This practical guide speaks to two audiences: those who read and those who conduct research. Clinicians are medical detectives by training. For each patient, they assemble clinical clues to establish causes of signs and symptoms. The task involves both clinical acumen and knowledge of medical research. This book helps guide clinicians through this detective work, by enabling them to make sense of research and to review medical literature critically. It will also be invaluable to researchers who conduct clinical research, particularly randomized controlled trials.
Building on previously published, peer-reviewed articles from The Lancet, this handbook is essential for busy clinicians and active researchers interested in research methods.
For this Second Edition, the authors have revised and updated the original 16 chapters and added six new chapters. For busy clinicians and active researchers interested in research methods, this book provides helpful tools to derive satisfaction - indeed, fun - from clinical science.
1. Cover image - p. iv 2. Title page - p. iv 3. Table of Contents - p. iv 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Foreword - p. vii 6. Preface - p. ix 7. Chapter 1: An Overview of Clinical Research: The Lay of the Land - p. x 8. Chapter 2: Descriptive Studies: What They Can and Cannot Do - p. 12 9. Chapter 3: Bias and Causal Associations in Observational Research - p. 24 10. Chapter 4: Cohort Studies: Marching Towards Outcomes - p. 38 11. Chapter 5: Case-Control Studies: Research in Reverse - p. 49 12. Chapter 6: Compared to What? Finding Controls for Case-Control Studies - p. 58 13. Chapter 7: The Limitations of Observational Epidemiology - p. 69 14. Chapter 8: Uses and Abuses of Screening Tests - p. 81 15. Chapter 9: Refining Clinical Diagnosis With Likelihood Ratios - p. 94 16. Chapter 10: Boosting Recruitment to Randomised Controlled Trials - p. 106 17. Chapter 11: Sample Size Calculations in Randomised Trials: Mandatory and Mystical - p. 119 18. Chapter 12: Generation of Allocation Sequences in Randomised Trials: Chance, Not Choice - p. 130 19. Chapter 13: Generation of Allocation Sequences in Non–Double-Blinded Randomised Trials: Guarding Against Guessing - p. 140 20. Chapter 14: Allocation Concealment in Randomised Trials: Defending Against Deciphering - p. 151 21. Chapter 15: Exclusions and Losses in Randomised Trials: Retention of Trial Participants - p. 162 22. Chapter 16: Blinding in Randomised Trials: Hiding Who Got What - p. 172 23. Chapter 17: Implementation of Treatment Blinding in Randomised Trials - p. 182 24. Chapter 18: Surrogate Endpoints and Composite Outcomes: Shortcuts to Unknown Destinations - p. 192 25. Chapter 19: Multiplicity in Randomised Trials I: Endpoints and Treatments - p. 204 26. Chapter 20: Multiplicity in Randomised Trials II: Subgroup and Interim Analyses - p. 214 27. Chapter 21: Conducting a Randomised Trial as Part of a Prospective Meta-Analysis - p. 225 28. Chapter 22: Reporting Studies in Medical Journals: CONSORT and Other Reporting Guidelines - p. 234 29. Index - p. 247
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This practical guide speaks to two audiences: those who read and those who conduct research. Clinicians are medical detectives by training. For each patient, they assemble clinical clues to establish causes of signs and symptoms. The task involves both clinical acumen and knowledge of medical research. This book helps guide clinicians through this detective work, by enabling them to make sense of research and to review medical literature critically. It will also be invaluable to researchers who conduct clinical research, particularly randomized controlled trials.
Building on previously published, peer-reviewed articles from The Lancet, this handbook is essential for busy clinicians and active researchers interested in research methods.
For this Second Edition, the authors have revised and updated the original 16 chapters and added six new chapters. For busy clinicians and active researchers interested in research methods, this book provides helpful tools to derive satisfaction - indeed, fun - from clinical science.
1. Cover image - p. iv 2. Title page - p. iv 3. Table of Contents - p. iv 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Foreword - p. vii 6. Preface - p. ix 7. Chapter 1: An Overview of Clinical Research: The Lay of the Land - p. x 8. Chapter 2: Descriptive Studies: What They Can and Cannot Do - p. 12 9. Chapter 3: Bias and Causal Associations in Observational Research - p. 24 10. Chapter 4: Cohort Studies: Marching Towards Outcomes - p. 38 11. Chapter 5: Case-Control Studies: Research in Reverse - p. 49 12. Chapter 6: Compared to What? Finding Controls for Case-Control Studies - p. 58 13. Chapter 7: The Limitations of Observational Epidemiology - p. 69 14. Chapter 8: Uses and Abuses of Screening Tests - p. 81 15. Chapter 9: Refining Clinical Diagnosis With Likelihood Ratios - p. 94 16. Chapter 10: Boosting Recruitment to Randomised Controlled Trials - p. 106 17. Chapter 11: Sample Size Calculations in Randomised Trials: Mandatory and Mystical - p. 119 18. Chapter 12: Generation of Allocation Sequences in Randomised Trials: Chance, Not Choice - p. 130 19. Chapter 13: Generation of Allocation Sequences in Non–Double-Blinded Randomised Trials: Guarding Against Guessing - p. 140 20. Chapter 14: Allocation Concealment in Randomised Trials: Defending Against Deciphering - p. 151 21. Chapter 15: Exclusions and Losses in Randomised Trials: Retention of Trial Participants - p. 162 22. Chapter 16: Blinding in Randomised Trials: Hiding Who Got What - p. 172 23. Chapter 17: Implementation of Treatment Blinding in Randomised Trials - p. 182 24. Chapter 18: Surrogate Endpoints and Composite Outcomes: Shortcuts to Unknown Destinations - p. 192 25. Chapter 19: Multiplicity in Randomised Trials I: Endpoints and Treatments - p. 204 26. Chapter 20: Multiplicity in Randomised Trials II: Subgroup and Interim Analyses - p. 214 27. Chapter 21: Conducting a Randomised Trial as Part of a Prospective Meta-Analysis - p. 225 28. Chapter 22: Reporting Studies in Medical Journals: CONSORT and Other Reporting Guidelines - p. 234 29. Index - p. 247
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