Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Obstetrics, fifth edition, is an invaluable resource for perinatologists, radiologists, obstetricians, sonographers, and trainees―anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today’s obstetric and fetal imaging. Dr. Paula J. Woodward and a diverse group of fetal-imaging experts provide updated information on fetal development, disease processes, and imaging techniques and findings to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice.
1. Introduction and Overview - p. 1 2. Chapter 1: Embryology and Anatomy of the First Trimester - p. 1 3. Chapter 2: Approach to the Early First Trimester - p. 15 4. Chapter 3: Detailed First-Trimester Anatomy Scan - p. 19 5. Abnormal Intrauterine Gestation - p. 29 6. Chapter 4: Early Pregnancy Loss - p. 29 7. Chapter 5: Perigestational Hemorrhage - p. 33 8. Chapter 6: Chorionic Bump - p. 35 9. Chapter 7: Complete Hydatidiform Mole - p. 37 10. Ectopic Gestation - p. 41 11. Chapter 8: Tubal Ectopic - p. 41 12. Chapter 9: Interstitial Ectopic - p. 45 13. Chapter 10: Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy - p. 49 14. Chapter 11: Cervical Ectopic - p. 51 15. Chapter 12: Ovarian Ectopic - p. 53 16. Chapter 13: Heterotopic Pregnancy - p. 55 17. Chapter 14: Abdominal Ectopic - p. 57 18. Section 2: Brain - p. 59 19. Introduction and Overview - p. 59 20. Chapter 15: Embryology and Anatomy of the Brain - p. 59 21. Chapter 16: Approach to the Supratentorial Brain - p. 77 22. Chapter 17: Approach to the Posterior Fossa - p. 83 23. Cranial Defects - p. 89 24. Chapter 18: Exencephaly, Anencephaly - p. 89 25. Chapter 19: Occipital, Parietal Cephalocele - p. 93 26. Chapter 20: Atretic Cephalocele - p. 97 27. Chapter 21: Frontal Cephalocele - p. 99 28. Midline Developmental Anomalies - p. 101 29. Chapter 22: Abnormal Corpus Callosum - p. 101 30. Chapter 23: Interhemispheric Cyst/AVID - p. 105 31. Chapter 24: Aprosencephaly, Atelencephaly - p. 109 32. Chapter 25: Alobar Holoprosencephaly - p. 111 33. Chapter 26: Semilobar Holoprosencephaly - p. 115 34. Chapter 27: Lobar Holoprosencephaly - p. 117 35. Chapter 28: Septo-Optic Dysplasia - p. 119 36. Chapter 29: Syntelencephaly - p. 123 37. Cortical Developmental Anomalies - p. 127 38. Chapter 30: Schizencephaly - p. 127 39. Chapter 31: Lissencephaly - p. 131 40. Chapter 32: Malformations of Cortical Development - p. 135 41. Cysts - p. 141 42. Chapter 33: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 141 43. Chapter 34: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 143 44. Destructive Lesions - p. 147 45. Chapter 35: Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 147 46. Chapter 36: Encephalomalacia, Porencephaly - p. 151 47. Chapter 37: Hydranencephaly - p. 155 48. Posterior Fossa Malformations - p. 157 49. Chapter 38: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 157 50. Chapter 39: Chiari 2 Malformation - p. 161 51. Chapter 40: Chiari 3 Malformation - p. 165 52. Chapter 41: Dandy-Walker Malformation - p. 167 53. Chapter 42: Vermian Dysgenesis - p. 171 54. Chapter 43: Blake Pouch Cyst - p. 173 55. Chapter 44: Mega Cisterna Magna - p. 177 56. Chapter 45: Cerebellar Hypoplasia - p. 179 57. Chapter 46: Rhombencephalosynapsis - p. 183 58. Vascular Malformations - p. 187 59. Chapter 47: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 187 60. Chapter 48: Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 191 61. Chapter 49: Dural Sinus Malformation - p. 193 62. Tumors - p. 195 63. Chapter 50: Brain Tumors - p. 195 64. Chapter 51: Choroid Plexus Papilloma - p. 197 65. Chapter 52: Intracranial Lipoma - p. 199 66. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 201 67. Chapter 53: Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi - p. 201 68. Chapter 54: Mild Ventriculomegaly - p. 205 69. Chapter 55: Microcephaly - p. 209 70. Chapter 56: Abnormal Calvarium - p. 213 71. Chapter 57: Posterior Fossa Cyst/Fluid Collection - p. 219 72. Section 3: Spine - p. 223 73. Chapter 58: Embryology and Anatomy of the Spine - p. 223 74. Chapter 59: Approach to the Fetal Spine - p. 231 75. Chapter 60: Spina Bifida - p. 233 76. Chapter 61: Iniencephaly - p. 239 77. Chapter 62: Caudal Regression Sequence - p. 241 78. Chapter 63: Kyphosis, Scoliosis - p. 245 79. Chapter 64: Tethered Cord - p. 247 80. Chapter 65: Diastematomyelia - p. 249 81. Chapter 66: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 251 82. Fetal Intervention - p. 257 83. Chapter 67: Fetal Neural Tube Treatment - p. 257 84. Section 4: Face and Neck - p. 263 85. Chapter 68: Embryology and Anatomy of the Face and Neck - p. 263 86. Chapter 69: Approach to the Fetal Face and Neck - p. 277 87. Chapter 70: Cleft Lip, Palate - p. 281 88. Chapter 71: Dacryocystocele - p. 287 89. Chapter 72: Coloboma - p. 289 90. Chapter 73: Epignathus - p. 291 91. Chapter 74: Epulis - p. 293 92. Chapter 75: Goiter - p. 295 93. Chapter 76: Cystic Hygroma - p. 299 94. Chapter 77: Cervical Teratoma - p. 303 95. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 305 96. Chapter 78: Abnormal Orbits/Eyes - p. 305 97. Chapter 79: Abnormal Ears - p. 311 98. Chapter 80: Micrognathia - p. 315 99. Chapter 81: Macroglossia - p. 319 100. Section 5: Chest - p. 321 101. Chapter 82: Embryology and Anatomy of the Chest - p. 321 102. Chapter 83: Approach to the Fetal Chest - p. 329 103. Chapter 84: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - p. 331 104. Chapter 85: Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation - p. 335 105. Chapter 86: Bronchopulmonary Sequestration - p. 339 106. Chapter 87: Bronchogenic Cyst - p. 343 107. Chapter 88: Congenital High Airway Obstruction Sequence (CHAOS) - p. 345 108. Chapter 89: Congenital Lobar Overinflation - p. 349 109. Chapter 90: Pulmonary Agenesis - p. 351 110. Chapter 91: Thoracic Lymphatic Malformations - p. 353 111. Chapter 92: Mediastinal Teratoma - p. 357 112. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 359 113. Chapter 93: Solid/Echogenic Chest Mass - p. 359 114. Chapter 94: Cystic Chest Mass - p. 363 115. Fetal Intervention - p. 365 116. Chapter 95: Fetal Chest Interventions - p. 365 117. Section 6: Heart - p. 371 118. Introduction and Overview - p. 371 119. Chapter 96: Embryology and Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System - p. 371 120. Chapter 97: Approach to the Fetal Heart - p. 381 121. Abnormal Location - p. 389 122. Chapter 98: Heterotaxy, Cardiosplenic Syndromes - p. 389 123. Chapter 99: Ectopia Cordis - p. 393 124. Septal Defects - p. 397 125. Chapter 100: Ventricular Septal Defect - p. 397 126. Chapter 101: Atrioventricular Septal Defect - p. 399 127. Chapter 102: Atrial Septal Aneurysm - p. 403 128. Right Heart Malformations - p. 405 129. Chapter 103: Ebstein Anomaly - p. 405 130. Chapter 104: Tricuspid Dysplasia - p. 409 131. Chapter 105: Tricuspid Atresia - p. 411 132. Chapter 106: Pulmonary Stenosis, Atresia - p. 413 133. Left Heart Malformations - p. 417 134. Chapter 107: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - p. 417 135. Chapter 108: Coarctation and Interrupted Aortic Arch - p. 421 136. Chapter 109: Aortic Stenosis - p. 425 137. Chapter 110: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return - p. 429 138. Conotruncal Malformations - p. 433 139. Chapter 111: Tetralogy of Fallot - p. 433 140. Chapter 112: Transposition of the Great Arteries - p. 437 141. Chapter 113: Truncus Arteriosus - p. 443 142. Chapter 114: Double-Outlet Right Ventricle - p. 447 143. Myocardial and Pericardial Abnormalities - p. 449 144. Chapter 115: Echogenic Intracardiac Focus - p. 449 145. Chapter 116: Cardiomyopathy - p. 451 146. Chapter 117: Rhabdomyoma - p. 455 147. Chapter 118: Pericardial Effusion - p. 459 148. Chapter 119: Pericardial Teratoma - p. 461 149. Abnormal Rhythm - p. 463 150. Chapter 120: Irregular Rhythm - p. 463 151. Chapter 121: Tachyarrhythmia - p. 465 152. Chapter 122: Bradyarrhythmia - p. 469 153. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 473 154. Chapter 123: Vascular Rings - p. 473 155. Chapter 124: Abnormal Cardiac Axis - p. 477 156. Chapter 125: Chamber Asymmetry - p. 483 157. Congenital Heart Disease Surgery - p. 487 158. Chapter 126: Blalock-Taussig Shunt - p. 487 159. Chapter 127: Norwood Procedure - p. 488 160. Chapter 128: Glenn Procedure - p. 489 161. Chapter 129: Fontan Procedure - p. 490 162. Section 7: Abdominal Wall and Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 491 163. Introduction and Overview - p. 491 164. Chapter 130: Embryology and Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall and GI Tract - p. 491 165. Chapter 131: Approach to the Abdominal Wall and GI Tract - p. 503 166. Abdominal Wall Defects - p. 507 167. Chapter 132: Gastroschisis - p. 507 168. Chapter 133: Omphalocele - p. 513 169. Chapter 134: Pentalogy of Cantrell - p. 519 170. Chapter 135: Body Stalk Anomaly - p. 521 171. Chapter 136: Bladder Exstrophy - p. 525 172. Chapter 137: Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS Syndrome - p. 529 173. Bowel Abnormalities - p. 533 174. Chapter 138: Esophageal Atresia - p. 533 175. Chapter 139: Duodenal Atresia - p. 537 176. Chapter 140: Jejunal, Ileal Atresia - p. 541 177. Chapter 141: Colonic Atresia - p. 545 178. Chapter 142: Anal Atresia - p. 547 179. Chapter 143: Cloacal Malformation/Urogenital Sinus - p. 549 180. Chapter 144: Volvulus - p. 553 181. Chapter 145: Enteric Duplication Cyst - p. 555 182. Peritoneal Abnormalities - p. 557 183. Chapter 146: Meconium Peritonitis, Pseudocyst - p. 557 184. Chapter 147: Abdominal Lymphatic Malformation - p. 561 185. Hepatobiliary Abnormalities - p. 563 186. Chapter 148: Gallstones - p. 563 187. Chapter 149: Choledochal Cyst - p. 565 188. Chapter 150: Splenic Cyst - p. 567 189. Chapter 151: Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease - p. 569 190. Chapter 152: Biliary Atresia - p. 571 191. Chapter 153: Congenital Hepatic Hemangioma - p. 573 192. Chapter 154: Mesenchymal Hamartoma - p. 575 193. Chapter 155: Hepatoblastoma - p. 577 194. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 579 195. Chapter 156: Echogenic Bowel - p. 579 196. Chapter 157: Ascites - p. 581 197. Chapter 158: Cystic Abdominal Mass - p. 583 198. Chapter 159: Hepatomegaly - p. 589 199. Section 8: Genitourinary Tract - p. 593 200. Introduction and Overview - p. 593 201. Chapter 160: Embryology and Anatomy of the Genitourinary Tract - p. 593 202. Chapter 161: Approach to the Fetal Genitourinary Tract - p. 603 203. Chapter 162: Urinary Tract Dilation - p. 607 204. Renal Developmental Variants - p. 611 205. Chapter 163: Unilateral Renal Agenesis - p. 611 206. Chapter 164: Duplicated Collecting System - p. 613 207. Chapter 165: Pelvic Kidney - p. 617 208. Chapter 166: Horseshoe Kidney - p. 619 209. Chapter 167: Crossed Fused Ectopia - p. 621 210. Renal Malformations - p. 623 211. Chapter 168: Bilateral Renal Agenesis - p. 623 212. Chapter 169: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction - p. 627 213. Chapter 170: Urinoma - p. 631 214. Chapter 171: Obstructive Renal Dysplasia - p. 633 215. Chapter 172: Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney - p. 637 216. Chapter 173: Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease - p. 641 217. Chapter 174: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease - p. 645 218. Chapter 175: Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma - p. 647 219. Adrenal Abnormalities - p. 651 220. Chapter 176: Adrenal Hemorrhage - p. 651 221. Chapter 177: Neuroblastoma - p. 653 222. Chapter 178: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 659 223. Bladder Malformations - p. 661 224. Chapter 179: Posterior Urethral Valves - p. 661 225. Chapter 180: Prune Belly Syndrome - p. 665 226. Chapter 181: Ureterocele - p. 669 227. Chapter 182: Urachal Anomalies - p. 671 228. Genital Abnormalities - p. 675 229. Chapter 183: Differences of Sex Development - p. 675 230. Chapter 184: Hypospadias - p. 681 231. Chapter 185: Ovarian Cyst - p. 683 232. Chapter 186: Hydrocolpos - p. 687 233. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 689 234. Chapter 187: Echogenic Kidneys - p. 689 235. Chapter 188: Unilateral Enlarged Kidney - p. 693 236. Chapter 189: Suprarenal Mass - p. 697 237. Chapter 190: Scrotal Mass - p. 699 238. Fetal Intervention - p. 703 239. Chapter 191: Fetal Urinary Tract Interventions - p. 703 240. Section 9: Musculoskeletal - p. 707 241. Dysplasias - p. 707 242. Chapter 192: Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias - p. 707 243. Chapter 193: Bone Length Charts - p. 713 244. Chapter 194: Achondrogenesis, Hypochondrogenesis - p. 715 245. Chapter 195: Achondroplasia, Hypochondroplasia - p. 721 246. Chapter 196: Amelia/Phocomelia - p. 725 247. Chapter 197: Atelosteogenesis - p. 729 248. Chapter 198: Campomelic Dysplasia - p. 733 249. Chapter 199: Chondrodysplasia Punctata - p. 737 250. Chapter 200: Cleidocranial Dysplasia - p. 741 251. Chapter 201: Greenberg Dysplasia - p. 743 252. Chapter 202: Hypophosphatasia - p. 745 253. Chapter 203: Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia - p. 749 254. Chapter 204: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 751 255. Chapter 205: Short Rib-Thoracic Dysplasia Syndromes - p. 755 256. Chapter 206: Thanatophoric Dysplasia - p. 759 257. Extremity Malformations - p. 765 258. Chapter 207: Clubfoot - p. 765 259. Chapter 208: Rocker-Bottom Foot - p. 769 260. Chapter 209: Radial Ray Malformation - p. 771 261. Chapter 210: Clinodactyly - p. 775 262. Chapter 211: Polydactyly - p. 777 263. Chapter 212: Syndactyly - p. 781 264. Chapter 213: Split Hand/Foot Malformation - p. 785 265. Chapter 214: Arthrogryposis, Akinesia Sequence - p. 789 266. Chapter 215: Proximal Focal Femoral Dysplasia - p. 795 267. Chapter 216: Fibular/Tibial Hemimelia - p. 799 268. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 801 269. Chapter 217: Mildly Short Femur/Humerus - p. 801 270. Chapter 218: Curved/Angulated Bones - p. 805 271. Chapter 219: Abnormal Ossification - p. 811 272. Section 10: Placenta, Membranes, and Umbilical Cord - p. 813 273. Introduction and Overview - p. 813 274. Chapter 220: Approach to the Placenta and Umbilical Cord - p. 813 275. Placenta and Membrane Abnormalities - p. 821 276. Chapter 221: Placental Abruption - p. 821 277. Chapter 222: Placenta Previa/Low-Lying Placenta - p. 825 278. Chapter 223: Vasa Previa - p. 827 279. Chapter 224: Placenta Accreta Spectrum - p. 831 280. Chapter 225: Placental Lake, Intervillous Thrombus - p. 837 281. Chapter 226: Succenturiate Lobe - p. 839 282. Chapter 227: Circumvallate Placenta - p. 841 283. Chapter 228: Marginal and Velamentous Cord Insertion - p. 843 284. Chapter 229: Chorioangioma - p. 845 285. Chapter 230: Placental Teratoma - p. 849 286. Chapter 231: Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia - p. 851 287. Umbilical Cord Abnormalities - p. 853 288. Chapter 232: Single Umbilical Artery - p. 853 289. Chapter 233: Umbilical Vein Varix - p. 855 290. Chapter 234: Persistent Right Umbilical Vein - p. 857 291. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 859 292. Chapter 235: Placental Cysts and Masses - p. 859 293. Chapter 236: Umbilical Cord Cysts and Masses - p. 863 294. Section 11: Multiple Gestations - p. 869 295. Chapter 237: Approach to Multiple Gestations - p. 869 296. Chapter 238: Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins - p. 877 297. Chapter 239: Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins - p. 881 298. Chapter 240: Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins - p. 885 299. Chapter 241: Selective Fetal Growth Restriction - p. 889 300. Chapter 242: Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome - p. 893 301. Chapter 243: Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence - p. 897 302. Chapter 244: Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion - p. 901 303. Chapter 245: Conjoined Twins - p. 905 304. Chapter 246: Triplets and Beyond - p. 909 305. Chapter 247: Fetus-in-Fetu - p. 913 306. Fetal Intervention - p. 917 307. Chapter 248: Monochorionic Twin Interventions - p. 917 308. Section 12: Aneuploidy - p. 925 309. Chapter 249: Approach to Genetic Screening - p. 925 310. Chapter 250: Trisomy 21 - p. 933 311. Chapter 251: Trisomy 18 - p. 939 312. Chapter 252: Trisomy 13 - p. 945 313. Chapter 253: Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome) - p. 949 314. Chapter 254: Triploidy - p. 953 315. Section 13: Syndromes and Multisystem Disorders - p. 957 316. Chapter 255: Approach to Syndromes - p. 957 317. Chapter 256: 22q11 Deletion Syndrome - p. 961 318. Chapter 257: Aicardi Syndrome - p. 965 319. Chapter 258: Amniotic Band Syndrome - p. 969 320. Chapter 259: Apert Syndrome - p. 973 321. Chapter 260: Bardet-Biedl Syndrome - p. 977 322. Chapter 261: Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - p. 981 323. Chapter 262: Carpenter Syndrome - p. 985 324. Chapter 263: CHD7-Related Disorder (Charge) - p. 987 325. Chapter 264: Cornelia de Lange Syndrome - p. 989 326. Chapter 265: Crouzon Syndrome - p. 993 327. Chapter 266: Cystic Fibrosis - p. 995 328. Chapter 267: Diabetic Embryopathy - p. 997 329. Chapter 268: Fraser Syndrome - p. 1001 330. Chapter 269: Fryns Syndrome - p. 1003 331. Chapter 270: Generalized Calcification of Infancy - p. 1005 332. Chapter 271: Holt-Oram Syndrome - p. 1007 333. Chapter 272: Joubert Syndrome - p. 1009 334. Chapter 273: Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome - p. 1013 335. Chapter 274: Meckel-Gruber Syndrome - p. 1017 336. Chapter 275: Miller-Dieker Syndrome - p. 1021 337. Chapter 276: Muenke Syndrome - p. 1023 338. Chapter 277: Multiple Pterygium Syndromes - p. 1025 339. Chapter 278: Neu-Laxova Syndrome - p. 1027 340. Chapter 279: Niemann-Pick Disease Type C - p. 1029 341. Chapter 280: Noonan Syndrome - p. 1031 342. Chapter 281: Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum (OAVS) - p. 1033 343. Chapter 282: Pai Syndrome - p. 1035 344. Chapter 283: Pfeiffer Syndrome - p. 1037 345. Chapter 284: PHACES Syndrome - p. 1041 346. Chapter 285: Pierre Robin Sequence - p. 1043 347. Chapter 286: Sirenomelia - p. 1045 348. Chapter 287: Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome - p. 1049 349. Chapter 288: Treacher Collins Syndrome - p. 1053 350. Chapter 289: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex - p. 1057 351. Chapter 290: Vacterl Association - p. 1061 352. Chapter 291: Valproate Embryopathy - p. 1065 353. Chapter 292: Walker-Warburg Syndrome - p. 1067 354. Chapter 293: Warfarin (Coumadin) Embryopathy - p. 1069 355. Chapter 294: Wolf-Hirschorn Syndrome - p. 1071 356. Chapter 295: Zellweger Spectrum Disorder - p. 1073 357. Section 14: Infection - p. 1075 358. Chapter 296: Cytomegalovirus - p. 1075 359. Chapter 297: Parvovirus B19 - p. 1081 360. Chapter 298: Toxoplasmosis - p. 1085 361. Chapter 299: Varicella - p. 1087 362. Chapter 300: Congenital Syphilis - p. 1089 363. Section 15: Fluid, Growth, and Well-Being - p. 1093 364. Chapter 301: Approach to Fetal Well-Being - p. 1093 365. Chapter 302: Fetal Growth Restriction - p. 1101 366. Chapter 303: Macrosomia - p. 1105 367. Chapter 304: Fetal Anemia - p. 1107 368. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 1111 369. Chapter 305: Polyhydramnios - p. 1111 370. Chapter 306: Oligohydramnios - p. 1115 371. Chapter 307: Hydrops - p. 1119 372. Section 16: Maternal Conditions in Pregnancy - p. 1125 373. Chapter 308: Cervical Insufficiency/Short Cervix - p. 1125 374. Chapter 309: Myoma in Pregnancy - p. 1133 375. Chapter 310: Adenomyosis in Pregnancy - p. 1137 376. Chapter 311: Müllerian Duct Anomalies in Pregnancy - p. 1141 377. Chapter 312: Synechiae - p. 1145 378. Chapter 313: Uterine Dehiscence/Rupture - p. 1147 379. Chapter 314: Retained Products of Conception - p. 1151 380. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 1153 381. Chapter 315: Adnexal Mass in Pregnancy - p. 1153 382. Chapter 316: Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy - p. 1157 383. Chapter 317: Intrauterine Linear Echoes - p. 1161 384. Chapter 318: Postpartum Hemorrhage - p. 1165 385. Chapter 319: Postpartum Pain/Fever - p. 1169 386. Index - p. 1171
Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Obstetrics, fifth edition, is an invaluable resource for perinatologists, radiologists, obstetricians, sonographers, and trainees―anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today’s obstetric and fetal imaging. Dr. Paula J. Woodward and a diverse group of fetal-imaging experts provide updated information on fetal development, disease processes, and imaging techniques and findings to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice.
1. Introduction and Overview - p. 1 2. Chapter 1: Embryology and Anatomy of the First Trimester - p. 1 3. Chapter 2: Approach to the Early First Trimester - p. 15 4. Chapter 3: Detailed First-Trimester Anatomy Scan - p. 19 5. Abnormal Intrauterine Gestation - p. 29 6. Chapter 4: Early Pregnancy Loss - p. 29 7. Chapter 5: Perigestational Hemorrhage - p. 33 8. Chapter 6: Chorionic Bump - p. 35 9. Chapter 7: Complete Hydatidiform Mole - p. 37 10. Ectopic Gestation - p. 41 11. Chapter 8: Tubal Ectopic - p. 41 12. Chapter 9: Interstitial Ectopic - p. 45 13. Chapter 10: Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy - p. 49 14. Chapter 11: Cervical Ectopic - p. 51 15. Chapter 12: Ovarian Ectopic - p. 53 16. Chapter 13: Heterotopic Pregnancy - p. 55 17. Chapter 14: Abdominal Ectopic - p. 57 18. Section 2: Brain - p. 59 19. Introduction and Overview - p. 59 20. Chapter 15: Embryology and Anatomy of the Brain - p. 59 21. Chapter 16: Approach to the Supratentorial Brain - p. 77 22. Chapter 17: Approach to the Posterior Fossa - p. 83 23. Cranial Defects - p. 89 24. Chapter 18: Exencephaly, Anencephaly - p. 89 25. Chapter 19: Occipital, Parietal Cephalocele - p. 93 26. Chapter 20: Atretic Cephalocele - p. 97 27. Chapter 21: Frontal Cephalocele - p. 99 28. Midline Developmental Anomalies - p. 101 29. Chapter 22: Abnormal Corpus Callosum - p. 101 30. Chapter 23: Interhemispheric Cyst/AVID - p. 105 31. Chapter 24: Aprosencephaly, Atelencephaly - p. 109 32. Chapter 25: Alobar Holoprosencephaly - p. 111 33. Chapter 26: Semilobar Holoprosencephaly - p. 115 34. Chapter 27: Lobar Holoprosencephaly - p. 117 35. Chapter 28: Septo-Optic Dysplasia - p. 119 36. Chapter 29: Syntelencephaly - p. 123 37. Cortical Developmental Anomalies - p. 127 38. Chapter 30: Schizencephaly - p. 127 39. Chapter 31: Lissencephaly - p. 131 40. Chapter 32: Malformations of Cortical Development - p. 135 41. Cysts - p. 141 42. Chapter 33: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 141 43. Chapter 34: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 143 44. Destructive Lesions - p. 147 45. Chapter 35: Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 147 46. Chapter 36: Encephalomalacia, Porencephaly - p. 151 47. Chapter 37: Hydranencephaly - p. 155 48. Posterior Fossa Malformations - p. 157 49. Chapter 38: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 157 50. Chapter 39: Chiari 2 Malformation - p. 161 51. Chapter 40: Chiari 3 Malformation - p. 165 52. Chapter 41: Dandy-Walker Malformation - p. 167 53. Chapter 42: Vermian Dysgenesis - p. 171 54. Chapter 43: Blake Pouch Cyst - p. 173 55. Chapter 44: Mega Cisterna Magna - p. 177 56. Chapter 45: Cerebellar Hypoplasia - p. 179 57. Chapter 46: Rhombencephalosynapsis - p. 183 58. Vascular Malformations - p. 187 59. Chapter 47: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 187 60. Chapter 48: Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 191 61. Chapter 49: Dural Sinus Malformation - p. 193 62. Tumors - p. 195 63. Chapter 50: Brain Tumors - p. 195 64. Chapter 51: Choroid Plexus Papilloma - p. 197 65. Chapter 52: Intracranial Lipoma - p. 199 66. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 201 67. Chapter 53: Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi - p. 201 68. Chapter 54: Mild Ventriculomegaly - p. 205 69. Chapter 55: Microcephaly - p. 209 70. Chapter 56: Abnormal Calvarium - p. 213 71. Chapter 57: Posterior Fossa Cyst/Fluid Collection - p. 219 72. Section 3: Spine - p. 223 73. Chapter 58: Embryology and Anatomy of the Spine - p. 223 74. Chapter 59: Approach to the Fetal Spine - p. 231 75. Chapter 60: Spina Bifida - p. 233 76. Chapter 61: Iniencephaly - p. 239 77. Chapter 62: Caudal Regression Sequence - p. 241 78. Chapter 63: Kyphosis, Scoliosis - p. 245 79. Chapter 64: Tethered Cord - p. 247 80. Chapter 65: Diastematomyelia - p. 249 81. Chapter 66: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 251 82. Fetal Intervention - p. 257 83. Chapter 67: Fetal Neural Tube Treatment - p. 257 84. Section 4: Face and Neck - p. 263 85. Chapter 68: Embryology and Anatomy of the Face and Neck - p. 263 86. Chapter 69: Approach to the Fetal Face and Neck - p. 277 87. Chapter 70: Cleft Lip, Palate - p. 281 88. Chapter 71: Dacryocystocele - p. 287 89. Chapter 72: Coloboma - p. 289 90. Chapter 73: Epignathus - p. 291 91. Chapter 74: Epulis - p. 293 92. Chapter 75: Goiter - p. 295 93. Chapter 76: Cystic Hygroma - p. 299 94. Chapter 77: Cervical Teratoma - p. 303 95. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 305 96. Chapter 78: Abnormal Orbits/Eyes - p. 305 97. Chapter 79: Abnormal Ears - p. 311 98. Chapter 80: Micrognathia - p. 315 99. Chapter 81: Macroglossia - p. 319 100. Section 5: Chest - p. 321 101. Chapter 82: Embryology and Anatomy of the Chest - p. 321 102. Chapter 83: Approach to the Fetal Chest - p. 329 103. Chapter 84: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - p. 331 104. Chapter 85: Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation - p. 335 105. Chapter 86: Bronchopulmonary Sequestration - p. 339 106. Chapter 87: Bronchogenic Cyst - p. 343 107. Chapter 88: Congenital High Airway Obstruction Sequence (CHAOS) - p. 345 108. Chapter 89: Congenital Lobar Overinflation - p. 349 109. Chapter 90: Pulmonary Agenesis - p. 351 110. Chapter 91: Thoracic Lymphatic Malformations - p. 353 111. Chapter 92: Mediastinal Teratoma - p. 357 112. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 359 113. Chapter 93: Solid/Echogenic Chest Mass - p. 359 114. Chapter 94: Cystic Chest Mass - p. 363 115. Fetal Intervention - p. 365 116. Chapter 95: Fetal Chest Interventions - p. 365 117. Section 6: Heart - p. 371 118. Introduction and Overview - p. 371 119. Chapter 96: Embryology and Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System - p. 371 120. Chapter 97: Approach to the Fetal Heart - p. 381 121. Abnormal Location - p. 389 122. Chapter 98: Heterotaxy, Cardiosplenic Syndromes - p. 389 123. Chapter 99: Ectopia Cordis - p. 393 124. Septal Defects - p. 397 125. Chapter 100: Ventricular Septal Defect - p. 397 126. Chapter 101: Atrioventricular Septal Defect - p. 399 127. Chapter 102: Atrial Septal Aneurysm - p. 403 128. Right Heart Malformations - p. 405 129. Chapter 103: Ebstein Anomaly - p. 405 130. Chapter 104: Tricuspid Dysplasia - p. 409 131. Chapter 105: Tricuspid Atresia - p. 411 132. Chapter 106: Pulmonary Stenosis, Atresia - p. 413 133. Left Heart Malformations - p. 417 134. Chapter 107: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - p. 417 135. Chapter 108: Coarctation and Interrupted Aortic Arch - p. 421 136. Chapter 109: Aortic Stenosis - p. 425 137. Chapter 110: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return - p. 429 138. Conotruncal Malformations - p. 433 139. Chapter 111: Tetralogy of Fallot - p. 433 140. Chapter 112: Transposition of the Great Arteries - p. 437 141. Chapter 113: Truncus Arteriosus - p. 443 142. Chapter 114: Double-Outlet Right Ventricle - p. 447 143. Myocardial and Pericardial Abnormalities - p. 449 144. Chapter 115: Echogenic Intracardiac Focus - p. 449 145. Chapter 116: Cardiomyopathy - p. 451 146. Chapter 117: Rhabdomyoma - p. 455 147. Chapter 118: Pericardial Effusion - p. 459 148. Chapter 119: Pericardial Teratoma - p. 461 149. Abnormal Rhythm - p. 463 150. Chapter 120: Irregular Rhythm - p. 463 151. Chapter 121: Tachyarrhythmia - p. 465 152. Chapter 122: Bradyarrhythmia - p. 469 153. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 473 154. Chapter 123: Vascular Rings - p. 473 155. Chapter 124: Abnormal Cardiac Axis - p. 477 156. Chapter 125: Chamber Asymmetry - p. 483 157. Congenital Heart Disease Surgery - p. 487 158. Chapter 126: Blalock-Taussig Shunt - p. 487 159. Chapter 127: Norwood Procedure - p. 488 160. Chapter 128: Glenn Procedure - p. 489 161. Chapter 129: Fontan Procedure - p. 490 162. Section 7: Abdominal Wall and Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 491 163. Introduction and Overview - p. 491 164. Chapter 130: Embryology and Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall and GI Tract - p. 491 165. Chapter 131: Approach to the Abdominal Wall and GI Tract - p. 503 166. Abdominal Wall Defects - p. 507 167. Chapter 132: Gastroschisis - p. 507 168. Chapter 133: Omphalocele - p. 513 169. Chapter 134: Pentalogy of Cantrell - p. 519 170. Chapter 135: Body Stalk Anomaly - p. 521 171. Chapter 136: Bladder Exstrophy - p. 525 172. Chapter 137: Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS Syndrome - p. 529 173. Bowel Abnormalities - p. 533 174. Chapter 138: Esophageal Atresia - p. 533 175. Chapter 139: Duodenal Atresia - p. 537 176. Chapter 140: Jejunal, Ileal Atresia - p. 541 177. Chapter 141: Colonic Atresia - p. 545 178. Chapter 142: Anal Atresia - p. 547 179. Chapter 143: Cloacal Malformation/Urogenital Sinus - p. 549 180. Chapter 144: Volvulus - p. 553 181. Chapter 145: Enteric Duplication Cyst - p. 555 182. Peritoneal Abnormalities - p. 557 183. Chapter 146: Meconium Peritonitis, Pseudocyst - p. 557 184. Chapter 147: Abdominal Lymphatic Malformation - p. 561 185. Hepatobiliary Abnormalities - p. 563 186. Chapter 148: Gallstones - p. 563 187. Chapter 149: Choledochal Cyst - p. 565 188. Chapter 150: Splenic Cyst - p. 567 189. Chapter 151: Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease - p. 569 190. Chapter 152: Biliary Atresia - p. 571 191. Chapter 153: Congenital Hepatic Hemangioma - p. 573 192. Chapter 154: Mesenchymal Hamartoma - p. 575 193. Chapter 155: Hepatoblastoma - p. 577 194. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 579 195. Chapter 156: Echogenic Bowel - p. 579 196. Chapter 157: Ascites - p. 581 197. Chapter 158: Cystic Abdominal Mass - p. 583 198. Chapter 159: Hepatomegaly - p. 589 199. Section 8: Genitourinary Tract - p. 593 200. Introduction and Overview - p. 593 201. Chapter 160: Embryology and Anatomy of the Genitourinary Tract - p. 593 202. Chapter 161: Approach to the Fetal Genitourinary Tract - p. 603 203. Chapter 162: Urinary Tract Dilation - p. 607 204. Renal Developmental Variants - p. 611 205. Chapter 163: Unilateral Renal Agenesis - p. 611 206. Chapter 164: Duplicated Collecting System - p. 613 207. Chapter 165: Pelvic Kidney - p. 617 208. Chapter 166: Horseshoe Kidney - p. 619 209. Chapter 167: Crossed Fused Ectopia - p. 621 210. Renal Malformations - p. 623 211. Chapter 168: Bilateral Renal Agenesis - p. 623 212. Chapter 169: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction - p. 627 213. Chapter 170: Urinoma - p. 631 214. Chapter 171: Obstructive Renal Dysplasia - p. 633 215. Chapter 172: Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney - p. 637 216. Chapter 173: Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease - p. 641 217. Chapter 174: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease - p. 645 218. Chapter 175: Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma - p. 647 219. Adrenal Abnormalities - p. 651 220. Chapter 176: Adrenal Hemorrhage - p. 651 221. Chapter 177: Neuroblastoma - p. 653 222. Chapter 178: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 659 223. Bladder Malformations - p. 661 224. Chapter 179: Posterior Urethral Valves - p. 661 225. Chapter 180: Prune Belly Syndrome - p. 665 226. Chapter 181: Ureterocele - p. 669 227. Chapter 182: Urachal Anomalies - p. 671 228. Genital Abnormalities - p. 675 229. Chapter 183: Differences of Sex Development - p. 675 230. Chapter 184: Hypospadias - p. 681 231. Chapter 185: Ovarian Cyst - p. 683 232. Chapter 186: Hydrocolpos - p. 687 233. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 689 234. Chapter 187: Echogenic Kidneys - p. 689 235. Chapter 188: Unilateral Enlarged Kidney - p. 693 236. Chapter 189: Suprarenal Mass - p. 697 237. Chapter 190: Scrotal Mass - p. 699 238. Fetal Intervention - p. 703 239. Chapter 191: Fetal Urinary Tract Interventions - p. 703 240. Section 9: Musculoskeletal - p. 707 241. Dysplasias - p. 707 242. Chapter 192: Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias - p. 707 243. Chapter 193: Bone Length Charts - p. 713 244. Chapter 194: Achondrogenesis, Hypochondrogenesis - p. 715 245. Chapter 195: Achondroplasia, Hypochondroplasia - p. 721 246. Chapter 196: Amelia/Phocomelia - p. 725 247. Chapter 197: Atelosteogenesis - p. 729 248. Chapter 198: Campomelic Dysplasia - p. 733 249. Chapter 199: Chondrodysplasia Punctata - p. 737 250. Chapter 200: Cleidocranial Dysplasia - p. 741 251. Chapter 201: Greenberg Dysplasia - p. 743 252. Chapter 202: Hypophosphatasia - p. 745 253. Chapter 203: Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia - p. 749 254. Chapter 204: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 751 255. Chapter 205: Short Rib-Thoracic Dysplasia Syndromes - p. 755 256. Chapter 206: Thanatophoric Dysplasia - p. 759 257. Extremity Malformations - p. 765 258. Chapter 207: Clubfoot - p. 765 259. Chapter 208: Rocker-Bottom Foot - p. 769 260. Chapter 209: Radial Ray Malformation - p. 771 261. Chapter 210: Clinodactyly - p. 775 262. Chapter 211: Polydactyly - p. 777 263. Chapter 212: Syndactyly - p. 781 264. Chapter 213: Split Hand/Foot Malformation - p. 785 265. Chapter 214: Arthrogryposis, Akinesia Sequence - p. 789 266. Chapter 215: Proximal Focal Femoral Dysplasia - p. 795 267. Chapter 216: Fibular/Tibial Hemimelia - p. 799 268. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 801 269. Chapter 217: Mildly Short Femur/Humerus - p. 801 270. Chapter 218: Curved/Angulated Bones - p. 805 271. Chapter 219: Abnormal Ossification - p. 811 272. Section 10: Placenta, Membranes, and Umbilical Cord - p. 813 273. Introduction and Overview - p. 813 274. Chapter 220: Approach to the Placenta and Umbilical Cord - p. 813 275. Placenta and Membrane Abnormalities - p. 821 276. Chapter 221: Placental Abruption - p. 821 277. Chapter 222: Placenta Previa/Low-Lying Placenta - p. 825 278. Chapter 223: Vasa Previa - p. 827 279. Chapter 224: Placenta Accreta Spectrum - p. 831 280. Chapter 225: Placental Lake, Intervillous Thrombus - p. 837 281. Chapter 226: Succenturiate Lobe - p. 839 282. Chapter 227: Circumvallate Placenta - p. 841 283. Chapter 228: Marginal and Velamentous Cord Insertion - p. 843 284. Chapter 229: Chorioangioma - p. 845 285. Chapter 230: Placental Teratoma - p. 849 286. Chapter 231: Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia - p. 851 287. Umbilical Cord Abnormalities - p. 853 288. Chapter 232: Single Umbilical Artery - p. 853 289. Chapter 233: Umbilical Vein Varix - p. 855 290. Chapter 234: Persistent Right Umbilical Vein - p. 857 291. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 859 292. Chapter 235: Placental Cysts and Masses - p. 859 293. Chapter 236: Umbilical Cord Cysts and Masses - p. 863 294. Section 11: Multiple Gestations - p. 869 295. Chapter 237: Approach to Multiple Gestations - p. 869 296. Chapter 238: Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins - p. 877 297. Chapter 239: Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins - p. 881 298. Chapter 240: Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins - p. 885 299. Chapter 241: Selective Fetal Growth Restriction - p. 889 300. Chapter 242: Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome - p. 893 301. Chapter 243: Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence - p. 897 302. Chapter 244: Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion - p. 901 303. Chapter 245: Conjoined Twins - p. 905 304. Chapter 246: Triplets and Beyond - p. 909 305. Chapter 247: Fetus-in-Fetu - p. 913 306. Fetal Intervention - p. 917 307. Chapter 248: Monochorionic Twin Interventions - p. 917 308. Section 12: Aneuploidy - p. 925 309. Chapter 249: Approach to Genetic Screening - p. 925 310. Chapter 250: Trisomy 21 - p. 933 311. Chapter 251: Trisomy 18 - p. 939 312. Chapter 252: Trisomy 13 - p. 945 313. Chapter 253: Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome) - p. 949 314. Chapter 254: Triploidy - p. 953 315. Section 13: Syndromes and Multisystem Disorders - p. 957 316. Chapter 255: Approach to Syndromes - p. 957 317. Chapter 256: 22q11 Deletion Syndrome - p. 961 318. Chapter 257: Aicardi Syndrome - p. 965 319. Chapter 258: Amniotic Band Syndrome - p. 969 320. Chapter 259: Apert Syndrome - p. 973 321. Chapter 260: Bardet-Biedl Syndrome - p. 977 322. Chapter 261: Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - p. 981 323. Chapter 262: Carpenter Syndrome - p. 985 324. Chapter 263: CHD7-Related Disorder (Charge) - p. 987 325. Chapter 264: Cornelia de Lange Syndrome - p. 989 326. Chapter 265: Crouzon Syndrome - p. 993 327. Chapter 266: Cystic Fibrosis - p. 995 328. Chapter 267: Diabetic Embryopathy - p. 997 329. Chapter 268: Fraser Syndrome - p. 1001 330. Chapter 269: Fryns Syndrome - p. 1003 331. Chapter 270: Generalized Calcification of Infancy - p. 1005 332. Chapter 271: Holt-Oram Syndrome - p. 1007 333. Chapter 272: Joubert Syndrome - p. 1009 334. Chapter 273: Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome - p. 1013 335. Chapter 274: Meckel-Gruber Syndrome - p. 1017 336. Chapter 275: Miller-Dieker Syndrome - p. 1021 337. Chapter 276: Muenke Syndrome - p. 1023 338. Chapter 277: Multiple Pterygium Syndromes - p. 1025 339. Chapter 278: Neu-Laxova Syndrome - p. 1027 340. Chapter 279: Niemann-Pick Disease Type C - p. 1029 341. Chapter 280: Noonan Syndrome - p. 1031 342. Chapter 281: Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum (OAVS) - p. 1033 343. Chapter 282: Pai Syndrome - p. 1035 344. Chapter 283: Pfeiffer Syndrome - p. 1037 345. Chapter 284: PHACES Syndrome - p. 1041 346. Chapter 285: Pierre Robin Sequence - p. 1043 347. Chapter 286: Sirenomelia - p. 1045 348. Chapter 287: Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome - p. 1049 349. Chapter 288: Treacher Collins Syndrome - p. 1053 350. Chapter 289: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex - p. 1057 351. Chapter 290: Vacterl Association - p. 1061 352. Chapter 291: Valproate Embryopathy - p. 1065 353. Chapter 292: Walker-Warburg Syndrome - p. 1067 354. Chapter 293: Warfarin (Coumadin) Embryopathy - p. 1069 355. Chapter 294: Wolf-Hirschorn Syndrome - p. 1071 356. Chapter 295: Zellweger Spectrum Disorder - p. 1073 357. Section 14: Infection - p. 1075 358. Chapter 296: Cytomegalovirus - p. 1075 359. Chapter 297: Parvovirus B19 - p. 1081 360. Chapter 298: Toxoplasmosis - p. 1085 361. Chapter 299: Varicella - p. 1087 362. Chapter 300: Congenital Syphilis - p. 1089 363. Section 15: Fluid, Growth, and Well-Being - p. 1093 364. Chapter 301: Approach to Fetal Well-Being - p. 1093 365. Chapter 302: Fetal Growth Restriction - p. 1101 366. Chapter 303: Macrosomia - p. 1105 367. Chapter 304: Fetal Anemia - p. 1107 368. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 1111 369. Chapter 305: Polyhydramnios - p. 1111 370. Chapter 306: Oligohydramnios - p. 1115 371. Chapter 307: Hydrops - p. 1119 372. Section 16: Maternal Conditions in Pregnancy - p. 1125 373. Chapter 308: Cervical Insufficiency/Short Cervix - p. 1125 374. Chapter 309: Myoma in Pregnancy - p. 1133 375. Chapter 310: Adenomyosis in Pregnancy - p. 1137 376. Chapter 311: Müllerian Duct Anomalies in Pregnancy - p. 1141 377. Chapter 312: Synechiae - p. 1145 378. Chapter 313: Uterine Dehiscence/Rupture - p. 1147 379. Chapter 314: Retained Products of Conception - p. 1151 380. Pertinent Differential Diagnoses - p. 1153 381. Chapter 315: Adnexal Mass in Pregnancy - p. 1153 382. Chapter 316: Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy - p. 1157 383. Chapter 317: Intrauterine Linear Echoes - p. 1161 384. Chapter 318: Postpartum Hemorrhage - p. 1165 385. Chapter 319: Postpartum Pain/Fever - p. 1169 386. Index - p. 1171
