Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology, third edition, is an invaluable resource for radiologists, child neurologists, and pediatricians—anyone who requires an easily accessible reference that covers common and uncommon disorders affecting the brain, head, neck, and spine of children. Dr. Kevin Moore and an expert author team provide carefully updated information and an abundance of high-quality images throughout, making this edition a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference source for daily practice.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. iii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. iv 6. Contributing Authors - p. vii 7. Preface - p. vii 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. Sections - p. xi 10. Part I: Brain - p. xiii 11. SECTION 1: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. xiii 12. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - p. xiii 13. Chapter 1: Approach to Brain Malformations - p. xiii 14. HINDBRAIN MALFORMATIONS - p. 7 15. Chapter 2: Dandy-Walker Continuum - p. 7 16. Chapter 3: Rhombencephalosynapsis - p. 11 17. Chapter 4: Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias - p. 15 18. Chapter 5: Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert) - p. 17 19. Chapter 6: Cerebellar Dysplastic Gangliocytoma - p. 21 20. Chapter 7: Cerebellar Hypoplasia - p. 25 21. DISORDERS OF DIVERTICULATION/CLEAVAGE - p. 29 22. Chapter 8: Holoprosencephaly - p. 29 23. Chapter 9: Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant) - p. 33 24. Chapter 10: Septo-Optic Dysplasia - p. 37 25. Chapter 11: Commissural Abnormalities - p. 41 26. MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT - p. 45 27. Chapter 12: Congenital Microcephaly - p. 45 28. Chapter 13: Congenital Muscular Dystrophy - p. 49 29. Chapter 14: Heterotopic Gray Matter - p. 53 30. Chapter 15: Polymicrogyria - p. 55 31. Chapter 16: Focal Cortical Dysplasia - p. 59 32. Chapter 17: Lissencephaly - p. 61 33. Chapter 18: Schizencephaly - p. 63 34. Chapter 19: Hemimegalencephaly - p. 67 35. Chapter 20: DNET - p. 69 36. FAMILIAL TUMOR/NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES - p. 73 37. Chapter 21: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Brain - p. 73 38. Chapter 22: Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Brain - p. 77 39. Chapter 23: von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome - p. 81 40. Chapter 24: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex - p. 85 41. Chapter 25: Sturge-Weber Syndrome - p. 89 42. Chapter 26: Meningioangiomatosis - p. 93 43. Chapter 27: Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome - p. 95 44. Chapter 28: Neurocutaneous Melanosis - p. 99 45. Chapter 29: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia - p. 103 46. Chapter 30: Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis - p. 107 47. TRAUMA - p. 111 48. Chapter 31: Neonatal Subpial Hemorrhage - p. 111 49. Chapter 32: Epidural Hematoma, Classic - p. 113 50. Chapter 33: Acute Subdural Hematoma - p. 117 51. Chapter 34: Evolving Subdural Hematoma - p. 121 52. Chapter 35: Cerebral Contusion - p. 125 53. Chapter 36: Diffuse Axonal Injury - p. 129 54. Chapter 37: Subcortical Injury - p. 133 55. Chapter 38: Abusive Head Trauma - p. 137 56. STROKE - p. 141 57. Chapter 39: Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - p. 141 58. Chapter 40: Hydranencephaly - p. 145 59. Chapter 41: White Matter Injury of Prematurity - p. 147 60. Chapter 42: Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy - p. 151 61. Chapter 43: Childhood Stroke - p. 155 62. Chapter 44: Sickle Cell Disease, Brain - p. 159 63. Chapter 45: Moyamoya - p. 163 64. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS: CVMS WITH AV SHUNTING - p. 167 65. Chapter 46: Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 167 66. Chapter 47: Dural Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 171 67. Chapter 48: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 175 68. CVMS WITHOUT AV SHUNTING - p. 179 69. Chapter 49: Developmental Venous Anomaly - p. 179 70. Chapter 50: Sinus Pericranii - p. 185 71. Chapter 51: Cavernous Malformation - p. 189 72. Chapter 52: Capillary Telangiectasia - p. 193 73. NEOPLASMS: ASTROCYTIC TUMORS - p. 197 74. Chapter 53: Pilocytic Astrocytoma - p. 197 75. Chapter 54: Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma - p. 201 76. Chapter 55: Anaplastic Astrocytoma - p. 205 77. Chapter 56: Glioblastoma - p. 209 78. Chapter 57: Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma - p. 213 79. Chapter 58: Brainstem Tumors - p. 217 80. Chapter 59: Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma - p. 221 81. Chapter 60: Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma - p. 225 82. EPENDYMAL TUMORS - p. 229 83. Chapter 61: Supratentorial Ependymoma - p. 229 84. Chapter 62: Infratentorial Ependymoma - p. 233 85. Chapter 63: Embryonal Tumors With Multilayered Rosettes - p. 237 86. CHOROID PLEXUS TUMORS - p. 241 87. Chapter 64: Choroid Plexus Papilloma - p. 241 88. Chapter 65: Choroid Plexus Carcinoma - p. 245 89. NEURONAL AND MIXED NEURONALGLIAL TUMORS - p. 249 90. Chapter 66: Ganglioglioma - p. 249 91. Chapter 67: Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors - p. 253 92. PINEAL PARENCHYMAL TUMORS - p. 257 93. Chapter 68: Pineoblastoma - p. 257 94. EMBRYONAL AND NEUROBLASTIC TUMORS - p. 261 95. Chapter 69: Medulloblastoma - p. 261 96. Chapter 70: Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor - p. 265 97. Chapter 71: Metastatic Neuroblastoma - p. 269 98. HISTIOCYTIC AND HEMATOPOETIC TUMORS - p. 273 99. Chapter 72: Leukemia - p. 273 100. Chapter 73: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain - p. 277 101. GERM CELL TUMORS - p. 281 102. Chapter 74: Germinoma - p. 281 103. Chapter 75: Teratoma - p. 285 104. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 289 105. Chapter 76: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 289 106. Chapter 77: Dermoid Cyst - p. 293 107. Chapter 78: Epidermoid Cyst - p. 297 108. Chapter 79: Neuroglial Cyst - p. 301 109. Chapter 80: Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 303 110. Chapter 81: Pineal Cyst - p. 307 111. Chapter 82: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 311 112. Chapter 83: Ependymal Cyst - p. 315 113. Chapter 84: Porencephalic Cyst - p. 317 114. Chapter 85: Neurenteric Cyst - p. 321 115. Chapter 86: Lipoma - p. 323 116. INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE: CONGENITAL/NEONATAL INFECTIONS - p. 327 117. Chapter 87: Congenital CMV - p. 327 118. Chapter 88: Congenital HIV - p. 331 119. Chapter 89: Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis - p. 333 120. Chapter 90: Group B Streptococcal Meningitis - p. 335 121. Chapter 91: Citrobacter Meningitis - p. 339 122. ACQUIRED INFECTIONS - p. 343 123. Chapter 92: Abscess, Brain - p. 343 124. Chapter 93: Ventriculitis - p. 347 125. Chapter 94: Empyema - p. 349 126. Chapter 95: Herpes Encephalitis Type 1 - p. 353 127. Chapter 96: Miscellaneous Encephalitis - p. 357 128. Chapter 97: Rasmussen Encephalitis - p. 361 129. Chapter 98: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis - p. 365 130. Chapter 99: Tuberculosis - p. 367 131. Chapter 100: Neurocysticercosis - p. 371 132. Chapter 101: Miscellaneous Parasites - p. 375 133. INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE - p. 379 134. Chapter 102: Multiple Sclerosis - p. 379 135. Chapter 103: ADEM - p. 383 136. INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 387 137. Chapter 104: Approach to Normal Brain Development and Metabolic Disorders - p. 387 138. NORMAL VARIANTS - p. 393 139. Chapter 105: Hypomyelination - p. 393 140. MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS - p. 397 141. Chapter 106: MELAS - p. 397 142. Chapter 107: Mitochondrial Encephalopathies - p. 401 143. LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS - p. 405 144. Chapter 108: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 405 145. Chapter 109: Gangliosidosis (GM2) - p. 409 146. Chapter 110: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy - p. 413 147. Chapter 111: Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy - p. 417 148. PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS - p. 421 149. Chapter 112: Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders - p. 421 150. Chapter 113: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy - p. 423 151. ORGANIC AND AMINOACIDOPATHIES - p. 427 152. Chapter 114: Maple Syrup Urine Disease - p. 427 153. Chapter 115: Urea Cycle Disorders - p. 431 154. Chapter 116: Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 - p. 433 155. Chapter 117: Canavan Disease - p. 437 156. Chapter 118: Alexander Disease - p. 439 157. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 443 158. Chapter 119: Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts - p. 443 159. Chapter 120: Vanishing White Matter - p. 447 160. Chapter 121: X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth - p. 451 161. Chapter 122: PKAN - p. 453 162. Chapter 123: Huntington Disease - p. 457 163. Chapter 124: Wilson Disease - p. 461 164. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 465 165. Chapter 125: Hypoglycemia - p. 465 166. Chapter 126: Kernicterus - p. 469 167. Chapter 127: Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES - p. 471 168. Chapter 128: Mesial Temporal Sclerosis - p. 475 169. Chapter 129: Cerebellitis - p. 479 170. SECTION 2: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. 481 171. VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS - p. 481 172. Chapter 130: Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues - p. 481 173. Chapter 131: Cavum Septi Pellucidi - p. 487 174. Chapter 132: Cavum Velum Interpositum - p. 488 175. Chapter 133: Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces - p. 489 176. Chapter 134: Hydrocephalus - p. 493 177. Chapter 135: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 497 178. Chapter 136: CSF Shunts and Complications - p. 501 179. SELLA AND PITUITARY - p. 505 180. Chapter 137: Approach to Pituitary Development - p. 505 181. Chapter 138: Pituitary Anomalies - p. 511 182. Chapter 139: Craniopharyngioma - p. 515 183. Chapter 140: Hypothalamic Hamartoma - p. 519 184. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES: CONGENITAL - p. 523 185. Chapter 141: Congenital Calvarial Defects - p. 523 186. Chapter 142: Craniosynostoses - p. 527 187. Chapter 143: Cephalocele - p. 531 188. Chapter 144: Atretic Cephalocele - p. 533 189. TRAUMA - p. 537 190. Chapter 145: Calvarial Fracture - p. 537 191. Chapter 146: Intracranial Hypotension - p. 541 192. NONNEOPLASTIC AND TUMOR-LIKE DISORDERS - p. 545 193. Chapter 147: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 545 194. Chapter 148: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 549 195. Chapter 149: Thick Skull - p. 553 196. Part II: Head and Neck - p. 555 197. SECTION 1: TEMPORAL BONE AND SKULL BASE - p. 555 198. Chapter 150: Classification of Inner Ear Malformations - p. 555 199. Chapter 151: Labyrinthine Aplasia - p. 559 200. Chapter 152: Oval Window Atresia - p. 561 201. Chapter 153: Cochlear Aplasia - p. 563 202. Chapter 154: Cochlear Hypoplasia - p. 565 203. Chapter 155: Cochlear Nerve and Cochlear Nerve Canal Aplasia-Hypoplasia - p. 567 204. Chapter 156: X-Linked Stapes Gusher (DFNX2) - p. 569 205. Chapter 157: Common Cavity Malformation - p. 571 206. Chapter 158: Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation - p. 573 207. Chapter 159: Large Vestibular Aqueduct - p. 575 208. Chapter 160: Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia - p. 579 209. Chapter 161: Endolymphatic Sac Tumor - p. 583 210. Chapter 162: Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts - p. 585 211. Chapter 163: CPA-IAC Arachnoid Cyst - p. 589 212. Chapter 164: Congenital Cholesteatoma - p. 593 213. Chapter 165: Acquired Cholesteatoma - p. 597 214. Chapter 166: Skull Base Chondrosarcoma - p. 599 215. SECTION 2: ORBIT, NOSE, AND SINUSES - p. 603 216. Chapter 167: Nasal Glioma - p. 603 217. Chapter 168: Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele - p. 609 218. Chapter 169: Nasal Dermal Sinus - p. 613 219. Chapter 170: Choanal Atresia - p. 617 220. Chapter 171: Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis - p. 619 221. Chapter 172: Juvenile Angiofibroma - p. 621 222. Chapter 173: Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia - p. 625 223. Chapter 174: Macrophthalmia - p. 629 224. Chapter 175: Coloboma - p. 631 225. Chapter 176: Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele - p. 635 226. Chapter 177: Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid - p. 637 227. Chapter 178: Orbital Cellulitis - p. 641 228. Chapter 179: Orbital Vascular Malformations - p. 645 229. Chapter 180: Orbital Infantile Hemangioma - p. 649 230. Chapter 181: Retinoblastoma - p. 653 231. SECTION 3: SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK - p. 657 232. Chapter 182: Approach to Congenital Lesions of Neck - p. 657 233. Chapter 183: Lingual Thyroid - p. 663 234. Chapter 184: Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid - p. 665 235. Chapter 185: Reactive Lymph Nodes - p. 669 236. Chapter 186: Suppurative Adenitis - p. 673 237. SECTION 4: MULTIPLE REGIONS, HEAD AND NECK - p. 677 238. Chapter 187: 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 677 239. Chapter 188: 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 683 240. Chapter 189: 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 687 241. Chapter 190: 4th Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 691 242. Chapter 191: Thyroglossal Duct Cyst - p. 695 243. Chapter 192: Cervical Thymic Cyst - p. 699 244. Chapter 193: Venous Malformation - p. 703 245. Chapter 194: Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical - p. 707 246. Chapter 195: Infantile Hemangioma - p. 709 247. Chapter 196: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck - p. 713 248. Chapter 197: Brachial Plexus Schwannoma in Perivertebral Space - p. 717 249. Chapter 198: Fibromatosis Colli - p. 719 250. Chapter 199: Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 723 251. Chapter 200: Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors - p. 727 252. Chapter 201: Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 729 253. Part III: Spine - p. 733 254. SECTION 1: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS - p. 733 255. CONGENITAL: NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS - p. 733 256. Chapter 202: Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma - p. 733 257. Chapter 203: Ventriculus Terminalis - p. 737 258. CHIARI DISORDERS - p. 741 259. Chapter 204: Chiari 1 Malformation - p. 741 260. Chapter 205: Chiari 2 Malformation - p. 745 261. Chapter 206: Chiari 3 Malformation - p. 749 262. ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION - p. 751 263. Chapter 207: Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development - p. 751 264. Chapter 208: Myelomeningocele - p. 759 265. Chapter 209: Lipomyelomeningocele - p. 763 266. Chapter 210: Dorsal Dermal Sinus - p. 767 267. Chapter 211: Dermoid Cyst - p. 771 268. Chapter 212: Epidermoid Cyst - p. 775 269. ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MESS - p. 779 270. Chapter 213: Tethered Spinal Cord - p. 779 271. Chapter 214: Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis - p. 783 272. Chapter 215: Caudal Regression Syndrome - p. 787 273. Chapter 216: Myelocystocele - p. 791 274. Chapter 217: Anterior Sacral Meningocele - p. 795 275. Chapter 218: Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst - p. 799 276. Chapter 219: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 803 277. ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION - p. 807 278. Chapter 220: Craniovertebral Junction Variants - p. 807 279. Chapter 221: Klippel-Feil Spectrum - p. 811 280. Chapter 222: Failure of Vertebral Formation - p. 815 281. Chapter 223: Vertebral Segmentation Failure - p. 819 282. Chapter 224: Partial Vertebral Duplication - p. 823 283. Chapter 225: Diastematomyelia - p. 825 284. Chapter 226: Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element - p. 829 285. Chapter 227: Neurenteric Cyst - p. 831 286. DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES - p. 835 287. Chapter 228: Lateral Meningocele - p. 835 288. Chapter 229: Dorsal Spinal Meningocele - p. 839 289. Chapter 230: Dural Dysplasia - p. 843 290. GENETIC DISORDERS - p. 847 291. Chapter 231: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 847 292. Chapter 232: Neurofibromatosis Type 2 - p. 851 293. Chapter 233: Achondroplasia - p. 855 294. Chapter 234: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 859 295. Chapter 235: Sickle Cell Disease - p. 863 296. Chapter 236: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 867 297. SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS - p. 871 298. Chapter 237: Developmental Spinal Stenosis - p. 871 299. Chapter 238: Neuromuscular Scoliosis - p. 875 300. Chapter 239: Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 877 301. Chapter 240: Idiopathic Kyphosis - p. 879 302. SECTION 2: TRAUMA - p. 881 303. Chapter 241: Apophyseal Ring Fracture - p. 881 304. SECTION 3: DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES - p. 887 305. Chapter 242: Schmorl Node - p. 887 306. Chapter 243: Scheuermann Disease - p. 893 307. Chapter 244: Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis - p. 897 308. Chapter 245: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis - p. 901 309. SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 903 310. INFECTIONS - p. 903 311. Chapter 246: Pyogenic Osteomyelitis - p. 903 312. Chapter 247: Tuberculous Osteomyelitis - p. 909 313. INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS - p. 915 314. Chapter 248: Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis - p. 915 315. Chapter 249: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 919 316. Chapter 250: ADEM - p. 923 317. Chapter 251: Guillain-Barré Syndrome - p. 927 318. Chapter 252: Acute Flaccid Myelitis - p. 931 319. SECTION 5: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES - p. 935 320. NEOPLASMS: EXTRADURAL SPACE - p. 935 321. Chapter 253: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 935 322. Chapter 254: Osteoblastoma - p. 941 323. Chapter 255: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 945 324. Chapter 256: Osteochondroma - p. 949 325. Chapter 257: Osteosarcoma - p. 953 326. Chapter 258: Chordoma - p. 957 327. Chapter 259: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 961 328. Chapter 260: Leukemia, Spine - p. 965 329. Chapter 261: Neuroblastic Tumors - p. 969 330. Chapter 262: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - p. 973 331. Chapter 263: Angiolipoma - p. 977 332. INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY SPACE - p. 981 333. Chapter 264: Spinal Lipoma - p. 981 334. Chapter 265: CSF Disseminated Metastases - p. 985 335. Chapter 266: Myxopapillary Ependymoma - p. 989 336. INTRAMEDULLARY SPACE - p. 993 337. Chapter 267: Astrocytoma - p. 993 338. Chapter 268: Cellular Ependymoma - p. 997 339. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 1001 340. Chapter 269: Syringomyelia - p. 1001 341. Chapter 270: Epidural Lipomatosis - p. 1003 342. Chapter 271: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 1005 343. SECTION 6: SPINE POSTPROCEDURAL IMAGING - p. 1009 344. Chapter 272: Hardware Failure - p. 1009 345. INDEX - p. 1015
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Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology, third edition, is an invaluable resource for radiologists, child neurologists, and pediatricians—anyone who requires an easily accessible reference that covers common and uncommon disorders affecting the brain, head, neck, and spine of children. Dr. Kevin Moore and an expert author team provide carefully updated information and an abundance of high-quality images throughout, making this edition a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference source for daily practice.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. iii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. iv 6. Contributing Authors - p. vii 7. Preface - p. vii 8. Acknowledgments - p. ix 9. Sections - p. xi 10. Part I: Brain - p. xiii 11. SECTION 1: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. xiii 12. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - p. xiii 13. Chapter 1: Approach to Brain Malformations - p. xiii 14. HINDBRAIN MALFORMATIONS - p. 7 15. Chapter 2: Dandy-Walker Continuum - p. 7 16. Chapter 3: Rhombencephalosynapsis - p. 11 17. Chapter 4: Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias - p. 15 18. Chapter 5: Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert) - p. 17 19. Chapter 6: Cerebellar Dysplastic Gangliocytoma - p. 21 20. Chapter 7: Cerebellar Hypoplasia - p. 25 21. DISORDERS OF DIVERTICULATION/CLEAVAGE - p. 29 22. Chapter 8: Holoprosencephaly - p. 29 23. Chapter 9: Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant) - p. 33 24. Chapter 10: Septo-Optic Dysplasia - p. 37 25. Chapter 11: Commissural Abnormalities - p. 41 26. MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT - p. 45 27. Chapter 12: Congenital Microcephaly - p. 45 28. Chapter 13: Congenital Muscular Dystrophy - p. 49 29. Chapter 14: Heterotopic Gray Matter - p. 53 30. Chapter 15: Polymicrogyria - p. 55 31. Chapter 16: Focal Cortical Dysplasia - p. 59 32. Chapter 17: Lissencephaly - p. 61 33. Chapter 18: Schizencephaly - p. 63 34. Chapter 19: Hemimegalencephaly - p. 67 35. Chapter 20: DNET - p. 69 36. FAMILIAL TUMOR/NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES - p. 73 37. Chapter 21: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Brain - p. 73 38. Chapter 22: Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Brain - p. 77 39. Chapter 23: von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome - p. 81 40. Chapter 24: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex - p. 85 41. Chapter 25: Sturge-Weber Syndrome - p. 89 42. Chapter 26: Meningioangiomatosis - p. 93 43. Chapter 27: Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome - p. 95 44. Chapter 28: Neurocutaneous Melanosis - p. 99 45. Chapter 29: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia - p. 103 46. Chapter 30: Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis - p. 107 47. TRAUMA - p. 111 48. Chapter 31: Neonatal Subpial Hemorrhage - p. 111 49. Chapter 32: Epidural Hematoma, Classic - p. 113 50. Chapter 33: Acute Subdural Hematoma - p. 117 51. Chapter 34: Evolving Subdural Hematoma - p. 121 52. Chapter 35: Cerebral Contusion - p. 125 53. Chapter 36: Diffuse Axonal Injury - p. 129 54. Chapter 37: Subcortical Injury - p. 133 55. Chapter 38: Abusive Head Trauma - p. 137 56. STROKE - p. 141 57. Chapter 39: Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage - p. 141 58. Chapter 40: Hydranencephaly - p. 145 59. Chapter 41: White Matter Injury of Prematurity - p. 147 60. Chapter 42: Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy - p. 151 61. Chapter 43: Childhood Stroke - p. 155 62. Chapter 44: Sickle Cell Disease, Brain - p. 159 63. Chapter 45: Moyamoya - p. 163 64. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS: CVMS WITH AV SHUNTING - p. 167 65. Chapter 46: Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 167 66. Chapter 47: Dural Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 171 67. Chapter 48: Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation - p. 175 68. CVMS WITHOUT AV SHUNTING - p. 179 69. Chapter 49: Developmental Venous Anomaly - p. 179 70. Chapter 50: Sinus Pericranii - p. 185 71. Chapter 51: Cavernous Malformation - p. 189 72. Chapter 52: Capillary Telangiectasia - p. 193 73. NEOPLASMS: ASTROCYTIC TUMORS - p. 197 74. Chapter 53: Pilocytic Astrocytoma - p. 197 75. Chapter 54: Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma - p. 201 76. Chapter 55: Anaplastic Astrocytoma - p. 205 77. Chapter 56: Glioblastoma - p. 209 78. Chapter 57: Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma - p. 213 79. Chapter 58: Brainstem Tumors - p. 217 80. Chapter 59: Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma - p. 221 81. Chapter 60: Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma - p. 225 82. EPENDYMAL TUMORS - p. 229 83. Chapter 61: Supratentorial Ependymoma - p. 229 84. Chapter 62: Infratentorial Ependymoma - p. 233 85. Chapter 63: Embryonal Tumors With Multilayered Rosettes - p. 237 86. CHOROID PLEXUS TUMORS - p. 241 87. Chapter 64: Choroid Plexus Papilloma - p. 241 88. Chapter 65: Choroid Plexus Carcinoma - p. 245 89. NEURONAL AND MIXED NEURONALGLIAL TUMORS - p. 249 90. Chapter 66: Ganglioglioma - p. 249 91. Chapter 67: Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors - p. 253 92. PINEAL PARENCHYMAL TUMORS - p. 257 93. Chapter 68: Pineoblastoma - p. 257 94. EMBRYONAL AND NEUROBLASTIC TUMORS - p. 261 95. Chapter 69: Medulloblastoma - p. 261 96. Chapter 70: Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor - p. 265 97. Chapter 71: Metastatic Neuroblastoma - p. 269 98. HISTIOCYTIC AND HEMATOPOETIC TUMORS - p. 273 99. Chapter 72: Leukemia - p. 273 100. Chapter 73: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain - p. 277 101. GERM CELL TUMORS - p. 281 102. Chapter 74: Germinoma - p. 281 103. Chapter 75: Teratoma - p. 285 104. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 289 105. Chapter 76: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 289 106. Chapter 77: Dermoid Cyst - p. 293 107. Chapter 78: Epidermoid Cyst - p. 297 108. Chapter 79: Neuroglial Cyst - p. 301 109. Chapter 80: Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 303 110. Chapter 81: Pineal Cyst - p. 307 111. Chapter 82: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 311 112. Chapter 83: Ependymal Cyst - p. 315 113. Chapter 84: Porencephalic Cyst - p. 317 114. Chapter 85: Neurenteric Cyst - p. 321 115. Chapter 86: Lipoma - p. 323 116. INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE: CONGENITAL/NEONATAL INFECTIONS - p. 327 117. Chapter 87: Congenital CMV - p. 327 118. Chapter 88: Congenital HIV - p. 331 119. Chapter 89: Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis - p. 333 120. Chapter 90: Group B Streptococcal Meningitis - p. 335 121. Chapter 91: Citrobacter Meningitis - p. 339 122. ACQUIRED INFECTIONS - p. 343 123. Chapter 92: Abscess, Brain - p. 343 124. Chapter 93: Ventriculitis - p. 347 125. Chapter 94: Empyema - p. 349 126. Chapter 95: Herpes Encephalitis Type 1 - p. 353 127. Chapter 96: Miscellaneous Encephalitis - p. 357 128. Chapter 97: Rasmussen Encephalitis - p. 361 129. Chapter 98: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis - p. 365 130. Chapter 99: Tuberculosis - p. 367 131. Chapter 100: Neurocysticercosis - p. 371 132. Chapter 101: Miscellaneous Parasites - p. 375 133. INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE - p. 379 134. Chapter 102: Multiple Sclerosis - p. 379 135. Chapter 103: ADEM - p. 383 136. INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 387 137. Chapter 104: Approach to Normal Brain Development and Metabolic Disorders - p. 387 138. NORMAL VARIANTS - p. 393 139. Chapter 105: Hypomyelination - p. 393 140. MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS - p. 397 141. Chapter 106: MELAS - p. 397 142. Chapter 107: Mitochondrial Encephalopathies - p. 401 143. LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS - p. 405 144. Chapter 108: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 405 145. Chapter 109: Gangliosidosis (GM2) - p. 409 146. Chapter 110: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy - p. 413 147. Chapter 111: Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy - p. 417 148. PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS - p. 421 149. Chapter 112: Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders - p. 421 150. Chapter 113: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy - p. 423 151. ORGANIC AND AMINOACIDOPATHIES - p. 427 152. Chapter 114: Maple Syrup Urine Disease - p. 427 153. Chapter 115: Urea Cycle Disorders - p. 431 154. Chapter 116: Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 - p. 433 155. Chapter 117: Canavan Disease - p. 437 156. Chapter 118: Alexander Disease - p. 439 157. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 443 158. Chapter 119: Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts - p. 443 159. Chapter 120: Vanishing White Matter - p. 447 160. Chapter 121: X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth - p. 451 161. Chapter 122: PKAN - p. 453 162. Chapter 123: Huntington Disease - p. 457 163. Chapter 124: Wilson Disease - p. 461 164. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 465 165. Chapter 125: Hypoglycemia - p. 465 166. Chapter 126: Kernicterus - p. 469 167. Chapter 127: Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES - p. 471 168. Chapter 128: Mesial Temporal Sclerosis - p. 475 169. Chapter 129: Cerebellitis - p. 479 170. SECTION 2: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. 481 171. VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS - p. 481 172. Chapter 130: Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues - p. 481 173. Chapter 131: Cavum Septi Pellucidi - p. 487 174. Chapter 132: Cavum Velum Interpositum - p. 488 175. Chapter 133: Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces - p. 489 176. Chapter 134: Hydrocephalus - p. 493 177. Chapter 135: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 497 178. Chapter 136: CSF Shunts and Complications - p. 501 179. SELLA AND PITUITARY - p. 505 180. Chapter 137: Approach to Pituitary Development - p. 505 181. Chapter 138: Pituitary Anomalies - p. 511 182. Chapter 139: Craniopharyngioma - p. 515 183. Chapter 140: Hypothalamic Hamartoma - p. 519 184. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES: CONGENITAL - p. 523 185. Chapter 141: Congenital Calvarial Defects - p. 523 186. Chapter 142: Craniosynostoses - p. 527 187. Chapter 143: Cephalocele - p. 531 188. Chapter 144: Atretic Cephalocele - p. 533 189. TRAUMA - p. 537 190. Chapter 145: Calvarial Fracture - p. 537 191. Chapter 146: Intracranial Hypotension - p. 541 192. NONNEOPLASTIC AND TUMOR-LIKE DISORDERS - p. 545 193. Chapter 147: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 545 194. Chapter 148: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 549 195. Chapter 149: Thick Skull - p. 553 196. Part II: Head and Neck - p. 555 197. SECTION 1: TEMPORAL BONE AND SKULL BASE - p. 555 198. Chapter 150: Classification of Inner Ear Malformations - p. 555 199. Chapter 151: Labyrinthine Aplasia - p. 559 200. Chapter 152: Oval Window Atresia - p. 561 201. Chapter 153: Cochlear Aplasia - p. 563 202. Chapter 154: Cochlear Hypoplasia - p. 565 203. Chapter 155: Cochlear Nerve and Cochlear Nerve Canal Aplasia-Hypoplasia - p. 567 204. Chapter 156: X-Linked Stapes Gusher (DFNX2) - p. 569 205. Chapter 157: Common Cavity Malformation - p. 571 206. Chapter 158: Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation - p. 573 207. Chapter 159: Large Vestibular Aqueduct - p. 575 208. Chapter 160: Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia - p. 579 209. Chapter 161: Endolymphatic Sac Tumor - p. 583 210. Chapter 162: Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts - p. 585 211. Chapter 163: CPA-IAC Arachnoid Cyst - p. 589 212. Chapter 164: Congenital Cholesteatoma - p. 593 213. Chapter 165: Acquired Cholesteatoma - p. 597 214. Chapter 166: Skull Base Chondrosarcoma - p. 599 215. SECTION 2: ORBIT, NOSE, AND SINUSES - p. 603 216. Chapter 167: Nasal Glioma - p. 603 217. Chapter 168: Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele - p. 609 218. Chapter 169: Nasal Dermal Sinus - p. 613 219. Chapter 170: Choanal Atresia - p. 617 220. Chapter 171: Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis - p. 619 221. Chapter 172: Juvenile Angiofibroma - p. 621 222. Chapter 173: Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia - p. 625 223. Chapter 174: Macrophthalmia - p. 629 224. Chapter 175: Coloboma - p. 631 225. Chapter 176: Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele - p. 635 226. Chapter 177: Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid - p. 637 227. Chapter 178: Orbital Cellulitis - p. 641 228. Chapter 179: Orbital Vascular Malformations - p. 645 229. Chapter 180: Orbital Infantile Hemangioma - p. 649 230. Chapter 181: Retinoblastoma - p. 653 231. SECTION 3: SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK - p. 657 232. Chapter 182: Approach to Congenital Lesions of Neck - p. 657 233. Chapter 183: Lingual Thyroid - p. 663 234. Chapter 184: Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid - p. 665 235. Chapter 185: Reactive Lymph Nodes - p. 669 236. Chapter 186: Suppurative Adenitis - p. 673 237. SECTION 4: MULTIPLE REGIONS, HEAD AND NECK - p. 677 238. Chapter 187: 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 677 239. Chapter 188: 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 683 240. Chapter 189: 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 687 241. Chapter 190: 4th Branchial Cleft Cyst - p. 691 242. Chapter 191: Thyroglossal Duct Cyst - p. 695 243. Chapter 192: Cervical Thymic Cyst - p. 699 244. Chapter 193: Venous Malformation - p. 703 245. Chapter 194: Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical - p. 707 246. Chapter 195: Infantile Hemangioma - p. 709 247. Chapter 196: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck - p. 713 248. Chapter 197: Brachial Plexus Schwannoma in Perivertebral Space - p. 717 249. Chapter 198: Fibromatosis Colli - p. 719 250. Chapter 199: Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 723 251. Chapter 200: Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors - p. 727 252. Chapter 201: Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 729 253. Part III: Spine - p. 733 254. SECTION 1: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS - p. 733 255. CONGENITAL: NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS - p. 733 256. Chapter 202: Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma - p. 733 257. Chapter 203: Ventriculus Terminalis - p. 737 258. CHIARI DISORDERS - p. 741 259. Chapter 204: Chiari 1 Malformation - p. 741 260. Chapter 205: Chiari 2 Malformation - p. 745 261. Chapter 206: Chiari 3 Malformation - p. 749 262. ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION - p. 751 263. Chapter 207: Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development - p. 751 264. Chapter 208: Myelomeningocele - p. 759 265. Chapter 209: Lipomyelomeningocele - p. 763 266. Chapter 210: Dorsal Dermal Sinus - p. 767 267. Chapter 211: Dermoid Cyst - p. 771 268. Chapter 212: Epidermoid Cyst - p. 775 269. ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MESS - p. 779 270. Chapter 213: Tethered Spinal Cord - p. 779 271. Chapter 214: Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis - p. 783 272. Chapter 215: Caudal Regression Syndrome - p. 787 273. Chapter 216: Myelocystocele - p. 791 274. Chapter 217: Anterior Sacral Meningocele - p. 795 275. Chapter 218: Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst - p. 799 276. Chapter 219: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - p. 803 277. ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION - p. 807 278. Chapter 220: Craniovertebral Junction Variants - p. 807 279. Chapter 221: Klippel-Feil Spectrum - p. 811 280. Chapter 222: Failure of Vertebral Formation - p. 815 281. Chapter 223: Vertebral Segmentation Failure - p. 819 282. Chapter 224: Partial Vertebral Duplication - p. 823 283. Chapter 225: Diastematomyelia - p. 825 284. Chapter 226: Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element - p. 829 285. Chapter 227: Neurenteric Cyst - p. 831 286. DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES - p. 835 287. Chapter 228: Lateral Meningocele - p. 835 288. Chapter 229: Dorsal Spinal Meningocele - p. 839 289. Chapter 230: Dural Dysplasia - p. 843 290. GENETIC DISORDERS - p. 847 291. Chapter 231: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 847 292. Chapter 232: Neurofibromatosis Type 2 - p. 851 293. Chapter 233: Achondroplasia - p. 855 294. Chapter 234: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 859 295. Chapter 235: Sickle Cell Disease - p. 863 296. Chapter 236: Osteogenesis Imperfecta - p. 867 297. SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS - p. 871 298. Chapter 237: Developmental Spinal Stenosis - p. 871 299. Chapter 238: Neuromuscular Scoliosis - p. 875 300. Chapter 239: Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 877 301. Chapter 240: Idiopathic Kyphosis - p. 879 302. SECTION 2: TRAUMA - p. 881 303. Chapter 241: Apophyseal Ring Fracture - p. 881 304. SECTION 3: DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES - p. 887 305. Chapter 242: Schmorl Node - p. 887 306. Chapter 243: Scheuermann Disease - p. 893 307. Chapter 244: Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis - p. 897 308. Chapter 245: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis - p. 901 309. SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 903 310. INFECTIONS - p. 903 311. Chapter 246: Pyogenic Osteomyelitis - p. 903 312. Chapter 247: Tuberculous Osteomyelitis - p. 909 313. INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS - p. 915 314. Chapter 248: Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis - p. 915 315. Chapter 249: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 919 316. Chapter 250: ADEM - p. 923 317. Chapter 251: Guillain-Barré Syndrome - p. 927 318. Chapter 252: Acute Flaccid Myelitis - p. 931 319. SECTION 5: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES - p. 935 320. NEOPLASMS: EXTRADURAL SPACE - p. 935 321. Chapter 253: Osteoid Osteoma - p. 935 322. Chapter 254: Osteoblastoma - p. 941 323. Chapter 255: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 945 324. Chapter 256: Osteochondroma - p. 949 325. Chapter 257: Osteosarcoma - p. 953 326. Chapter 258: Chordoma - p. 957 327. Chapter 259: Ewing Sarcoma - p. 961 328. Chapter 260: Leukemia, Spine - p. 965 329. Chapter 261: Neuroblastic Tumors - p. 969 330. Chapter 262: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - p. 973 331. Chapter 263: Angiolipoma - p. 977 332. INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY SPACE - p. 981 333. Chapter 264: Spinal Lipoma - p. 981 334. Chapter 265: CSF Disseminated Metastases - p. 985 335. Chapter 266: Myxopapillary Ependymoma - p. 989 336. INTRAMEDULLARY SPACE - p. 993 337. Chapter 267: Astrocytoma - p. 993 338. Chapter 268: Cellular Ependymoma - p. 997 339. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 1001 340. Chapter 269: Syringomyelia - p. 1001 341. Chapter 270: Epidural Lipomatosis - p. 1003 342. Chapter 271: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis - p. 1005 343. SECTION 6: SPINE POSTPROCEDURAL IMAGING - p. 1009 344. Chapter 272: Hardware Failure - p. 1009 345. INDEX - p. 1015
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