The Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, Second Edition, is a comprehensive seven-volume set that serves as a vital interdisciplinary reference for those working with batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, supercapacitors, and photo-electrochemical cells. With an increased focus on the environmental and economic impacts of electrochemical power sources, this work not only consolidates extensive coverage of the field but also serves as a gateway to the latest literature for professionals and students alike.
The field of electrochemical power sources has experienced significant growth and development since the first edition was published in 2009. This is reflected in the exponential growth of the battery market, the improvement of many conventional systems, and the introduction of new systems and technologies. This completely revised second edition captures these advancements, providing updates on all scientific, technical, and economic developments over the past decade.
Thematically arranged, this edition delves into crucial areas such as batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, supercapacitors, and photo-electrochemical cells. It explores challenges and advancements in electrode and electrolyte materials, structural design, optimization, application of novel materials, and performance analysis. This comprehensive resource, with its focus on the future of electrochemical power sources, is an essential tool for navigating this rapidly evolving field.
1. Batteries – Batteries General – Introduction | Overview - p. p0215 2. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Charging methods - p. p0215 3. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Capacity and Power Determination - p. p0215 4. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Charge–Discharge Curves - p. p0215 5. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Cell Dynamics - p. p0215 6. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Cell Reversal - p. p0325 7. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Alternating Currents and Ripples - p. p0325 8. Batteries – Batteries General – Safety | General Aspects - p. p0325 9. Aluminium Systems - p. p0325 10. Batteries – Battery Types – Aluminium Batteries | Aqueous - p. p0325 11. Batteries – Battery Types – Aluminium Batteries | Non Aqueous - p. p0325 12. Iron Systems - p. p0325 13. Batteries – Battery Types – Iron Batteries | Iron-Air - p. p0325 14. Lead-Acid Systems - p. p0325 15. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Overview - p. p0325 16. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Negative Electrode - p. p0325 17. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Positive Electrode - p. p0325 18. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Expander Additives - p. p0325 19. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Carbon - p. p0325 20. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Electrode Design - p. p0325 21. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Electrolyte - p. p0325 22. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Phosphorus Additives - p. p0325 23. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Separators - p. p0325 24. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Lead Alloys - p. p0325 25. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Grids - p. p0325 26. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Curing and Formation - p. p0325 27. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Flooded Batteries - p. p0325 28. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Valve-Regulated Batteries: Oxygen Cycle - p. p0325 29. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Valve-Regulated Batteries: AGM - p. p0325 30. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Valve-Regulated Batteries: Gel - p. p0325 31. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Catalytic Valves - p. p0325 32. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Design for Performance - p. p0325 33. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Bipolar - p. p0325 34. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Supercap Hybrid (Ultrabattery) - p. p0325 35. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Charging Methods - p. p0325 36. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Coup de Fouet - p. p0325 37. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | State-of-Charge (SoC), State-of-Health (SoH) - p. p0050 38. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Partial State-of-Charge Operation (PSoC) - p. p0495 39. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Lifetime Determining Processes - p. p0495 40. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Modeling - p. p0490 41. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Automotive Batteries: Products - p. p0490 42. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Automotive Batteries: Applications and Market Trends - p. p0490 43. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Industrial Batteries: Stationary and Transportation Types - p. p0490 44. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Regulation, Codes, Standards, and Testing - p. p0490 45. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Production - p. p0490 46. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Market - p. p0490 47. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Safety - p. p0490 48. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Recycling - p. p0490 49. Magnesium Systems - p. p0490 50. Batteries – Battery Types – Magnesium Batteries | Primary Systems - p. p0490 51. Batteries – Battery Types – Magnesium Batteries | Secondary Systems - p. p0490 52. Nickel Systems - p. p0490 53. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Overview - p. p0490 54. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel Electrode - p. p0490 55. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel–Cadmium - p. p0490 56. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel–hydrogen - p. p0490 57. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel-Metal Hydride: Overview - p. p0490 58. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel-Metal Hydride: Metal Hydrides - p. p0490 59. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel-Metal Hydride: Cutting Edge Technologies - p. p0490 60. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel–Iron - p. p0490 61. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel–Zinc - p. p0020 62. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Memory Effect - p. p0020 63. Zinc Systems - p. p0020 64. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Overview - p. p0020 65. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc Electrode - p. p0020 66. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Carbon - p. p0020 67. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Manganese - p. p0135 68. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Silver - p. p0135 69. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Bromine Flow Batteries - p. p0135 70. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Air - p. p0135 71. Li Batteries – Introduction - p. p0135 72. Batteries – Battery Types – Lithium Batteries | Overview - p. p0135 73. Batteries – Battery Types – Lithium Batteries | Electrolytes - p. p0135 74. Li-Primary Systems - p. p0135 75. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Overview - p. p0135 76. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium–Iodine-Polyvinylpyridine - p. p0230 77. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium–Manganese Dioxide - p. p0055 78. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium-Carbon Fluoride Battery - p. p0055 79. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium–Vanadium/Silver Oxides - p. p0055 80. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium–Sulfur/Chlorine - p. p0055 81. Li-Secondary Systems – Li-Metal Systems - p. p0055 82. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-Metal Battery | Overview - p. p0055 83. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-Metal Battery | Lithium–Sulfur - p. p0055 84. Li-Secondary Systems – Li-Ion Systems - p. p0055 85. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion battery | Overview - p. p0055 86. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Negative Electrodes: Graphite and Carbon - p. p0055 87. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Negative Electrode: Silicon, Silicon-Carbon, and Silicon Oxides - p. p0055 88. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Negative Electrode: Pre-Lithination - p. p0055 89. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) - p. p0055 90. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Negative Electrode: Lithium Titanium Oxides - p. p0055 91. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Lithium Cobalt Oxide - p. p0055 92. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Lithium Nickel Oxide - p. p0055 93. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Lithium Manganese Oxides - p. p0055 94. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Layered Metal Oxides - p. p0055 95. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Lithium Iron Phosphates - p. p0055 96. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: High-Voltage Materials - p. p0055 97. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Conversion Materials - p. p0055 98. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Current Collector - p. p0055 99. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Organic and Inorganic Electrolytes - p. p0055 100. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Ionic Liquid Electrolytes - p. p0055 101. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Electrolyte Additives - p. p0055 102. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Separators - p. p0055 103. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Aging Mechanisms and Lifetime Predictions - p. p0055 104. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Material Informatic and Atomistic Simulations - p. p0055 105. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Organic Electrolyte Cells - p. p0055 106. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Inorganic Electrolyte Cells - p. p0055 107. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Production - p. p0055 108. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Recycling - p. p0055 109. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Market - p. p0055 110. Li-Secondary Systems – Lithium All-Solid State Systems - p. p0055 111. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Overview - p. p0055 112. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Solid Polymer Electrolytes - p. p0055 113. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Solid Oxide Electroltyes - p. p0055 114. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Solid Sulfide Electroltyes - p. p0055 115. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Halides and Oxy-Halide Electrolytes - p. p0055 116. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Negative Electrodes - p. p0055 117. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Negative Electrodes - “Anode Free” - p. p0055 118. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Thin-Film Type Cells - p. p0055 119. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Solid Polymer Electrolyte Cells - p. p0055 120. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Inorganic Solid-Electrolyte Cells - p. p0055 121. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Production - p. p0055 122. Lithium Battery Safety - p. p0055 123. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Overview - p. p0055 124. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Chemical Hazards - p. p0055 125. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Thermal Hazards - p. p0055 126. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Cell Level - Safety Related Material and Design Engineering - p. p0055 127. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Cell and Battery Safety Devices - p. p0055 128. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Regulations, Codes, and Standards: Safety Testing - p. p0055 129. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Advanced Safety Testing - p. p0055 130. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Hazards During Transport and Storage - p. p0055 131. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Fire Risks and Fire Extinguishing - p. p0055 132. Sodium Systems - p. p0055 133. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Overview - p. p0055 134. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Anode Active Materials - p. p0055 135. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Cathode Active Materials - p. p0055 136. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Electrolytes - p. p0055 137. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Sodium-Ion Cells - p. p0055 138. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Solid Sulfide Electrolytes - p. p0055 139. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – High-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Sodium–Sulfur - p. p0055 140. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – High-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Sodium–Nickel Chloride - p. p0055 141. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – High-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Safety - p. p0055 142. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – High-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Alkali Metal Thermal To Electric Energy Converter - p. p0055 143. Exploratory Battery Systems - p. p0055 144. Batteries – Battery Types – Exploratory Batteries | Potassium-Ion Batteries - p. p0055 145. Batteries – Battery Types – Exploratory Batteries | Anion Shuttle Systems - p. p0055 146. Batteries – Battery Types – Exploratory Batteries | Lithium–Air Systems - p. p0055 147. Batteries – Battery Types – Exploratory Batteries | Organic Radical Systems - p. p0055 148. Redox-Flow Systems - p. p0055 149. Batteries – Battery Types – Redox-Flow Batteries | Overview - p. p0055 150. Batteries – Battery Types – Redox-Flow Batteries | Vanadium Flow Battery Systems - p. p0055 151. Batteries – Battery Types – Redox-Flow Batteries | Iron Systems - p. p0055 152. Batteries – Battery Types – Redox-Flow Batteries | Organic Reactant Systems - p. p0055 153. Fuel Cells - Introduction - p. p0055 154. Fuel Cells | Overview - p. p0055 155. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell - p. p0055 156. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Overview: PEMFC - p. p0055 157. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Anodes - p. p0055 158. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Cathodes - p. p0055 159. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Catalysts: Life Limitations - p. p0055 160. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Catalysts: Non-Platinum - p. p0055 161. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membranes: Fluorinated - p. p0055 162. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membranes: Non-Fluorinated - p. p0630 163. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membranes: Design and Characterization - p. p0630 164. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membrane: Life Limitations - p. p0630 165. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membranes: Modeling - p. p0630 166. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membrane–Electrode Assemblies - p. p0335 167. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Gas Diffusion Layers - p. p0335 168. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Flow Fields - p. p0335 169. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Bipolar Plates - p. p0335 170. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Cells - p. p0335 171. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Water Management - p. p0335 172. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Life Limitations - p. p0335 173. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Modeling - p. p0335 174. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Stacks - p. p0335 175. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Systems - p. p0335 176. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Performance and Operational Conditions - p. p0335 177. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Dynamic Operational Conditions - p. p0335 178. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Freeze Operational Conditions - p. p0335 179. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Impurities in Fuels and Air - p. p0335 180. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cells - p. p0335 181. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cell | Overview - p. p0335 182. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cell | Anion-Exchange Membranes - p. p0335 183. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cell | Cells and Stacks - p. p0335 184. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cell | Performance and Operational Conditions - p. p0335 185. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric-Acid Fuel Cells - p. p0335 186. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Overview - p. p0335 187. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Anodes and High-Temperature Membranes - p. p0335 188. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | PAFC Cathodes - p. p0335 189. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | PAFC and High Temperature PEMFC Cathodes - p. p0335 190. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Electrolyte and Separator - p. p0335 191. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Cells and Stacks - p. p0335 192. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Systems - p. p0335 193. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Life-Limiting Considerations - p. p0335 194. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells - p. p0335 195. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Overview - p. p0335 196. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Anodes - p. p0335 197. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Cathodes - p. p0335 198. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Cells and Stacks - p. p0335 199. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Systems - Performance and Life-Limiting Considerations - p. p0335 200. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - p. p0335 201. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Overview - p. p0335 202. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Anodes - p. p0335 203. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Cathodes - p. p0120 204. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Membranes - p. p0220 205. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Gas Distribution - p. p0220 206. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Cells and Stacks - p. p0085 207. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Cell Interconnection - p. p0085 208. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Internal and External Steam Reforming - p. g0030 209. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | System Concepts - p. p0070 210. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Life-Limiting Considerations - p. p0545 211. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Modeling - p. p0545 212. Fuel Cells – Fuel Cells with Liquid Fuels - p. p0545 213. Fuel Cells – Fuel Cells With Liquid Fuels | Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: Overview - p. p0545 214. Fuel Cells – Fuel Cells With Liquid Fuels | Direct Methanol Fuel Cell - p. p0545 215. Fuel Cells – Fuel Cells With Liquid Fuels | Direct Formic Acid and Formaldehyde Fuel Cells - p. p0545 216. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells - p. p0545 217. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells | Direct Carbon Fuel Cells - p. p0545 218. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells | Ammonia Fuel Cells - p. g0050 219. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells | Micro Fuel Cells - p. g0050 220. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells | Regenerative Fuel Cells - p. g0050 221. Electrolyzer – Introduction - p. g0065 222. Electrolyzer – Introduction | Overview - p. g0065 223. Electrolyzer – Alkaline Electroyzer - p. g0065 224. Electrolyzer – Alkaline Electrolyzer | Overview - p. g0065 225. Electrolyzer – Alkaline Electrolyzer | Performance, Efficiency, and Lifetime - p. g0065 226. Electrolyzer – Alkaline Electrolyzer | Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolysis - p. g0065 227. Electrolyzer – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer - p. g0065 228. Electrolyzer – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer | Overview - p. g0065 229. Electrolyzer – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer | State of the Art Technique and Systems - p. g0065 230. Electrolyzer – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer | Small and Large Scale Units - p. g0065 231. Electrolyzer – Solid Oxide Electrolyzer - p. g0065 232. Electrolyzer – Solid Oxide Electrolyzer | Overview - p. g0065 233. Fuels – Introduction - p. g0065 234. Fuels – Introduction | Overview - p. g0065 235. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen as a Fuel - p. g0065 236. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen Industrial Use - p. g0065 237. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen Global Transport - p. g0065 238. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen Safety - p. g0065 239. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen Non-Conventional Storage Options - p. g0065 240. Fuels – Hydrogen - p. g0065 241. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Production | Fossil Fuels Based - p. g0065 242. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Production | Biomass Based - p. g0065 243. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Production | Electrolysis - p. g0065 244. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Production | Thermochemical - p. p0375 245. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Compressed - p. p0375 246. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Cryo- and Cryo-Compressed - p. p0375 247. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Physical Adsorption - p. p0375 248. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Chemical - p. p0375 249. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Regulations, Codes, and Standards - p. p0375 250. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Hydrogen Alternatives - p. p0375 251. Supercapacitors - p. p0375 252. Supercapacitors | Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor - p. p0375 253. Supercapacitors | Carbon Technologies - p. p0375 254. Supercapacitors | Metal Oxide Technologies - p. p0375 255. Supercapacitors | Ionic Liquids Electrolytes - p. p0375 256. Supercapacitors | Hybrid Technologies - p. p0375 257. Supercapacitors | Solid-State Technologies - p. p0375 258. Supercapacitors | Aging and Service Life - p. p0375 259. Supercapacitors | Production - p. p0375 260. Supercapacitors | Performance, Cost, and Application - p. p0375 261. Photoelectrochemical Cells - p. p0375 262. Photoelectrochemical Cells | Integration in Renewable Energy Systems - p. p0375 263. Photoelectrochemical Cells | Water Splitting - p. p0375 264. Photoelectrochemical Cells | Photoelectrocatalysis - p. p0375 265. Photoelectrochemical Cells | Biological Redox Systems - p. p0375 266. Application – Portable Applications - p. p0375 267. Applications – Portable Applications | Battery Based - p. p0375 268. Applications – Portable Applications | Fuel-Cell Based - p. p0375 269. Applications – Portable Applications | High Power Use - p. p0375 270. Applications – Portable Applications | Military: Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 271. Application – Stationary Applications - p. p0375 272. Applications | Overview of Energy Storage Systems - p. p0375 273. Applications – Stationary Applications | Batteries - p. p0375 274. Applications – Stationary Applications | Fuel Cells - Residential - p. p0375 275. Applications – Stationary Applications | Fuel Cells - Larger Size and Hybrids - p. p0375 276. Applications – Stationary Applications | Central Storage - Hydrogen - p. p0375 277. Applications – Stationary Applications | Uninterruptible and Backup Power Supply - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 278. Applications – Stationary Applications | Remote Area Power Supply - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 279. Application – Transportation Applications - p. p0375 280. Applications – Transportation Applications | Electric Vehicles - Batteries - p. p0375 281. Applications – Transportation Applications | Electric Vehicles - Fuel Cells - p. p0375 282. Applications – Transportation Applications | Hybrid Electric Cars - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 283. Applications – Transportation Applications | Hybrid Electric Buses and Trucks - Batteries - p. p0375 284. Applications – Transportation Applications | Electric buses – Fuel cells - p. p0375 285. Applications – Transportation Applications | Light Traction - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 286. Applications – Transportation Applications | Vehicle Batteries - End of Life - p. p0375 287. Applications – Transportation Applications | Material Handling and Forklift Trucks - Batteries - p. p0375 288. Applications – Transportation Applications | Rail Vehicles - Fuel Cells and Batteries - p. p0375 289. Applications – Transportation Applications | Ships - Fuel Cells and Batteries - p. p0375 290. Applications – Transportation Applications | Submersibles - Fuel Cell and Batteries - p. p0375 291. Applications – Transportation Applications | Aviation - Batteries - p. p0375 292. Applications – Transportation Applications | Aviation - Fuel Cells - p. p0375 293. Applications – Transportation Applications | Space - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 294. Applications – Transportation Applications | Auxiliary Power Units - Fuel Cells - p. p0375 295. Applications – Transportation Applications | Battery Charging Technologies - p. p0375 296. Applications – Transportation Applications | Hydrogen Refueling Stations - p. p0375 297. Conversion Tables - p. p0375 298. Glossary - p. p0375 299. Index - p. p0375 300. Authors - p. p0375
The Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, Second Edition, is a comprehensive seven-volume set that serves as a vital interdisciplinary reference for those working with batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, supercapacitors, and photo-electrochemical cells. With an increased focus on the environmental and economic impacts of electrochemical power sources, this work not only consolidates extensive coverage of the field but also serves as a gateway to the latest literature for professionals and students alike.
The field of electrochemical power sources has experienced significant growth and development since the first edition was published in 2009. This is reflected in the exponential growth of the battery market, the improvement of many conventional systems, and the introduction of new systems and technologies. This completely revised second edition captures these advancements, providing updates on all scientific, technical, and economic developments over the past decade.
Thematically arranged, this edition delves into crucial areas such as batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, supercapacitors, and photo-electrochemical cells. It explores challenges and advancements in electrode and electrolyte materials, structural design, optimization, application of novel materials, and performance analysis. This comprehensive resource, with its focus on the future of electrochemical power sources, is an essential tool for navigating this rapidly evolving field.
1. Batteries – Batteries General – Introduction | Overview - p. p0215 2. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Charging methods - p. p0215 3. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Capacity and Power Determination - p. p0215 4. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Charge–Discharge Curves - p. p0215 5. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Cell Dynamics - p. p0215 6. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Cell Reversal - p. p0325 7. Batteries – Batteries General – Charge-Discharge | Alternating Currents and Ripples - p. p0325 8. Batteries – Batteries General – Safety | General Aspects - p. p0325 9. Aluminium Systems - p. p0325 10. Batteries – Battery Types – Aluminium Batteries | Aqueous - p. p0325 11. Batteries – Battery Types – Aluminium Batteries | Non Aqueous - p. p0325 12. Iron Systems - p. p0325 13. Batteries – Battery Types – Iron Batteries | Iron-Air - p. p0325 14. Lead-Acid Systems - p. p0325 15. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Overview - p. p0325 16. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Negative Electrode - p. p0325 17. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Positive Electrode - p. p0325 18. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Expander Additives - p. p0325 19. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Carbon - p. p0325 20. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Electrode Design - p. p0325 21. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Electrolyte - p. p0325 22. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Phosphorus Additives - p. p0325 23. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Separators - p. p0325 24. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Lead Alloys - p. p0325 25. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Grids - p. p0325 26. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Curing and Formation - p. p0325 27. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Flooded Batteries - p. p0325 28. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Valve-Regulated Batteries: Oxygen Cycle - p. p0325 29. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Valve-Regulated Batteries: AGM - p. p0325 30. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Valve-Regulated Batteries: Gel - p. p0325 31. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Catalytic Valves - p. p0325 32. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Design for Performance - p. p0325 33. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Bipolar - p. p0325 34. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Supercap Hybrid (Ultrabattery) - p. p0325 35. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Charging Methods - p. p0325 36. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Coup de Fouet - p. p0325 37. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | State-of-Charge (SoC), State-of-Health (SoH) - p. p0050 38. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Partial State-of-Charge Operation (PSoC) - p. p0495 39. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Lifetime Determining Processes - p. p0495 40. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Modeling - p. p0490 41. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Automotive Batteries: Products - p. p0490 42. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Automotive Batteries: Applications and Market Trends - p. p0490 43. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Industrial Batteries: Stationary and Transportation Types - p. p0490 44. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Regulation, Codes, Standards, and Testing - p. p0490 45. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Production - p. p0490 46. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Market - p. p0490 47. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Safety - p. p0490 48. Batteries – Battery Types – Lead-Acid Battery | Recycling - p. p0490 49. Magnesium Systems - p. p0490 50. Batteries – Battery Types – Magnesium Batteries | Primary Systems - p. p0490 51. Batteries – Battery Types – Magnesium Batteries | Secondary Systems - p. p0490 52. Nickel Systems - p. p0490 53. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Overview - p. p0490 54. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel Electrode - p. p0490 55. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel–Cadmium - p. p0490 56. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel–hydrogen - p. p0490 57. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel-Metal Hydride: Overview - p. p0490 58. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel-Metal Hydride: Metal Hydrides - p. p0490 59. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel-Metal Hydride: Cutting Edge Technologies - p. p0490 60. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel–Iron - p. p0490 61. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Nickel–Zinc - p. p0020 62. Batteries – Battery Types – Nickel Batteries | Memory Effect - p. p0020 63. Zinc Systems - p. p0020 64. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Overview - p. p0020 65. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc Electrode - p. p0020 66. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Carbon - p. p0020 67. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Manganese - p. p0135 68. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Silver - p. p0135 69. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Bromine Flow Batteries - p. p0135 70. Batteries – Battery Types – Zinc Batteries | Zinc–Air - p. p0135 71. Li Batteries – Introduction - p. p0135 72. Batteries – Battery Types – Lithium Batteries | Overview - p. p0135 73. Batteries – Battery Types – Lithium Batteries | Electrolytes - p. p0135 74. Li-Primary Systems - p. p0135 75. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Overview - p. p0135 76. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium–Iodine-Polyvinylpyridine - p. p0230 77. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium–Manganese Dioxide - p. p0055 78. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium-Carbon Fluoride Battery - p. p0055 79. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium–Vanadium/Silver Oxides - p. p0055 80. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Primary Batteries | Lithium–Sulfur/Chlorine - p. p0055 81. Li-Secondary Systems – Li-Metal Systems - p. p0055 82. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-Metal Battery | Overview - p. p0055 83. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-Metal Battery | Lithium–Sulfur - p. p0055 84. Li-Secondary Systems – Li-Ion Systems - p. p0055 85. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion battery | Overview - p. p0055 86. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Negative Electrodes: Graphite and Carbon - p. p0055 87. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Negative Electrode: Silicon, Silicon-Carbon, and Silicon Oxides - p. p0055 88. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Negative Electrode: Pre-Lithination - p. p0055 89. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) - p. p0055 90. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Negative Electrode: Lithium Titanium Oxides - p. p0055 91. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Lithium Cobalt Oxide - p. p0055 92. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Lithium Nickel Oxide - p. p0055 93. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Lithium Manganese Oxides - p. p0055 94. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Layered Metal Oxides - p. p0055 95. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Lithium Iron Phosphates - p. p0055 96. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: High-Voltage Materials - p. p0055 97. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Positive Electrode: Conversion Materials - p. p0055 98. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Current Collector - p. p0055 99. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Organic and Inorganic Electrolytes - p. p0055 100. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Ionic Liquid Electrolytes - p. p0055 101. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Electrolyte Additives - p. p0055 102. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Separators - p. p0055 103. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Aging Mechanisms and Lifetime Predictions - p. p0055 104. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Material Informatic and Atomistic Simulations - p. p0055 105. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Organic Electrolyte Cells - p. p0055 106. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Inorganic Electrolyte Cells - p. p0055 107. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Production - p. p0055 108. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Recycling - p. p0055 109. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Li-ion Battery | Market - p. p0055 110. Li-Secondary Systems – Lithium All-Solid State Systems - p. p0055 111. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Overview - p. p0055 112. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Solid Polymer Electrolytes - p. p0055 113. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Solid Oxide Electroltyes - p. p0055 114. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Solid Sulfide Electroltyes - p. p0055 115. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Halides and Oxy-Halide Electrolytes - p. p0055 116. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Negative Electrodes - p. p0055 117. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Negative Electrodes - “Anode Free” - p. p0055 118. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Thin-Film Type Cells - p. p0055 119. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Solid Polymer Electrolyte Cells - p. p0055 120. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Inorganic Solid-Electrolyte Cells - p. p0055 121. Lithium Batteries – Lithium Secondary Batteries – Lithium All-Solid State Battery | Production - p. p0055 122. Lithium Battery Safety - p. p0055 123. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Overview - p. p0055 124. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Chemical Hazards - p. p0055 125. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Thermal Hazards - p. p0055 126. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Cell Level - Safety Related Material and Design Engineering - p. p0055 127. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Cell and Battery Safety Devices - p. p0055 128. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Regulations, Codes, and Standards: Safety Testing - p. p0055 129. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Advanced Safety Testing - p. p0055 130. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Hazards During Transport and Storage - p. p0055 131. Battery Types – Lithium Batteries – Lithium Battery Safety | Fire Risks and Fire Extinguishing - p. p0055 132. Sodium Systems - p. p0055 133. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Overview - p. p0055 134. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Anode Active Materials - p. p0055 135. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Cathode Active Materials - p. p0055 136. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Electrolytes - p. p0055 137. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Sodium-Ion Cells - p. p0055 138. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Solid Sulfide Electrolytes - p. p0055 139. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – High-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Sodium–Sulfur - p. p0055 140. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – High-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Sodium–Nickel Chloride - p. p0055 141. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – High-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Safety - p. p0055 142. Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – High-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Alkali Metal Thermal To Electric Energy Converter - p. p0055 143. Exploratory Battery Systems - p. p0055 144. Batteries – Battery Types – Exploratory Batteries | Potassium-Ion Batteries - p. p0055 145. Batteries – Battery Types – Exploratory Batteries | Anion Shuttle Systems - p. p0055 146. Batteries – Battery Types – Exploratory Batteries | Lithium–Air Systems - p. p0055 147. Batteries – Battery Types – Exploratory Batteries | Organic Radical Systems - p. p0055 148. Redox-Flow Systems - p. p0055 149. Batteries – Battery Types – Redox-Flow Batteries | Overview - p. p0055 150. Batteries – Battery Types – Redox-Flow Batteries | Vanadium Flow Battery Systems - p. p0055 151. Batteries – Battery Types – Redox-Flow Batteries | Iron Systems - p. p0055 152. Batteries – Battery Types – Redox-Flow Batteries | Organic Reactant Systems - p. p0055 153. Fuel Cells - Introduction - p. p0055 154. Fuel Cells | Overview - p. p0055 155. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell - p. p0055 156. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Overview: PEMFC - p. p0055 157. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Anodes - p. p0055 158. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Cathodes - p. p0055 159. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Catalysts: Life Limitations - p. p0055 160. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Catalysts: Non-Platinum - p. p0055 161. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membranes: Fluorinated - p. p0055 162. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membranes: Non-Fluorinated - p. p0630 163. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membranes: Design and Characterization - p. p0630 164. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membrane: Life Limitations - p. p0630 165. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membranes: Modeling - p. p0630 166. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Membrane–Electrode Assemblies - p. p0335 167. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Gas Diffusion Layers - p. p0335 168. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Flow Fields - p. p0335 169. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Bipolar Plates - p. p0335 170. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Cells - p. p0335 171. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Water Management - p. p0335 172. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Life Limitations - p. p0335 173. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Modeling - p. p0335 174. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Stacks - p. p0335 175. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Systems - p. p0335 176. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Performance and Operational Conditions - p. p0335 177. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Dynamic Operational Conditions - p. p0335 178. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Freeze Operational Conditions - p. p0335 179. Fuel Cells – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell | Impurities in Fuels and Air - p. p0335 180. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cells - p. p0335 181. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cell | Overview - p. p0335 182. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cell | Anion-Exchange Membranes - p. p0335 183. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cell | Cells and Stacks - p. p0335 184. Fuel Cells – Alkaline Fuel Cell | Performance and Operational Conditions - p. p0335 185. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric-Acid Fuel Cells - p. p0335 186. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Overview - p. p0335 187. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Anodes and High-Temperature Membranes - p. p0335 188. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | PAFC Cathodes - p. p0335 189. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | PAFC and High Temperature PEMFC Cathodes - p. p0335 190. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Electrolyte and Separator - p. p0335 191. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Cells and Stacks - p. p0335 192. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Systems - p. p0335 193. Fuel Cells – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell | Life-Limiting Considerations - p. p0335 194. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells - p. p0335 195. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Overview - p. p0335 196. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Anodes - p. p0335 197. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Cathodes - p. p0335 198. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Cells and Stacks - p. p0335 199. Fuel Cells – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell | Systems - Performance and Life-Limiting Considerations - p. p0335 200. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - p. p0335 201. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Overview - p. p0335 202. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Anodes - p. p0335 203. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Cathodes - p. p0120 204. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Membranes - p. p0220 205. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Gas Distribution - p. p0220 206. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Cells and Stacks - p. p0085 207. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Cell Interconnection - p. p0085 208. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Internal and External Steam Reforming - p. g0030 209. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | System Concepts - p. p0070 210. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Life-Limiting Considerations - p. p0545 211. Fuel Cells – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | Modeling - p. p0545 212. Fuel Cells – Fuel Cells with Liquid Fuels - p. p0545 213. Fuel Cells – Fuel Cells With Liquid Fuels | Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells: Overview - p. p0545 214. Fuel Cells – Fuel Cells With Liquid Fuels | Direct Methanol Fuel Cell - p. p0545 215. Fuel Cells – Fuel Cells With Liquid Fuels | Direct Formic Acid and Formaldehyde Fuel Cells - p. p0545 216. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells - p. p0545 217. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells | Direct Carbon Fuel Cells - p. p0545 218. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells | Ammonia Fuel Cells - p. g0050 219. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells | Micro Fuel Cells - p. g0050 220. Fuel Cells – Exploratory Fuel Cells | Regenerative Fuel Cells - p. g0050 221. Electrolyzer – Introduction - p. g0065 222. Electrolyzer – Introduction | Overview - p. g0065 223. Electrolyzer – Alkaline Electroyzer - p. g0065 224. Electrolyzer – Alkaline Electrolyzer | Overview - p. g0065 225. Electrolyzer – Alkaline Electrolyzer | Performance, Efficiency, and Lifetime - p. g0065 226. Electrolyzer – Alkaline Electrolyzer | Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolysis - p. g0065 227. Electrolyzer – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer - p. g0065 228. Electrolyzer – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer | Overview - p. g0065 229. Electrolyzer – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer | State of the Art Technique and Systems - p. g0065 230. Electrolyzer – Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer | Small and Large Scale Units - p. g0065 231. Electrolyzer – Solid Oxide Electrolyzer - p. g0065 232. Electrolyzer – Solid Oxide Electrolyzer | Overview - p. g0065 233. Fuels – Introduction - p. g0065 234. Fuels – Introduction | Overview - p. g0065 235. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen as a Fuel - p. g0065 236. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen Industrial Use - p. g0065 237. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen Global Transport - p. g0065 238. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen Safety - p. g0065 239. Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen Non-Conventional Storage Options - p. g0065 240. Fuels – Hydrogen - p. g0065 241. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Production | Fossil Fuels Based - p. g0065 242. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Production | Biomass Based - p. g0065 243. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Production | Electrolysis - p. g0065 244. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Production | Thermochemical - p. p0375 245. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Compressed - p. p0375 246. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Cryo- and Cryo-Compressed - p. p0375 247. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Physical Adsorption - p. p0375 248. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Chemical - p. p0375 249. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Regulations, Codes, and Standards - p. p0375 250. Fuels – Hydrogen – Hydrogen Storage | Hydrogen Alternatives - p. p0375 251. Supercapacitors - p. p0375 252. Supercapacitors | Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor - p. p0375 253. Supercapacitors | Carbon Technologies - p. p0375 254. Supercapacitors | Metal Oxide Technologies - p. p0375 255. Supercapacitors | Ionic Liquids Electrolytes - p. p0375 256. Supercapacitors | Hybrid Technologies - p. p0375 257. Supercapacitors | Solid-State Technologies - p. p0375 258. Supercapacitors | Aging and Service Life - p. p0375 259. Supercapacitors | Production - p. p0375 260. Supercapacitors | Performance, Cost, and Application - p. p0375 261. Photoelectrochemical Cells - p. p0375 262. Photoelectrochemical Cells | Integration in Renewable Energy Systems - p. p0375 263. Photoelectrochemical Cells | Water Splitting - p. p0375 264. Photoelectrochemical Cells | Photoelectrocatalysis - p. p0375 265. Photoelectrochemical Cells | Biological Redox Systems - p. p0375 266. Application – Portable Applications - p. p0375 267. Applications – Portable Applications | Battery Based - p. p0375 268. Applications – Portable Applications | Fuel-Cell Based - p. p0375 269. Applications – Portable Applications | High Power Use - p. p0375 270. Applications – Portable Applications | Military: Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 271. Application – Stationary Applications - p. p0375 272. Applications | Overview of Energy Storage Systems - p. p0375 273. Applications – Stationary Applications | Batteries - p. p0375 274. Applications – Stationary Applications | Fuel Cells - Residential - p. p0375 275. Applications – Stationary Applications | Fuel Cells - Larger Size and Hybrids - p. p0375 276. Applications – Stationary Applications | Central Storage - Hydrogen - p. p0375 277. Applications – Stationary Applications | Uninterruptible and Backup Power Supply - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 278. Applications – Stationary Applications | Remote Area Power Supply - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 279. Application – Transportation Applications - p. p0375 280. Applications – Transportation Applications | Electric Vehicles - Batteries - p. p0375 281. Applications – Transportation Applications | Electric Vehicles - Fuel Cells - p. p0375 282. Applications – Transportation Applications | Hybrid Electric Cars - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 283. Applications – Transportation Applications | Hybrid Electric Buses and Trucks - Batteries - p. p0375 284. Applications – Transportation Applications | Electric buses – Fuel cells - p. p0375 285. Applications – Transportation Applications | Light Traction - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 286. Applications – Transportation Applications | Vehicle Batteries - End of Life - p. p0375 287. Applications – Transportation Applications | Material Handling and Forklift Trucks - Batteries - p. p0375 288. Applications – Transportation Applications | Rail Vehicles - Fuel Cells and Batteries - p. p0375 289. Applications – Transportation Applications | Ships - Fuel Cells and Batteries - p. p0375 290. Applications – Transportation Applications | Submersibles - Fuel Cell and Batteries - p. p0375 291. Applications – Transportation Applications | Aviation - Batteries - p. p0375 292. Applications – Transportation Applications | Aviation - Fuel Cells - p. p0375 293. Applications – Transportation Applications | Space - Batteries and Fuel Cells - p. p0375 294. Applications – Transportation Applications | Auxiliary Power Units - Fuel Cells - p. p0375 295. Applications – Transportation Applications | Battery Charging Technologies - p. p0375 296. Applications – Transportation Applications | Hydrogen Refueling Stations - p. p0375 297. Conversion Tables - p. p0375 298. Glossary - p. p0375 299. Index - p. p0375 300. Authors - p. p0375
