Diagnostic Imaging: Musculoskeletal Non-Traumatic Disease

1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW - p. xiii 2. List of Tables - p. xiii 3. Chapter 1: Introduction to Arthritis - p. xiii 4. EROSIVE - p. 9 5. Chapter 2: Rheumatoid Arthritis of Axial Skeleton - p. 9 6. Chapter 3: Rheumatoid Arthritis of Shoulder and Elbow - p. 15 7. Chapter 4: Rheumatoid Arthritis of Wrist and Hand - p. 21 8. Chapter 5: Rheumatoid Arthritis of Hip - p. 27 9. Chapter 6: Rheumatoid Arthritis of Knee - p. 31 10. Chapter 7: Rheumatoid Arthritis of Ankle and Foot - p. 35 11. Chapter 8: Felty Syndrome - p. 39 12. Chapter 9: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - p. 41 13. Chapter 10: Adult Still Disease - p. 47 14. PRODUCTIVE - p. 49 15. Chapter 11: Osteoarthritis of Axial Skeleton - p. 49 16. Chapter 12: DISH - p. 53 17. Chapter 13: OPLL - p. 59 18. Chapter 14: Rapidly Progressive Osteoarthritis - p. 63 19. Chapter 15: Osteoarthritis of Shoulder and Elbow - p. 65 20. Chapter 16: Osteoarthritis of Wrist and Hand - p. 69 21. Chapter 17: Osteoarthritis of Hip - p. 73 22. Chapter 18: Osteoarthritis of Knee - p. 79 23. MIXED EROSIVE AND PRODUCTIVE - p. 85 24. Chapter 19: Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 85 25. Chapter 20: Inflammatory Bowel Disease Arthritis - p. 91 26. Chapter 21: Psoriatic Arthritis - p. 97 27. Chapter 22: Chronic Reactive Arthritis - p. 103 28. DUE TO BIOCHEMICAL DISORDERS OR DEPOSITIONAL DISEASE - p. 109 29. Chapter 23: Gout - p. 109 30. Chapter 24: Pyrophosphate Arthropathy - p. 115 31. Chapter 25: Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease - p. 121 32. Chapter 26: Amyloid Deposition - p. 127 33. Chapter 27: Hemochromatosis - p. 133 34. Chapter 28: Ochronosis - p. 134 35. Chapter 29: Wilson Disease - p. 135 36. Chapter 30: Oxalosis - p. 136 37. MISCELLANEOUS JOINT DISORDERS - p. 137 38. Chapter 31: Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Intraarticular - p. 137 39. Chapter 32: Intraarticular Chondroma - p. 143 40. Chapter 33: Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis - p. 147 41. Chapter 34: Synovial Vascular Malformation - p. 148 42. Chapter 35: Synovial Chondromatosis - p. 149 43. Chapter 36: Neuropathic (Charcot) Arthropathy - p. 155 44. Chapter 37: Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy - p. 161 45. Chapter 38: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - p. 167 46. SECTION 2: BONE TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS - p. 173 47. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW - p. 173 48. Chapter 39: Bone Tumors: Diagnosis, Staging, and Biopsy - p. 173 49. Chapter 40: Staging of Primary Malignant Bone Tumors - p. 183 50. Chapter 41: Bone Tumors: Treatment Options and Follow-Up - p. 185 51. BONE-FORMING TUMORS - p. 191 52. Chapter 42: Enostosis (Bone Island) - p. 191 53. Chapter 43: Osteoma - p. 195 54. Chapter 44: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 201 55. Chapter 45: Osteoblastoma - p. 207 56. Chapter 46: Conventional Osteosarcoma - p. 213 57. Chapter 47: Parosteal Osteosarcoma - p. 219 58. Chapter 48: Periosteal Osteosarcoma - p. 225 59. Chapter 49: Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma - p. 229 60. Chapter 50: Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma - p. 233 61. Chapter 51: High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma - p. 237 62. Chapter 52: Secondary Osteosarcoma - p. 239 63. CARTILAGE-FORMING TUMORS - p. 243 64. Chapter 53: Enchondroma - p. 243 65. Chapter 54: Osteochondroma - p. 249 66. Chapter 55: Multiple Hereditary Exostoses - p. 255 67. Chapter 56: Chondroblastoma - p. 261 68. Chapter 57: Chondromyxoid Fibroma - p. 265 69. Chapter 58: Periosteal Chondroma - p. 269 70. Chapter 59: Chondrosarcoma - p. 275 71. Chapter 60: Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma - p. 281 72. Chapter 61: Periosteal Chondrosarcoma - p. 283 73. Chapter 62: Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma - p. 285 74. MARROW TUMORS - p. 287 75. Chapter 63: Plasmacytoma - p. 287 76. Chapter 64: Multiple Myeloma - p. 293 77. Chapter 65: POEMS - p. 299 78. Chapter 66: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 301 79. Chapter 67: Leukemia: Bone Changes - p. 307 80. Chapter 68: Lymphoma of Bone - p. 311 81. Chapter 69: Metastases of Bone Marrow - p. 317 82. OTHER BONE TUMORS - p. 323 83. Chapter 70: Desmoplastic Fibroma - p. 323 84. Chapter 71: Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone - p. 327 85. Chapter 72: Fibrosarcoma of Bone - p. 331 86. Chapter 73: Lipoma of Bone - p. 333 87. Chapter 74: Giant Cell Tumor of Bone - p. 337 88. Chapter 75: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 343 89. Chapter 76: Adamantinoma - p. 349 90. Chapter 77: Hemangioma of Bone - p. 353 91. Chapter 78: Epithelioid Hemangioma - p. 359 92. Chapter 79: Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of Bone - p. 361 93. Chapter 80: Angiosarcoma of Bone - p. 363 94. Chapter 81: Chordoma - p. 367 95. Chapter 82: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 371 96. TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS - p. 377 97. Chapter 83: Paget Disease - p. 377 98. Chapter 84: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - p. 383 99. Chapter 85: Osteofibrous Dysplasia - p. 389 100. Chapter 86: Simple Bone Cyst - p. 395 101. Chapter 87: Nonossifying Fibroma - p. 401 102. Chapter 88: Trevor Fairbank Disease - p. 405 103. RADIATION-INDUCED ABNORMALITIES - p. 407 104. Chapter 89: Radiation-Induced Complications of Skeleton - p. 407 105. SECTION 3: SOFT TISSUE TUMORS - p. 413 106. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW - p. 413 107. Chapter 90: Introduction to Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 413 108. Chapter 91: Staging of Soft Tissue Tumors - p. 423 109. ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS - p. 425 110. BENIGN ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS - p. 425 111. Chapter 92: Lipoma of Soft Tissue - p. 425 112. Chapter 93: Lipomatosis - p. 431 113. Chapter 94: Lipomatosis of Nerve - p. 437 114. Chapter 95: Macrodystrophia Lipomatosa - p. 441 115. Chapter 96: Lipoma Arborescens - p. 445 116. Chapter 97: Lipoblastoma/Lipoblastomatosis - p. 449 117. Chapter 98: Hibernoma - p. 451 118. Chapter 99: Parosteal Lipoma - p. 455 119. INTERMEDIATE ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS - p. 459 120. Chapter 100: Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma - p. 459 121. MALIGNANT ADIPOCYTIC TUMORS - p. 463 122. Chapter 101: Myxoid Liposarcoma - p. 463 123. Chapter 102: Pleomorphic Liposarcoma - p. 467 124. Chapter 103: Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma - p. 468 125. FIBROBLASTIC/MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMORS - p. 469 126. BENIGN FIBROUS TUMORS - p. 469 127. Chapter 104: Nodular and Proliferative Fasciitis - p. 469 128. Chapter 105: Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation - p. 470 129. Chapter 106: Elastofibroma - p. 471 130. Chapter 107: Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy - p. 475 131. Chapter 108: Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis - p. 476 132. Chapter 109: Fibromatosis Colli - p. 477 133. Chapter 110: Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis - p. 478 134. Chapter 111: Fibroma of Tendon Sheath - p. 479 135. Chapter 112: Desmoplastic Fibroblastoma - p. 483 136. Chapter 113: Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma - p. 485 137. Chapter 114: Myositis Ossificans/Heterotopic Ossification - p. 487 138. INTERMEDIATE (LOCALLY AGGRESSIVE) FIBROUS TUMORS - p. 493 139. Chapter 115: Superficial Fibromatoses - p. 493 140. Chapter 116: Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis - p. 497 141. INTERMEDIATE (RARELY METASTASIZING) FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS - p. 503 142. Chapter 117: Solitary Fibrous Tumor - p. 503 143. Chapter 118: Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor - p. 509 144. Chapter 119: Infantile Fibrosarcoma - p. 513 145. MALIGNANT FIBROUS TUMORS - p. 515 146. Chapter 120: Fibrosarcoma of Soft Tissue - p. 515 147. Chapter 121: Myxofibrosarcoma - p. 519 148. Chapter 122: Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma - p. 523 149. Chapter 123: Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma - p. 525 150. Chapter 124: Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans - p. 529 151. SO-CALLED FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS - p. 533 152. BENIGN FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS - p. 533 153. Chapter 125: Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor, Extraarticular - p. 533 154. Chapter 126: Deep Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma - p. 539 155. SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS - p. 541 156. SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS, BENIGN - p. 541 157. Chapter 127: Leiomyoma: Superficial and Deep - p. 541 158. SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMORS, MALIGNANT - p. 545 159. Chapter 128: Leiomyosarcoma - p. 545 160. PERICYTIC (PERIVASCULAR) TUMORS - p. 551 161. Chapter 129: Glomus Tumor - p. 551 162. Chapter 130: Angioleiomyoma - p. 555 163. SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS - p. 557 164. SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS, BENIGN - p. 557 165. Chapter 131: Rhabdomyoma - p. 557 166. SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMORS, MALIGNANT - p. 559 167. Chapter 132: Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 559 168. VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC TUMORS - p. 565 169. BENIGN VASCULAR TUMORS - p. 565 170. Chapter 133: Vascular Malformations - p. 565 171. Chapter 134: Hemangioma - p. 571 172. Chapter 135: Angiomatosis - p. 575 173. Chapter 136: Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome - p. 577 174. Chapter 137: Lymphatic Malformations - p. 581 175. INTERMEDIATE (RARELY METASTASIZING) VASCULAR TUMORS - p. 585 176. Chapter 138: Kaposi Sarcoma - p. 585 177. Chapter 139: Hemangioendothelioma of Soft Tissue - p. 589 178. MALIGNANT VASCULAR TUMORS - p. 591 179. Chapter 140: Angiosarcoma of Soft Tissue - p. 591 180. CHONDROOSSEOUS TUMORS - p. 595 181. Chapter 141: Chondroma of Soft Tissue - p. 595 182. Chapter 142: Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma - p. 597 183. Chapter 143: Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma - p. 599 184. TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION - p. 603 185. BENIGN TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION - p. 603 186. Chapter 144: Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor - p. 603 187. Chapter 145: Myxoma - p. 605 188. INTERMEDIATE TUMORS (RARELY METASTASIZING) OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION - p. 611 189. Chapter 146: Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma - p. 611 190. Chapter 147: Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor - p. 613 191. MALIGNANT TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION - p. 615 192. Chapter 148: Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma - p. 615 193. Chapter 149: Synovial Sarcoma - p. 619 194. Chapter 150: Epithelioid Sarcoma - p. 625 195. Chapter 151: Clear Cell Sarcoma - p. 629 196. Chapter 152: Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma - p. 631 197. Chapter 153: Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma - p. 635 198. PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMORS - p. 637 199. NONNEOPLASTIC - p. 637 200. Chapter 154: Morton Neuroma - p. 637 201. Chapter 155: Traumatic Neuroma - p. 641 202. NEUROFIBROMA - p. 643 203. Chapter 156: Neurofibroma - p. 643 204. SCHWANNOMA - p. 649 205. Chapter 157: Schwannoma - p. 649 206. MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR - p. 655 207. Chapter 158: Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor - p. 655 208. SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS LESIONS - p. 659 209. Chapter 159: Epidermoid/Epidermal Inclusion Cyst - p. 659 210. Chapter 160: Rheumatoid Nodule - p. 661 211. Chapter 161: Metastases of Soft Tissue - p. 665 212. Chapter 162: Melanoma - p. 669 213. SOFT TISSUE TUMOR MIMICS - p. 675 214. Chapter 163: Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Infection/Inflammation - p. 675 215. Chapter 164: Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Vascular - p. 679 216. Chapter 165: Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Crystal Disease - p. 683 217. Chapter 166: Soft Tissue Tumor Mimics: Other - p. 687 218. Chapter 167: Xanthoma - p. 693 219. SECTION 4: CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES GENERAL - p. 697 220. UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 697 221. Chapter 168: Arthrogryposis - p. 697 222. Chapter 169: Amniotic Band Syndrome - p. 700 223. Chapter 170: Cerebral Palsy - p. 701 224. Chapter 171: Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) - p. 702 225. Chapter 172: Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva - p. 703 226. Chapter 173: Muscular Dystrophy - p. 704 227. Chapter 174: Neurofibromatosis - p. 705 228. Chapter 175: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 711 229. Chapter 176: Turner Syndrome - p. 717 230. LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 718 231. Chapter 177: Glenoid Hypoplasia - p. 718 232. Chapter 178: Madelung Deformity - p. 719 233. Chapter 179: Ulnar Variance - p. 723 234. Chapter 180: Developmental Dysplasia of Hip - p. 727 235. Chapter 181: Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis - p. 733 236. Chapter 182: Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency - p. 739 237. Chapter 183: Osgood-Schlatter Disease - p. 743 238. Chapter 184: Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease - p. 744 239. Chapter 185: Blount Disease - p. 745 240. Chapter 186: Pes Planus (Flatfoot) - p. 747 241. Chapter 187: Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) - p. 753 242. Chapter 188: Congenital Vertical Talus (Rocker-Bottom Foot) - p. 757 243. Chapter 189: Pes Cavus - p. 758 244. Chapter 190: Tarsal Coalition - p. 759 245. SECTION 5: DYSPLASIAS - p. 765 246. SKELETAL DYSPLASIA - p. 765 247. SHORT LIMB LENGTH - p. 765 248. Chapter 191: Introduction to Skeletal Dysplasias - p. 765 249. Chapter 192: Achondroplasia - p. 771 250. Chapter 193: Pseudoachondroplasia - p. 775 251. Chapter 194: Achondrogenesis - p. 776 252. Chapter 195: Thanatophoric Dysplasia - p. 777 253. Chapter 196: Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy of Jeune - p. 779 254. Chapter 197: Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld) - p. 780 255. Chapter 198: Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia - p. 781 256. Chapter 199: Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia - p. 785 257. NORMAL LIMB LENGTH - p. 789 258. Chapter 200: Ollier Disease - p. 789 259. Chapter 201: Maffucci Syndrome - p. 793 260. Chapter 202: Chondrodysplasia Punctata - p. 794 261. Chapter 203: Cleidocranial Dysplasia - p. 795 262. Chapter 204: Caffey Disease - p. 796 263. Chapter 205: Fong Disease (Nail Patella Syndrome) - p. 797 264. SCLEROSING DYSPLASIAS - p. 799 265. Chapter 206: Melorheostosis - p. 799 266. Chapter 207: Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia - p. 803 267. Chapter 208: Osteopetrosis - p. 807 268. Chapter 209: Pycnodysostosis - p. 813 269. Chapter 210: Osteitis Condensans - p. 817 270. Chapter 211: Osteitis Pubis: Nontraumatic Origin - p. 819 271. Chapter 212: Intramedullary Osteosclerosis - p. 821 272. Chapter 213: Other Sclerosing Conditions of Bone - p. 822 273. SECTION 6: SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL INVOLVEMENT - p. 823 274. GENERAL - p. 823 275. Chapter 214: Complications of Paraplegia - p. 823 276. Chapter 215: Acroosteolysis - p. 829 277. Chapter 216: Sickle Cell Anemia - p. 833 278. Chapter 217: Thalassemia - p. 839 279. Chapter 218: Myelofibrosis - p. 845 280. Chapter 219: Hemophilia - p. 849 281. Chapter 220: Diabetes - p. 855 282. Chapter 221: HIV/AIDS - p. 861 283. Chapter 222: Sarcoidosis of Bone - p. 867 284. Chapter 223: Sarcoidosis of Muscle - p. 871 285. Chapter 224: Sarcoidosis of Joint - p. 873 286. Chapter 225: Sarcoidosis of Soft Tissue - p. 874 287. Chapter 226: Mastocytosis - p. 875 288. Chapter 227: Tuberous Sclerosis - p. 877 289. STORAGE DISORDERS - p. 881 290. Chapter 228: Gaucher Disease - p. 881 291. Chapter 229: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 885 292. Chapter 230: Erdheim-Chester Disease - p. 887 293. Chapter 231: Other Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytoses - p. 889 294. CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS - p. 890 295. Chapter 232: Eosinophilic Fasciitis - p. 890 296. Chapter 233: Inflammatory Myopathy - p. 891 297. Chapter 234: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 897 298. Chapter 235: Systemic Sclerosis - p. 901 299. Chapter 236: Overlap Syndrome/Mixed Connective Tissue Disease - p. 905 300. CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS WITH ARACHNODACTYLY - p. 906 301. Chapter 237: Homocystinuria - p. 906 302. Chapter 238: Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome - p. 907 303. SOFT TISSUE DISORDERS - p. 909 304. Chapter 239: Denervation Hypertrophy - p. 909 305. VASCULAR - p. 911 306. Chapter 240: Embolic Disease - p. 911 307. Chapter 241: Meningococcemia - p. 912 308. SECTION 7: ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS OR ARTHRODESIS - p. 913 309. ARTHROPLASTY AND ARTHRODESIS - p. 913 310. Chapter 242: Introduction to Arthroplasty - p. 913 311. Chapter 243: Hip Implant - p. 923 312. Chapter 244: Revision Arthroplasty - p. 929 313. Chapter 245: Knee Implant - p. 933 314. Chapter 246: Shoulder Implant - p. 939 315. Chapter 247: Elbow Implant - p. 943 316. Chapter 248: Ankle Implant - p. 945 317. Chapter 249: Ankle Arthrodesis - p. 947 318. Chapter 250: Small Joint Implants and Arthrodesis: Hand and Toes - p. 949 319. INTERNAL FIXATION - p. 955 320. Chapter 251: Hallux Valgus Corrections - p. 955 321. Chapter 252: Intramedullary Nail/Rod - p. 957 322. Chapter 253: Plate Fixation - p. 961 323. Chapter 254: Screw Fixation - p. 965 324. Chapter 255: External Fixation - p. 971 325. Chapter 256: Cement and Bone Fillers - p. 975 326. Chapter 257: Wire/Cerclage/Cable Fixation - p. 981 327. Chapter 258: Anchoring Devices - p. 982 328. SECTION 8: INFECTION - p. 983 329. OSTEOMYELITIS - p. 983 330. Chapter 259: Acute Osteomyelitis of Child - p. 983 331. Chapter 260: Acute Osteomyelitis of Adult - p. 989 332. Chapter 261: Spine Infection - p. 995 333. Chapter 262: Chronic Osteomyelitis - p. 1001 334. SOFT TISSUE AND JOINTS - p. 1005 335. Chapter 263: Septic Arthritis - p. 1005 336. Chapter 264: Infectious Tenosynovitis - p. 1011 337. Chapter 265: Infectious Bursitis - p. 1012 338. Chapter 266: Soft Tissue Infection - p. 1013 339. Chapter 267: Necrotizing Fasciitis - p. 1017 340. SPECIFIC PATHOGENS - p. 1019 341. Chapter 268: Tuberculosis - p. 1019 342. Chapter 269: Fungal Infection - p. 1025 343. Chapter 270: Brucellosis - p. 1027 344. Chapter 271: Madura Foot - p. 1028 345. Chapter 272: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - p. 1029 346. Chapter 273: Leprosy - p. 1030 347. Chapter 274: Syphilis - p. 1031 348. Chapter 275: Polio - p. 1032 349. Chapter 276: Parasitic Infection - p. 1033 350. CONDITIONS OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY - p. 1034 351. Chapter 277: SAPHO - p. 1034 352. Chapter 278: Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis - p. 1035 353. SECTION 9: BONE MARROW - p. 1037 354. DISTRIBUTION PATTERN - p. 1037 355. Chapter 279: Marrow Distribution: Normal - p. 1037 356. Chapter 280: Increased or Decreased Marrow Cellularity - p. 1043 357. Chapter 281: Diffuse Marrow Infiltration and Replacement - p. 1049 358. Chapter 282: Focal Marrow Infiltration and Replacement - p. 1055 359. BONE MARROW EDEMA - p. 1059 360. Chapter 283: Transient Bone Marrow Edema and Regional Migratory Osteoporosis - p. 1059 361. OSTEONECROSIS - p. 1061 362. Chapter 284: Introduction to Osteonecrosis - p. 1061 363. Chapter 285: Bone Infarct - p. 1065 364. Chapter 286: Osteonecrosis of Hip - p. 1069 365. Chapter 287: Osteonecrosis of Shoulder - p. 1075 366. Chapter 288: Osteonecrosis of Knee - p. 1079 367. Chapter 289: Osteonecrosis of Wrist - p. 1083 368. Chapter 290: Osteonecrosis of Ankle and Foot - p. 1087 369. Chapter 291: Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease - p. 1091 370. SECTION 10: METABOLIC BONE DISEASE - p. 1097 371. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW - p. 1097 372. Chapter 292: Introduction to Metabolic Bone Disease - p. 1097 373. DISEASES OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS - p. 1105 374. Chapter 293: Hyperparathyroidism - p. 1105 375. Chapter 294: Rickets and Osteomalacia - p. 1111 376. Chapter 295: Renal Osteodystrophy - p. 1115 377. Chapter 296: Dialysis-Related Disease, Metastatic Calcification - p. 1121 378. Chapter 297: Dialysis-Related Disease, Spondyloarthropathy - p. 1122 379. Chapter 298: Hypoparathyroidism, Pseudo- and Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism - p. 1123 380. OSTEOPOROSIS - p. 1125 381. Chapter 299: Primary Osteoporosis - p. 1125 382. Chapter 300: Disuse Osteoporosis - p. 1129 383. Chapter 301: Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis - p. 1130 384. Chapter 302: Anorexia - p. 1131 385. Chapter 303: Osteoporosis: Other Causes - p. 1132 386. PITUITARY DISORDERS - p. 1133 387. Chapter 304: Pituitary Disorders: Acromegaly, Gigantism, and Growth Hormone Deficiency - p. 1133 388. THYROID DISEASE - p. 1135 389. Chapter 305: Hypothyroidism and Cretinism - p. 1135 390. Chapter 306: Hyperthyroidism - p. 1137 391. Chapter 307: Thyroid Acropachy - p. 1138 392. MISCELLANEOUS METABOLIC CONDITIONS - p. 1139 393. Chapter 308: Hypophosphatasia - p. 1139 394. Chapter 309: Cushing Syndrome - p. 1141 395. Chapter 310: Tumoral (Idiopathic) Calcinosis - p. 1142 396. SECTION 11: DRUG-INDUCED AND NUTRITIONAL MUSCULOSKELETAL CONDITIONS - p. 1143 397. DRUG-INDUCED EMBRYOPATHY - p. 1143 398. Chapter 311: Medications - p. 1143 399. Chapter 312: Alcohol - p. 1147 400. DRUG-INDUCED CONDITIONS - p. 1148 401. Chapter 313: Corticosteroids - p. 1148 402. Chapter 314: Bisphosphonates - p. 1149 403. Chapter 315: Antiepileptic Drugs - p. 1150 404. Chapter 316: Prostaglandins - p. 1151 405. Chapter 317: Hypervitaminosis A and Retinoids - p. 1152 406. Chapter 318: Vitamin D - p. 1153 407. Chapter 319: Voriconazole - p. 1154 408. Chapter 320: Fluoroquinolones - p. 1155 409. Chapter 321: Statins - p. 1156 410. Chapter 322: Metals and Minerals - p. 1157 411. Chapter 323: Alcohol and Recreational Drugs - p. 1159 412. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY - p. 1160 413. Chapter 324: Scurvy - p. 1160 414. INDEX - p. 1161