Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation, 3rd Edition is a quick and reliable reference for all those working in disciplines related to fertility, pregnancy, lactation, child health and human genetics who prescribe or deliver medicinal products, and to those who evaluate health and safety risks. Each chapter contains twofold information regarding drugs that are appropriate for prescription during pregnancy and an assessment of the risk of a drug when exposure during pregnancy has already occurred. Thoroughly updated with current regulations, references to the latest pharmacological data, and new medicinal products, this edition is a comprehensive resource covering latest knowledge and findings related to drugs during lactation and pregnancy.
1. Introduction - p. 25 2. 2.1. Analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, and antigout medications - p. 27 3. 2.2. Allergy and hyposensitization therapy - p. 59 4. 2.3. Antiasthmatic and cough medication - p. 65 5. 2.4. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy - p. 75 6. 2.5. Gastro-intestinal medications, hypolipidemic agents and spasmolytics - p. 93 7. 2.6. Anti-infective Agents - p. 115 8. 2.6.1. Penicillins and β-lactamase inhibitors - p. 116 9. 2.6.2. Cephalosporins - p. 117 10. 2.6.3. Carbapenems and monobactams - p. 117 11. 2.6.4. Erythromycin and other macrolides - p. 118 12. 2.6.5. Clindamycin and lincomycin - p. 119 13. 2.6.6. Tetracyclines - p. 120 14. 2.6.7. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim - p. 121 15. 2.6.8. Quinolones - p. 122 16. 2.6.9. Nitrofurans and drugs for urinary tract infections - p. 123 17. 2.6.10. Nitroimidazole antibiotics - p. 125 18. 2.6.11. Aminoglycosides - p. 125 19. 2.6.12. Glycopeptide and polypeptide antibiotics - p. 126 20. 2.6.13. Other antibiotics - p. 127 21. 2.6.14. Tuberculosis and pregnancy - p. 129 22. 2.6.15. Local antibiotics - p. 132 23. 2.6.16. Malaria prophylaxis and treatment in pregnancy - p. 132 24. 2.6.17. Azole antifungals - p. 139 25. 2.6.18. Amphotericin B - p. 141 26. 2.6.19. Echinocandins - p. 141 27. 2.6.20. Flucytosine - p. 142 28. 2.6.21. Griseofulvin - p. 142 29. 2.6.22. Terbinafine - p. 143 30. 2.6.23. Topical antifungal agents - p. 143 31. 2.6.24. Anthelmintics - p. 144 32. 2.6.25. Herpes medications - p. 147 33. 2.6.26. Antiviral drugs for hepatitis - p. 148 34. 2.6.27. Antiviral drugs for influenza - p. 150 35. 2.6.28. Antiretroviral agents - p. 151 36. 2.6.29. Overview of the antiretroviral medications - p. 152 37. 2.6.30. Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) - p. 153 38. 2.6.31. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) - p. 155 39. 2.6.32. Protease inhibitors (PIs) - p. 157 40. 2.6.33. Entry inhibitors - p. 160 41. 2.6.34. Integrase inhibitors - p. 161 42. 2.6.35. Hyperthermia - p. 162 43. 2.6.36. Long-distance travel and flights - p. 162 44. 2.7. Vaccines and immunoglobulins - p. 177 45. 2.8. Heart and blood medications - p. 193 46. 2.9. Anticoagulants, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors, fibrinolytics and volume replacement agents - p. 225 47. 2.10. Epilepsy and antiepileptic medications - p. 251 48. Classification of antiepileptic drugs - p. 252 49. 2.10.1. Antiepileptic therapy - p. 252 50. 2.10.2. Antiepileptic and contraceptive drugs - p. 253 51. 2.10.3. Epilepsy and fertility - p. 253 52. 2.10.4. Frequency of seizures in pregnancy - p. 254 53. 2.10.5. Risk of malformations - p. 254 54. 2.10.6. Typical malformations and other anomalies - p. 256 55. 2.10.7. Pregnancy complications - p. 256 56. 2.10.8. Mental development dysfunction - p. 257 57. 2.10.9. “Damage mechanisms” - p. 258 58. 2.10.10. Folic acid and antiepileptic drugs - p. 259 59. 2.10.11. Vitamin K and antiepileptic drugs - p. 259 60. 2.10.12. Is epilepsy teratogenic? - p. 260 61. 2.10.13. Carbamazepine - p. 260 62. 2.10.14. Clobazam and clonazepam - p. 263 63. 2.10.15. Eslicarbazepine - p. 264 64. 2.10.16. Ethosuximide and other succinimides - p. 264 65. 2.10.17. Felbamate - p. 265 66. 2.10.18. Gabapentin - p. 265 67. 2.10.19. Lacosamide - p. 266 68. 2.10.20. Lamotrigine - p. 267 69. 2.10.21. Levetiracetam - p. 268 70. 2.10.22. Oxcarbazepine - p. 269 71. 2.10.23. Phenobarbital and primidone - p. 270 72. 2.10.24. Phenytoin - p. 273 73. 2.10.25. Pregabalin - p. 274 74. 2.10.26. Rufinamide - p. 275 75. 2.10.27. Sultiame - p. 275 76. 2.10.28. Tiagabine - p. 275 77. 2.10.29. Topiramate - p. 276 78. 2.10.30. Valnoctamide - p. 277 79. 2.10.31. Valproic acid - p. 278 80. 2.10.32. Vigabatrin - p. 282 81. 2.10.33. Zonisamide - p. 283 82. 2.11. Psychotropic drugs - p. 293 83. 2.11.1. Psychiatric disorder during pregnancy - p. 294 84. 2.11.2. Antidepressant treatment - p. 294 85. 2.11.3. Selective serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRI) - p. 295 86. 2.11.4. Tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants - p. 302 87. 2.11.5. Individual antidepressants - p. 303 88. 2.11.6. Antipsychotic treatment - p. 313 89. 2.11.7. Individual antipsychotic drugs - p. 316 90. 2.11.8. Lithium and other anti-manic agents - p. 322 91. 2.11.9. Anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives in general - p. 324 92. 2.11.10. Benzodiazepines - p. 325 93. 2.11.11. Zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone - p. 327 94. 2.11.12. Other anxiolytics and hypnotics - p. 328 95. 2.11.13. Psychoanaleptics - p. 328 96. 2.11.14. Anti-Parkinson drugs and restless legs syndrome - p. 329 97. 2.12. Immunosuppression, rheumatic diseases, multiple sclerosis, and Wilson’s disease - p. 341 98. 2.13. Antineoplastic drugs - p. 373 99. 2.14. Uterine contraction agents, tocolytics, vaginal therapeutics and local contraceptives - p. 401 100. 2.15. Hormones - p. 413 101. 2.15.1. Hypothalamic releasing hormones - p. 414 102. 2.15.2. Anterior pituitary hormones - p. 415 103. 2.15.3. Prolactin antagonists/dopamine agonists - p. 416 104. 2.15.4. Posterior pituitary hormones - p. 417 105. 2.15.5. Thyroid function and iodine supply during pregnancy - p. 417 106. 2.15.6. Hypothyroidism, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) - p. 418 107. 2.15.7. Hyperthyroidism and thyrostatics - p. 419 108. 2.15.8. Glucocorticoids - p. 423 109. 2.15.9. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy - p. 426 110. 2.15.10. Insulin - p. 428 111. 2.15.11. Oral antidiabetics (OAD) - p. 430 112. 2.15.12. Estrogens - p. 434 113. 2.15.13. Gestagens - p. 435 114. 2.15.14. Duogynon® - p. 437 115. 2.15.15. Diethylstilbestrol - p. 437 116. 2.15.16. Androgens and anabolics - p. 438 117. 2.15.17. Cyproterone and danazol - p. 439 118. 2.15.18. Mifepristone (RU486) - p. 440 119. 2.15.19. Clomiphene - p. 440 120. 2.15.20. Erythropoietin - p. 441 121. 2.16. General and local anesthetics and muscle relaxants - p. 451 122. 2.17. Dermatological medications and local therapeutics - p. 467 123. 2.18. Vitamins, minerals and trace elements - p. 493 124. 2.19. Herbs during pregnancy - p. 511 125. 2.20. Diagnostic agents - p. 527 126. 2.21. Recreational drugs - p. 541 127. Introduction - p. 541 128. 2.21.1. Alcohol - p. 542 129. 2.21.2. Caffeine and other xanthines - p. 547 130. 2.21.3. Tobacco and smoking - p. 549 131. 2.21.4. Drugs of abuse in general (excluding caffeine) - p. 555 132. 2.21.5. Sedating drugs - p. 562 133. 2.22. Poisonings and toxins - p. 575 134. 2.23. Occupational, industrial and environmental agents - p. 599 135. 2.23.1. Solvent exposure in general - p. 601 136. 2.23.2. Formaldehyde and formalin - p. 607 137. 2.23.3. Photographic/printing chemicals - p. 607 138. 2.23.4. Pesticides - p. 608 139. 2.23.5. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins - p. 612 140. 2.23.6. Polychlorinated biphenyls - p. 614 141. 2.23.7. Chlorinated drinking water by-products - p. 614 142. 2.23.8. Metals - p. 616 143. 2.23.9. Hazardous waste landfill sites and waste incinerators - p. 622 144. 2.23.10. Radiation associated with the nuclear industry - p. 623 145. 2.23.11. Cell/mobile phones - p. 625 146. 2.23.12. Other sources of electromagnetic radiation - p. 625 147. 2.23.13. Electric shocks and lightning strikes - p. 627 148. 3. General commentary on drug therapy and drug risk during lactation - p. 639 149. Specific drug therapies during lactation - p. 649 150. Introduction - p. 651 151. 4.1. Analgesics, antiphlogistics and anesthetics - p. 653 152. 4.2. Antiallergics, antiasthmatics and antitussives - p. 671 153. 4.3. Gastrointestinal drugs - p. 677 154. 4.4. Anti-infectives - p. 687 155. 4.5. Vaccines and immunoglobulins - p. 705 156. 4.6. Cardiovascular drugs and diuretics - p. 711 157. 4.7. Anticoagulants, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors and fibrinolytics - p. 725 158. 4.8. Antiepileptics - p. 731 159. 4.9. Psychotropic drugs - p. 743 160. 4.10. Immunomodulating and antineoplastic agents - p. 775 161. 4.11. Hormones and hormone antagonists - p. 783 162. 4.12. Dermatological medication and local therapeutics - p. 797 163. 4.13. Alternative remedies, vitamins, and minerals - p. 803 164. 4.14. Contrast media, radionuclides and diagnostics - p. 813 165. 4.15. Infections during breastfeeding - p. 821 166. 4.16. Recreational drugs - p. 835 167. 4.17. Plant toxins - p. 845 168. 4.18. Industrial chemicals and environmental contaminants - p. 847 169. Index - p. 863
Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation, 3rd Edition is a quick and reliable reference for all those working in disciplines related to fertility, pregnancy, lactation, child health and human genetics who prescribe or deliver medicinal products, and to those who evaluate health and safety risks. Each chapter contains twofold information regarding drugs that are appropriate for prescription during pregnancy and an assessment of the risk of a drug when exposure during pregnancy has already occurred. Thoroughly updated with current regulations, references to the latest pharmacological data, and new medicinal products, this edition is a comprehensive resource covering latest knowledge and findings related to drugs during lactation and pregnancy.
1. Introduction - p. 25 2. 2.1. Analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, and antigout medications - p. 27 3. 2.2. Allergy and hyposensitization therapy - p. 59 4. 2.3. Antiasthmatic and cough medication - p. 65 5. 2.4. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy - p. 75 6. 2.5. Gastro-intestinal medications, hypolipidemic agents and spasmolytics - p. 93 7. 2.6. Anti-infective Agents - p. 115 8. 2.6.1. Penicillins and β-lactamase inhibitors - p. 116 9. 2.6.2. Cephalosporins - p. 117 10. 2.6.3. Carbapenems and monobactams - p. 117 11. 2.6.4. Erythromycin and other macrolides - p. 118 12. 2.6.5. Clindamycin and lincomycin - p. 119 13. 2.6.6. Tetracyclines - p. 120 14. 2.6.7. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim - p. 121 15. 2.6.8. Quinolones - p. 122 16. 2.6.9. Nitrofurans and drugs for urinary tract infections - p. 123 17. 2.6.10. Nitroimidazole antibiotics - p. 125 18. 2.6.11. Aminoglycosides - p. 125 19. 2.6.12. Glycopeptide and polypeptide antibiotics - p. 126 20. 2.6.13. Other antibiotics - p. 127 21. 2.6.14. Tuberculosis and pregnancy - p. 129 22. 2.6.15. Local antibiotics - p. 132 23. 2.6.16. Malaria prophylaxis and treatment in pregnancy - p. 132 24. 2.6.17. Azole antifungals - p. 139 25. 2.6.18. Amphotericin B - p. 141 26. 2.6.19. Echinocandins - p. 141 27. 2.6.20. Flucytosine - p. 142 28. 2.6.21. Griseofulvin - p. 142 29. 2.6.22. Terbinafine - p. 143 30. 2.6.23. Topical antifungal agents - p. 143 31. 2.6.24. Anthelmintics - p. 144 32. 2.6.25. Herpes medications - p. 147 33. 2.6.26. Antiviral drugs for hepatitis - p. 148 34. 2.6.27. Antiviral drugs for influenza - p. 150 35. 2.6.28. Antiretroviral agents - p. 151 36. 2.6.29. Overview of the antiretroviral medications - p. 152 37. 2.6.30. Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) - p. 153 38. 2.6.31. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) - p. 155 39. 2.6.32. Protease inhibitors (PIs) - p. 157 40. 2.6.33. Entry inhibitors - p. 160 41. 2.6.34. Integrase inhibitors - p. 161 42. 2.6.35. Hyperthermia - p. 162 43. 2.6.36. Long-distance travel and flights - p. 162 44. 2.7. Vaccines and immunoglobulins - p. 177 45. 2.8. Heart and blood medications - p. 193 46. 2.9. Anticoagulants, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors, fibrinolytics and volume replacement agents - p. 225 47. 2.10. Epilepsy and antiepileptic medications - p. 251 48. Classification of antiepileptic drugs - p. 252 49. 2.10.1. Antiepileptic therapy - p. 252 50. 2.10.2. Antiepileptic and contraceptive drugs - p. 253 51. 2.10.3. Epilepsy and fertility - p. 253 52. 2.10.4. Frequency of seizures in pregnancy - p. 254 53. 2.10.5. Risk of malformations - p. 254 54. 2.10.6. Typical malformations and other anomalies - p. 256 55. 2.10.7. Pregnancy complications - p. 256 56. 2.10.8. Mental development dysfunction - p. 257 57. 2.10.9. “Damage mechanisms” - p. 258 58. 2.10.10. Folic acid and antiepileptic drugs - p. 259 59. 2.10.11. Vitamin K and antiepileptic drugs - p. 259 60. 2.10.12. Is epilepsy teratogenic? - p. 260 61. 2.10.13. Carbamazepine - p. 260 62. 2.10.14. Clobazam and clonazepam - p. 263 63. 2.10.15. Eslicarbazepine - p. 264 64. 2.10.16. Ethosuximide and other succinimides - p. 264 65. 2.10.17. Felbamate - p. 265 66. 2.10.18. Gabapentin - p. 265 67. 2.10.19. Lacosamide - p. 266 68. 2.10.20. Lamotrigine - p. 267 69. 2.10.21. Levetiracetam - p. 268 70. 2.10.22. Oxcarbazepine - p. 269 71. 2.10.23. Phenobarbital and primidone - p. 270 72. 2.10.24. Phenytoin - p. 273 73. 2.10.25. Pregabalin - p. 274 74. 2.10.26. Rufinamide - p. 275 75. 2.10.27. Sultiame - p. 275 76. 2.10.28. Tiagabine - p. 275 77. 2.10.29. Topiramate - p. 276 78. 2.10.30. Valnoctamide - p. 277 79. 2.10.31. Valproic acid - p. 278 80. 2.10.32. Vigabatrin - p. 282 81. 2.10.33. Zonisamide - p. 283 82. 2.11. Psychotropic drugs - p. 293 83. 2.11.1. Psychiatric disorder during pregnancy - p. 294 84. 2.11.2. Antidepressant treatment - p. 294 85. 2.11.3. Selective serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRI) - p. 295 86. 2.11.4. Tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants - p. 302 87. 2.11.5. Individual antidepressants - p. 303 88. 2.11.6. Antipsychotic treatment - p. 313 89. 2.11.7. Individual antipsychotic drugs - p. 316 90. 2.11.8. Lithium and other anti-manic agents - p. 322 91. 2.11.9. Anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives in general - p. 324 92. 2.11.10. Benzodiazepines - p. 325 93. 2.11.11. Zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone - p. 327 94. 2.11.12. Other anxiolytics and hypnotics - p. 328 95. 2.11.13. Psychoanaleptics - p. 328 96. 2.11.14. Anti-Parkinson drugs and restless legs syndrome - p. 329 97. 2.12. Immunosuppression, rheumatic diseases, multiple sclerosis, and Wilson’s disease - p. 341 98. 2.13. Antineoplastic drugs - p. 373 99. 2.14. Uterine contraction agents, tocolytics, vaginal therapeutics and local contraceptives - p. 401 100. 2.15. Hormones - p. 413 101. 2.15.1. Hypothalamic releasing hormones - p. 414 102. 2.15.2. Anterior pituitary hormones - p. 415 103. 2.15.3. Prolactin antagonists/dopamine agonists - p. 416 104. 2.15.4. Posterior pituitary hormones - p. 417 105. 2.15.5. Thyroid function and iodine supply during pregnancy - p. 417 106. 2.15.6. Hypothyroidism, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) - p. 418 107. 2.15.7. Hyperthyroidism and thyrostatics - p. 419 108. 2.15.8. Glucocorticoids - p. 423 109. 2.15.9. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy - p. 426 110. 2.15.10. Insulin - p. 428 111. 2.15.11. Oral antidiabetics (OAD) - p. 430 112. 2.15.12. Estrogens - p. 434 113. 2.15.13. Gestagens - p. 435 114. 2.15.14. Duogynon® - p. 437 115. 2.15.15. Diethylstilbestrol - p. 437 116. 2.15.16. Androgens and anabolics - p. 438 117. 2.15.17. Cyproterone and danazol - p. 439 118. 2.15.18. Mifepristone (RU486) - p. 440 119. 2.15.19. Clomiphene - p. 440 120. 2.15.20. Erythropoietin - p. 441 121. 2.16. General and local anesthetics and muscle relaxants - p. 451 122. 2.17. Dermatological medications and local therapeutics - p. 467 123. 2.18. Vitamins, minerals and trace elements - p. 493 124. 2.19. Herbs during pregnancy - p. 511 125. 2.20. Diagnostic agents - p. 527 126. 2.21. Recreational drugs - p. 541 127. Introduction - p. 541 128. 2.21.1. Alcohol - p. 542 129. 2.21.2. Caffeine and other xanthines - p. 547 130. 2.21.3. Tobacco and smoking - p. 549 131. 2.21.4. Drugs of abuse in general (excluding caffeine) - p. 555 132. 2.21.5. Sedating drugs - p. 562 133. 2.22. Poisonings and toxins - p. 575 134. 2.23. Occupational, industrial and environmental agents - p. 599 135. 2.23.1. Solvent exposure in general - p. 601 136. 2.23.2. Formaldehyde and formalin - p. 607 137. 2.23.3. Photographic/printing chemicals - p. 607 138. 2.23.4. Pesticides - p. 608 139. 2.23.5. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins - p. 612 140. 2.23.6. Polychlorinated biphenyls - p. 614 141. 2.23.7. Chlorinated drinking water by-products - p. 614 142. 2.23.8. Metals - p. 616 143. 2.23.9. Hazardous waste landfill sites and waste incinerators - p. 622 144. 2.23.10. Radiation associated with the nuclear industry - p. 623 145. 2.23.11. Cell/mobile phones - p. 625 146. 2.23.12. Other sources of electromagnetic radiation - p. 625 147. 2.23.13. Electric shocks and lightning strikes - p. 627 148. 3. General commentary on drug therapy and drug risk during lactation - p. 639 149. Specific drug therapies during lactation - p. 649 150. Introduction - p. 651 151. 4.1. Analgesics, antiphlogistics and anesthetics - p. 653 152. 4.2. Antiallergics, antiasthmatics and antitussives - p. 671 153. 4.3. Gastrointestinal drugs - p. 677 154. 4.4. Anti-infectives - p. 687 155. 4.5. Vaccines and immunoglobulins - p. 705 156. 4.6. Cardiovascular drugs and diuretics - p. 711 157. 4.7. Anticoagulants, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors and fibrinolytics - p. 725 158. 4.8. Antiepileptics - p. 731 159. 4.9. Psychotropic drugs - p. 743 160. 4.10. Immunomodulating and antineoplastic agents - p. 775 161. 4.11. Hormones and hormone antagonists - p. 783 162. 4.12. Dermatological medication and local therapeutics - p. 797 163. 4.13. Alternative remedies, vitamins, and minerals - p. 803 164. 4.14. Contrast media, radionuclides and diagnostics - p. 813 165. 4.15. Infections during breastfeeding - p. 821 166. 4.16. Recreational drugs - p. 835 167. 4.17. Plant toxins - p. 845 168. 4.18. Industrial chemicals and environmental contaminants - p. 847 169. Index - p. 863
