal Ulnar Resection and Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Debridement - p. 3640 1440. Distal Radioulnar Arthrodesis With Distal Ulnar Pseudarthrosis (Baldwin; Sauvé-Kapandji; Lauenstein) - p. 3641 1441. Tenodesis of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris and Transfer of the Pronator Quadratus - p. 3643 1442. Combination Tenodesis of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris - p. 3644 1443. Interposition for Failed Ulna Resection - p. 3646 1444. Arthrodesis of the Wrist - p. 3647 1445. Compression Plate Technique - p. 3648 1446. Arthrodesis of the Wrist - p. 3648 1447. Carpal Ligament Injuries and Instability Patterns - p. 3649 1448. Ligament Repair - p. 3653 1449. Ligament Reconstruction - p. 3654 1450. Ligament Reconstruction - p. 3657 1451. Ligament Reconstruction - p. 3658 1452. Dorsal Capsulodesis - p. 3659 1453. Scaphotrapezial-Trapezoid Fusion - p. 3660 1454. Scaphocapitate Arthrodesis - p. 3662 1455. Scaphocapitolunate Arthrodesis - p. 3662 1456. Lunotriquetral Arthrodesis - p. 3662 1457. Osteoarthritis of the Wrist - p. 3663 1458. References - p. 3665 1459. Supplemental References - p. 3669 1460. Chapter 70. Special Hand Disorders - p. 3670 1461. Chapter 71. Paralytic Hand - p. 3688 1462. Chapter 72. Cerebral Palsy of the Hand - p. 3731 1463. Chapter 73. Arthritic Hand - p. 3756 1464. Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 3756 1465. Osteoarthritis - p. 3758 1466. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 3759 1467. Psoriatic Arthritis - p. 3759 1468. Reiter Syndrome - p. 3759 1469. Gout - p. 3759 1470. Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis) - p. 3761 1471. Nonoperative Treatment of Synovitis and Tenosynovitis - p. 3761 1472. Rheumatoid Nodules - p. 3761 1473. Staging of Operations - p. 3762 1474. Finger Deformities Caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 3762 1475. Correction of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Hyperextension Deformity - p. 3766 1476. Lateral Band Mobilization and Skin Release - p. 3766 1477. Correction of Mild Boutonniere Deformity by Extensor Tenotomy - p. 3768 1478. Correction of Moderate Boutonniere Deformity - p. 3768 1479. Correction of Severe Boutonniere Deformity - p. 3768 1480. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Volar Plate Interposition Arthroplasty - p. 3769 1481. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty Through a Dorsal Approach - p. 3770 1482. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty Through an Anterior (VOLAR) Approach - p. 3770 1483. Extensor Tendon Realignment and Intrinsic Rebalancing - p. 3773 1484. Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty - p. 3774 1485. Metacarpal Joint Surface Arthroplasty - p. 3776 1486. Synovectomy - p. 3779 1487. Flexor Tendon Sheath Synovectomy - p. 3780 1488. Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis - p. 3782 1489. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis - p. 3782 1490. Deformities of the Thumb - p. 3783 1491. Thumb Interphalangeal Joint Synovectomy - p. 3785 1492. Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Synovectomy - p. 3785 1493. Thumb Trapeziometacarpal Joint Synovectomy - p. 3785 1494. Interphalangeal Soft-Tissue Reconstruction - p. 3785 1495. Metacarpophalangeal Synovectomy with Extensor Tendon Reconstruction - p. 3786 1496. Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Reconstruction for Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 3786 1497. Metacarpophalangeal Arthroplasty - p. 3787 1498. Trapeziometacarpal Ligament Reconstruction - p. 3789 1499. Distraction Arthroplasty - p. 3792 1500. Tendon Interposition Arthroplasty with Ligament Reconstruction - p. 3793 1501. Arthroscopic Thumb Carpometacarpal Arthroplasty - p. 3796 1502. Interphalangeal Arthrodesis of the Thumb - p. 3801 1503. Metacarpophalangeal Arthrodesis of the Thumb - p. 3801 1504. Tension Band Arthrodesis of the Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint - p. 3801 1505. Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis with Intramedullary Screw Fixation - p. 3803 1506. Trapeziometacarpal Arthrodesis - p. 3803 1507. Trapeziometacarpal Arthrodesis - p. 3805 1508. Thumb Carpometacarpal Arthrodesis with Kirschner Wire or Blade-Plate Fixation - p. 3805 1509. Rheumatoid Deformities of the Wrist - p. 3807 1510. Dorsal Synovectomy - p. 3807 1511. Volar Synovectomy - p. 3808 1512. Arthrodesis of the Wrist - p. 3812 1513. References - p. 3816 1514. Supplemental References - p. 3818 1515. Chapter 74. Compartment Syndromes and Volkmann Contracture - p. 3819 1516. Chapter 75. Dupuytren Contracture - p. 3832 1517. Chapter 76. Stenosing Tenosynovitis of the Wrist and Hand - p. 3850 1518. Chapter 77. Compressive Neuropathies of the Hand, Forearm, and Elbow - p. 3857 1519. Chapter 78. Tumors and Tumorous Conditions of the Hand - p. 3885 1520. Chapter 79. Hand Infections - p. 3920 1521. Chapter 80. Congenital Anomalies of the Hand - p. 3941 1522. Principles of Management - p. 3941 1523. Incidence and Classification - p. 3941 1524. Embryology - p. 3942 1525. Malformations Upper Extremity - p. 3944 1526. Metacarpal Lengthening - p. 3946 1527. Centralization of the Hand Using Transverse Ulnar Incisions - p. 3952 1528. Centralization of the Hand With Removal of the Distal Radial Anlage - p. 3953 1529. Centralization of the Hand and Tendon Transfers - p. 3957 1530. Centralization With Transfer of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris - p. 3957 1531. Centralization of the Hand - p. 3957 1532. Triceps Transfer to Restore Elbow Flexion - p. 3958 1533. Rotational Osteotomy of the First Metacarpal - p. 3960 1534. Excision of an Ulnar Anlage - p. 3961 1535. Creation of a One-Bone Forearm - p. 3961 1536. Resection of a Dyschondrosteosis Lesion - p. 3963 1537. Closing Wedge Osteotomy Combined With Darrach Excision of the Distal Ulnar Head - p. 3964 1538. Dome Osteotomy and Excision of Vickers Ligament - p. 3964 1539. Malformations of Hand Plate - p. 3965 1540. Metacarpal Lengthening - p. 3966 1541. Lengthening With Distraction Stage I - p. 3968 1542. Lengthening With Distraction Stage II - p. 3968 1543. Callotasis Metacarpal Lengthening - p. 3968 1544. Toe-Phalanx Transplantation - p. 3968 1545. Toe-Phalanx Transplantation - p. 3968 1546. Simple Z-Plasty of the Thumb Web - p. 3970 1547. Four-Flap Z-Plasty - p. 3970 1548. Web Deepening With a Sliding Flap - p. 3972 1549. Opponensplasty - p. 3972 1550. Ring Sublimis Opponensplasty - p. 3973 1551. Ring Sublimis Opponensplasty With Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction - p. 3975 1552. Abductor Digiti Quinti Opponensplasty - p. 3975 1553. Rerouting of the Flexor Pollicis Longus - p. 3977 1554. Recession of the Index Finger - p. 3978 1555. Riordan Pollicization - p. 3979 1556. Buck-Gramcko Pollicization - p. 3979 1557. Foucher Pollicization - p. 3981 1558. Correction of Types I And II Bifid Thumbs - p. 3986 1559. Correction of Types III Through VI Bifid Thumbs - p. 3986 1560. Reduction Osteotomy - p. 3988 1561. Excision of the Proximal Ulna - p. 3990 1562. Reconstruction of the Hand and Wrist - p. 3991 1563. Excision of Extra Digit - p. 3992 1564. Malformations Unspecified - p. 3993 1565. Open Finger Syndactyly Release - p. 3996 1566. Syndactyly Release With Dorsal Flap - p. 3997 1567. Syndactyly Release With Matching Volar and Dorsal Proximally Based V-Shaped Flaps - p. 3997 1568. Tendon Release - p. 4001 1569. Transfer of the Flexor Superficialis Tendon to the Extensor Apparatus - p. 4001 1570. Group 2 Clasped Thumb Deformity - p. 4002 1571. Group 3 Clasped Thumb Deformity - p. 4003 1572. Reverse Wedge Osteotomy - p. 4005 1573. Opening Wedge Osteotomy of the Terminal Phalanx - p. 4006 1574. Cleft Closure - p. 4013 1575. Simple Closure of Type I and II Cleft Hands - p. 4013 1576. Combined Cleft Closure and Release of Thumb Adduction Contracture - p. 4017 1577. Cleft Closure and Release of Thumb Adduction Contracture - p. 4017 1578. Palmar Cleft Closure - p. 4017 1579. Deepening of Web and Metacarpal Osteotomy - p. 4017 1580. Tendon Transfer for Type II Deformities - p. 4017 1581. Reconstruction of the Hand in Apert Syndrome - p. 4018 1582. Deformations - p. 4020 1583. Multiple Z-Plasty Release of a Congenital Ring - p. 4021 1584. Release of a Congenital Trigger Thumb - p. 4023 1585. Release of a Trigger Finger - p. 4023 1586. Dysplasias - p. 4023 1587. Debulking - p. 4026 1588. Epiphysiodesis - p. 4026 1589. Digital Shortening - p. 4026 1590. Thumb Shortening - p. 4026 1591. References - p. 4026 1592. Supplemental References - p. 4028 1593. Part XIX. The Foot and Ankle - p. 4028.e6 1594. Chapter 81. Surgical Techniques - p. 4030 1595. Chapter 82. Disorders of the Hallux - p. 4041 1596. Hallux Valgus (Bunion) - p. 4041 1597. Modified Mcbride Bunionectomy - p. 4049 1598. Distal Chevron Metatarsal Osteotomy - p. 4062 1599. Modified Chevron Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy - p. 4064 1600. Johnson Modified Chevron Osteotomy - p. 4070 1601. Increased Displacement, Distal Chevron Osteotomy - p. 4071 1602. Chevron-Akin Double Osteotomy - p. 4072 1603. Chevron Bunionectomy - p. 4073 1604. Minimally Invasive Chevron-Akin Osteotomy - p. 4075 1605. Proximal Crescentic Osteotomy With A Distal Soft-Tissue Procedure - p. 4078 1606. Scarf Osteotomy - p. 4083 1607. Ludloff Osteotomy - p. 4087 1608. Proximal Opening Wedge Osteotomy and Distal Chevron Osteotomy - p. 4088 1609. Medial Cuneiform Osteotomy - p. 4089 1610. Akin Procedure - p. 4091 1611. Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint With Small Plate Fixation - p. 4095 1612. Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint With Low-Profile Contoured Dorsal Plate and Compression Screw Fixation - p. 4096 1613. Truncated Cone Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint - p. 4098 1614. Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsocuneiform Articulation (Lapidus Procedure) - p. 4098 1615. Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsocuneiform Articulation (Lapidus Procedure) with Plate Fixation - p. 4101 1616. Double First Metatarsal Osteotomies - p. 4107 1617. Modified Peterson Procedure - p. 4108 1618. First Cuneiform Osteotomy - p. 4110 1619. First Web Space Dissection, Lateral Release, and Repeat Capsular Imbrication (Hallux Valgus Angle Less than 30 Degrees and First-Second Intermetatarsal Angle Less than 15 Degrees) - p. 4113 1620. Correcting Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy - p. 4117 1621. Correction of Malunion of the Chevron Osteotomy - p. 4118 1622. Distraction Osteogenesis for Metatarsal Shortening - p. 4120 1623. Correction of Uniplanar (Static) Hallux Varus Deformity - p. 4123 1624. Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy, Medial Capsular Release Without Tendon Transfer - p. 4124 1625. Transfer of Extensor Hallucis Longus with Arthrodesis of the Interphalangeal Joint of the Hallux - p. 4125 1626. Extensor Hallucis Brevis Tenodesis - p. 4128 1627. Hallux Rigidus - p. 4132 1628. Cheilectomy - p. 4136 1629. Distal Oblique Osteotomy for Hallux Rigidus - p. 4137 1630. “V” Resection of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint (Valenti Procedure) - p. 4138 1631. Excision of the Sesamoid - p. 4141 1632. Fibular Sesamoidectomy: Plantar Approach - p. 4144 1633. Arthritis of the Interphalangeal Joint - p. 4146 1634. References - p. 4150 1635. Supplemental References - p. 4153 1636. Chapter 83. Disorders of Tendons and Fascia and Adolescent and Adult Pes Planus - p. 4154 1637. Disorders of the Posterior Tibial Tendon - p. 4154 1638. Synovectomy with Repair of Incomplete Tears - p. 4161 1639. Transfer of Flexor Digitorum Longus or Flexor Hallucis Longus to Tarsal Navicular - p. 4164 1640. Repair of Spring Ligament - p. 4165 1641. Reconstruction of the Spring Ligament Using the Peroneus Longus - p. 4166 1642. Anterior Calcaneal Osteotomy (Lateral Column Lengthening) - p. 4168 1643. Step-Cut Calcaneal Lengthening Osteotomy (Z Osteotomy) - p. 4169 1644. Medial Calcaneal Displacement Osteotomy - p. 4169 1645. Opening Wedge Medial Cuneiform (Cotton) Osteotomy - p. 4171 1646. Isolated Medial Column Arthrodesis - p. 4175 1647. Minimally Invasive Deltoid Ligament Reconstruction - p. 4176 1648. Lateral Column Lengthening and Excision of Accessory Navicular - p. 4180 1649. Accessory Navicular Fusion - p. 4181 1650. Calcaneonavicular Bar Resection - p. 4184 1651. Resection of a Middle Facet Tarsal Coalition - p. 4187 1652. Disorders of the Achilles Tendon - p. 4187 1653. Calcaneal Osteotomy for Haglund Deformity - p. 4191 1654. Debridement of the Tendon for Insertional Achilles Tendon Disease - p. 4191 1655. Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer for Chronic Noninsertional Achilles Tendinosis - p. 4193 1656. Disorders of the Anterior Tibial Tendon - p. 4195 1657. Synovectomy of the Anterior Tibial Tendon - p. 4196 1658. Debridement and Repair of the Distal Anterior Tibial Tendon - p. 4196 1659. Repair of Complete Rupture of the Anterior Tibial Tendon - p. 4198 1660. Minimally Invasive Tendon Reconstruction with Semitendinosus Autograft - p. 4199 1661. Disorders of the Peroneal Tendons - p. 4200 1662. Synovectomy of the Peroneal Tendons - p. 4203 1663. Fibular Groove Deepening and Repair of the Superior Retinaculum - p. 4205 1664. Repair of Rupture of the Peroneal Tendons - p. 4207 1665. Peroneal Tendon Repair-Reconstruction - p. 4209 1666. Debridement of the Peroneus Longus Tendon, Removal of OS Peroneum, and Tenodesis of Peroneus Longus Tendon to Peroneus Brevis Tendon - p. 4211 1667. Injuries of the Flexor Tendons - p. 4211 1668. Release of the Fibroosseous Tunnel - p. 4213 1669. Repair of Flexor Hallucis Tear - p. 4214 1670. Painful Heel - p. 4216 1671. Plantar Fascia and Nerve Release - p. 4218 1672. Two-Portal Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release - p. 4219 1673. Single-Portal Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release - p. 4220 1674. References - p. 4222 1675. Supplemental References - p. 4226 1676. Chapter 84. Lesser Toe Abnormalities - p. 4227 1677. Metatarsophalangeal Joint Instability - p. 4227 1678. Primary Plantar Plate Repair Through a Dorsal Approach - p. 4232 1679. Primary Plantar Plate Repair Through a Dorsal Approach - p. 4232 1680. Percutaneous Distal Lesser Toe Osteotomy for Grade 0-I Metatarsophalangeal Joint Instability - p. 4233 1681. Axial Plane Deformity of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint - p. 4234 1682. Modified Weil Osteotomy - p. 4235 1683. Correction of Multiplanar Deformity of the Second Toe With Metatarsophalangeal Release and Extensor Brevis Reconstruction - p. 4236 1684. Flexor-to-Extensor Transfer - p. 4238 1685. Extensor Digitorum Brevis Transfer for Crossover Toe Deformity - p. 4240 1686. Closing Wedge Osteotomy of the Proximal Phalanx for Correction of Axial Deformity - p. 4241 1687. Hammer Toe and Claw Toe - p. 4241 1688. Correction of Moderate Hammer Toe or Claw Toe Deformity - p. 4244 1689. Correction of Severe Deformity - p. 4246 1690. Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty - p. 4248 1691. Shortening Metatarsal (Weil) Osteotomy - p. 4249 1692. Mallet Toe - p. 4251 1693. Resection Dermodesis - p. 4253 1694. Terminal Syme Procedure - p. 4254 1695. Combined Hammer Toe and Mallet Toe Deformity With Associated Double Corns - p. 4255 1696. Complications and Revision Surgery of Hammer Toe Deformities - p. 4255 1697. Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis With an Absorbable Intramedullary Pin - p. 4255 1698. Corns (Helomata and Clavi) - p. 4256 1699. Hard Corn Treatment - p. 4257 1700. Partial Syndactylization for Intractable Interdigital Corn - p. 4259 1701. Arthroplasty of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint - p. 4260 1702. Dorsal Closing Wedge Osteotomy of the Metatarsals for Intractable Plantar Keratosis - p. 4261 1703. Bunionette (Tailor’s Bunion) - p. 4261 1704. Partial Resection of the Lateral Condyle of the Fifth Metatarsal Head - p. 4264 1705. Resection of the Fifth Metatarsal Head for Bunionette Deformity - p. 4266 1706. Subcapital Oblique Osteotomy for Bunionette Deformity - p. 4267 1707. Transverse Medial Slide Osteotomy for Bunionette Deformity - p. 4268 1708. Oblique Diaphyseal Osteotomy of the Fifth Metatarsal for Severe Splay Foot or Metatarsus Quintus Valgus - p. 4268 1709. Chevron Osteotomy of the Fifth Metatarsal for Bunionette Deformity - p. 4269 1710. Minimally Invasive Kramer Osteotomy for Bunionette Deformity - p. 4271 1711. Minimally Invasive Distal Metatarsal Metaphyseal Osteotomy for Fifth Toe Bunionette Correction - p. 4272 1712. Freiberg Infraction - p. 4272 1713. Dorsal Closing Wedge Osteotomy For Freiberg Disease - p. 4273 1714. Joint Debridement and Metatarsal Head Remodeling for Freiberg Disease - p. 4274 1715. Brachymetatarsia - p. 4274 1716. Distraction Osteogenesis for Lengthening of the Metatarsal in Brachymetatarsia - p. 4276 1717. One-Stage Metatarsal Interposition Lengthening With Autologous Fibular Graft With Locking Plate Fixation - p. 4277 1718. Metatarsal Lengthening by Circular External Fixation - p. 4277 1719. References - p. 4281 1720. Supplemental References - p. 4283 1721. Chapter 85. Arthritis of the Foot - p. 4284 1722. Chapter 86. Diabetic Foot - p. 4314 1723. Chapter 87. Neurogenic Disorders - p. 4345 1724. Chapter 88. Disorders of Nails - p. 4382 1725. Chapter 89. Fractures and Dislocations of the Foot - p. 4407 1726. Fractures of the Calcaneus - p. 4407 1727. Open Reduction of Calcaneal Fracture - p. 4411 1728. Subtalar Arthrodesis - p. 4413 1729. Open Reduction of Calcaneal Fracture: Sinus Tarsi Approach With or Without Medial Approach - p. 4417 1730. Axial Fixation of Calcaneal Fracture - p. 4420 1731. Percutaneous Reduction and Fixation of Calcaneal Fracture - p. 4421 1732. Lateral Decompression of a Malunited Calcaneal Fracture - p. 4426 1733. Subtalar Distraction Bone Block Arthrodesis - p. 4429 1734. Fractures of the Talus - p. 4430 1735. Open Reduction of the Talar Neck - p. 4438 1736. Onlay Graft Technique Through a Posterior Approach - p. 4443 1737. Tibiocalcaneal Arthrodesis - p. 4445 1738. Tibiotalar Arthrodesis - p. 4447 1739. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Fractures of the Lateral Process of the Talus - p. 4448 1740. Subtalar Dislocations - p. 4450 1741. Open Reduction of Subtalar Dislocation - p. 4453 1742. Midfoot Fractures and Dislocations - p. 4455 1743. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) Fractures - p. 4467 1744. Metatarsals - p. 4468 1745. Internal Fixation With an Intramedullary Screw - p. 4474 1746. Open Reduction and Plating of Lesser Metatarsal Stress Fracture - p. 4475 1747. Phalangeal Dislocations - p. 4477 1748. Open Reduction of Dislocation of the Interphalangeal Joints of the Hallux - p. 4477 1749. Open Reduction of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Dislocation Using a Midline Medial Approach - p. 4480 1750. Plantar Plate Repair (Anderson) - p. 4481 1751. Phalangeal Fractures - p. 4483 1752. Sesamoid Fractures - p. 4483 1753. Sesamoidectomy - p. 4484 1754. Bone Grafting of Sesamoid Nonunion - p. 4484 1755. References - p. 4485 1756. Supplemental References - p. 4488 1757. Chapter 90. Sports Injuries of the Ankle - p. 4495 1758. Index - p. I-1