In 1858, Drs. Henry Gray and Henry Vandyke Carter created a book for their surgical colleagues that established an enduring standard among anatomical texts. After more than 150 years of continuous publication, Gray’s Anatomy remains the definitive, comprehensive reference on the subject, offering ready access to the information you need to ensure safe, effective practice.
This 41st edition has been meticulously revised and updated throughout, reflecting the very latest understanding of clinical anatomy from field leaders around the world. The book’s traditional lavish art programme and clear text have been further honed and enhanced, while major advances in imaging techniques and the new insights they bring are fully captured in new state-of-the-art X-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasonic images.
1. Historical introduction - p. e5 2. Anatomical nomenclature - p. xvi 3. Section 1 Cells, Tissues and Systems - p. 1 4. Chapter 1 Basic structure and function of cells - p. 4 5. Chapter 2 Integrating cells into tissues - p. 28 6. Chapter 3 Nervous system - p. 42 7. Chapter 4 Blood, lymphoid tissues and haemopoiesis - p. 68 8. Chapter 5 Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system - p. 81 9. Cartilage - p. 81 10. Bone - p. 84 11. Joints - p. 96 12. Muscle - p. 103 13. Skeletal Muscle - p. 103 14. Tendons and Ligaments - p. 114 15. Biomechanics - p. 115 16. References - p. 122.e1 17. Chapter 6 Smooth muscle and the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems - p. 123 18. Chapter 7 Skin and its appendages - p. 141 19. Commentaries - p. 161.e1 20. Commentary 1.1 Fluorescence microscopy in cell biology today - p. e10 21. Commentary 1.2 Stem cells in regenerative medicine - p. e13 22. Commentary 1.3 Merkel cells - p. e17 23. Commentary 1.4 Metaplasia - p. e19 24. Commentary 1.5 Electron microscopy in the twenty-first century - p. e21 25. Commentary 1.6 The reaction of peripheral nerves to injury - p. e26 26. Section 2 Embryogenesis - p. 162 27. Chapter 8 Preimplantation development - p. 163 28. Chapter 9 Implantation and placentation - p. 171 29. Chapter 10 Cell populations at gastrulation - p. 181 30. Chapter 11 Embryonic induction and cell division - p. 189 31. Chapter 12 Cell populations at the start of organogenesis - p. 193 32. Chapter 13 Early embryonic circulation - p. 200 33. Chapter 14 Pre- and postnatal development - p. 205 34. Chapter 15 Development of the limbs - p. 218 35. Commentaries - p. 224.e1 36. Commentary 2.1 Human anatomy informatics - p. e32 37. Commentary 2.2 An evolutionary consideration of pharyngeal development - p. e37 38. Section 3 Neuroanatomy - p. 225 39. Chapter 16 Overview of the nervous system - p. 227 40. Chapter 17 Development of the nervous system - p. 238 41. Chapter 18 Ventricular system and subarachnoid space - p. 271 42. Chapter 19 Vascular supply and drainage of the brain - p. 280 43. Chapter 20 Spinal cord - p. 291 44. Chapter 21 Brainstem - p. 309 45. Chapter 22 Cerebellum - p. 331 46. Chapter 23 Diencephalon - p. 350 47. Chapter 24 Basal ganglia - p. 364 48. Chapter 25 Cerebral hemispheres - p. 373 49. Cerebral Hemisphere Surfaces, Sulci and Gyri - p. 373 50. Microstructure of the Cortex - p. 374 51. Cerebral Lobes - p. 374.e1 52. Limbic System - p. 387 53. Olfactory Pathways - p. 390 54. White Matter of the Cerebral Hemispheres - p. 390.e1 55. Overview of Cortical Connectivity - p. 396 56. Cerebral Asymmetry - p. 397 57. Cognitive Functions - p. 396.e1 58. References - p. 398.e1 59. Commentary - p. 398.e2 60. Commentary 3.1 The resting human brain and the predictive potential of the default mode network - p. e39 61. Section 4 Head and Neck - p. 399 62. Chapter 26 Head and neck - p. 404 63. Head and Neck - p. 415.e1 64. Chapter 27 External skull - p. 416 65. Chapter 28 Intracranial region - p. 429 66. Chapter 29 Neck - p. 442 67. Chapter 30 Face and scalp - p. 475 68. Upper Aerodigestive Tract - p. 490 69. Chapter 31 Oral cavity - p. 507 70. Chapter 32 Infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and temporomandibular joint - p. 534 71. Chapter 33 Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses - p. 556 72. Chapter 34 Pharynx - p. 571 73. Chapter 35 Larynx - p. 586 74. Chapter 36 Development of the head and neck - p. 605 75. Special Senses - p. 623.e1 76. Chapter 37 External and middle ear - p. 624 77. Chapter 38 Inner ear - p. 641 78. Chapter 39 Development of the ear - p. 658 79. Chapter 40 Development of the eye - p. 661 80. Chapter 41 Orbit and accessory visual apparatus - p. 666 81. Chapter 42 Eye - p. 686 82. Commentaries - p. 708.e1 83. Commentary 4.1 Surgery of the skull base - p. e43 84. Commentary 4.2 The role of three-dimensional imaging in facial anatomical assessment - p. e45 85. Commentary 4.3 Anatomy of facial ageing - p. e47 86. Section 5 Back - p. 709 87. Chapter 43 Back - p. 710 88. Skin - p. 710 89. Fascial Layers - p. 710 90. Bones - p. 711 91. Ligaments of the Vertebral Column - p. 731 92. Joints - p. 734 93. Muscles - p. 739 94. Movements of the Vertebral Column - p. 745 95. Posture and Ergonomics - p. 747 96. Surface Anatomy - p. 747 97. Clinical Examination - p. 749 98. References - p. 750.e1 99. Chapter 44 Development of the back - p. 751 100. Chapter 45 Spinal cord and spinal nerves - p. 762 101. Commentary - p. 773.e1 102. Commentary 5.1 Minimally invasive surgical corridors to the lumbar spine - p. e52 103. Section 6 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb - p. 774 104. Chapter 46 Pectoral girdle and upper limb - p. 776 105. Chapter 47 Development of the pectoral girdle and upper limb - p. 794 106. Chapter 48 Shoulder girdle and arm - p. 797 107. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 797 108. Bones - p. 800 109. Joints - p. 808 110. Muscles - p. 817 111. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage - p. 826 112. Innervation - p. 829.e1 113. Axilla - p. 833 114. References - p. 836.e1 115. Chapter 49 Elbow and forearm - p. 837 116. Chapter 50 Wrist and hand - p. 862 117. Commentaries - p. 894.e1 118. Commentary 6.1 Injuries of the supraclavicular brachial plexus - p. e54 119. Commentary 6.2 Nerves at risk from musculoskeletal injury - p. e60 120. Commentary 6.3 Thoracic outlet syndromes - p. e63 121. Section 7 Thorax - p. 895 122. Chapter 51 Thorax - p. 898 123. Chapter 52 Development of the thorax - p. 905 124. Chapter 53 Chest wall and breast - p. 931 125. Lungs and Diaphragm - p. 952.e1 126. Chapter 54 Pleura, lungs, trachea and bronchi - p. 953 127. Chapter 55 Diaphragm and phrenic nerves - p. 970 128. Heart and Mediastinum - p. 975.e1 129. Chapter 56 Mediastinum - p. 976 130. Chapter 57 Heart - p. 994 131. Chapter 58 Great vessels - p. 1024 132. Commentaries - p. 1028.e1 133. Commentary 7.1 Technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology - p. e67 134. Commentary 7.2 Endobronchial ultrasound - p. e70 135. Section 8 Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1029 136. Chapter 59 Abdomen and pelvis - p. 1033 137. Chapter 60 Development of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal tract and its adnexae - p. 1048 138. Chapter 61 Anterior abdominal wall - p. 1069 139. Chapter 62 Posterior abdominal wall and retroperitoneum - p. 1083 140. Chapter 63 Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity - p. 1098 141. Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 1110.e1 142. Chapter 64 Abdominal oesophagus and stomach - p. 1111 143. Chapter 65 Small intestine - p. 1124 144. Chapter 66 Large intestine - p. 1136 145. Abdominal Viscera - p. 1159.e3 146. Chapter 67 Liver - p. 1160 147. Chapter 68 Gallbladder and biliary tree - p. 1173 148. Chapter 69 Pancreas - p. 1179 149. Chapter 70 Spleen - p. 1188 150. Chapter 71 Suprarenal (adrenal) gland - p. 1194 151. Urogenital System - p. 1198.e1 152. Chapter 72 Development of the urogenital system - p. 1199 153. Chapter 73 True pelvis, pelvic floor and perineum - p. 1221 154. Chapter 74 Kidney and ureter - p. 1237 155. Chapter 75 Bladder, prostate and urethra - p. 1255 156. Chapter 76 Male reproductive system - p. 1272 157. Chapter 77 Female reproductive system - p. 1288 158. Commentaries - p. 1313.e1 159. Commentary 8.1 The neurovascular bundles of the prostate - p. e72 160. Commentary 8.2 Real-time microscopy of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary–pancreatic system during endoscopy - p. e76 161. Section 9 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb - p. 1314 162. Chapter 78 Pelvic girdle and lower limb - p. 1316 163. Chapter 79 Development of the pelvic girdle and lower limb - p. 1334 164. Chapter 80 Pelvic girdle, gluteal region and thigh - p. 1337 165. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 1337 166. Bones - p. 1339 167. Joints - p. 1354 168. Muscles - p. 1355 169. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage - p. 1367 170. Innervation - p. 1371 171. References - p. 1375.e1 172. Chapter 81 Hip - p. 1376 173. Chapter 82 Knee - p. 1383 174. Chapter 83 Leg - p. 1400 175. Chapter 84 Ankle and foot - p. 1418 176. Commentaries - p. 1451.e2 177. Commentary 9.1 Nerve biomechanics - p. e80 178. Commentary 9.2 Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis - p. e82 179. Commentary 9.3 Articularis genus - p. e84 180. Bibliography of Selected Titles - p. xviii 181. Subject Index - p. 1453 182. Eponyms - p. e87 183. Historical Bibliography - p. e101 184. Bonus Gray's ‘Commentaries’ - p. e234 185. Commentary 7.1 Technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology - p. 1563
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In 1858, Drs. Henry Gray and Henry Vandyke Carter created a book for their surgical colleagues that established an enduring standard among anatomical texts. After more than 150 years of continuous publication, Gray’s Anatomy remains the definitive, comprehensive reference on the subject, offering ready access to the information you need to ensure safe, effective practice.
This 41st edition has been meticulously revised and updated throughout, reflecting the very latest understanding of clinical anatomy from field leaders around the world. The book’s traditional lavish art programme and clear text have been further honed and enhanced, while major advances in imaging techniques and the new insights they bring are fully captured in new state-of-the-art X-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasonic images.
1. Historical introduction - p. e5 2. Anatomical nomenclature - p. xvi 3. Section 1 Cells, Tissues and Systems - p. 1 4. Chapter 1 Basic structure and function of cells - p. 4 5. Chapter 2 Integrating cells into tissues - p. 28 6. Chapter 3 Nervous system - p. 42 7. Chapter 4 Blood, lymphoid tissues and haemopoiesis - p. 68 8. Chapter 5 Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system - p. 81 9. Cartilage - p. 81 10. Bone - p. 84 11. Joints - p. 96 12. Muscle - p. 103 13. Skeletal Muscle - p. 103 14. Tendons and Ligaments - p. 114 15. Biomechanics - p. 115 16. References - p. 122.e1 17. Chapter 6 Smooth muscle and the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems - p. 123 18. Chapter 7 Skin and its appendages - p. 141 19. Commentaries - p. 161.e1 20. Commentary 1.1 Fluorescence microscopy in cell biology today - p. e10 21. Commentary 1.2 Stem cells in regenerative medicine - p. e13 22. Commentary 1.3 Merkel cells - p. e17 23. Commentary 1.4 Metaplasia - p. e19 24. Commentary 1.5 Electron microscopy in the twenty-first century - p. e21 25. Commentary 1.6 The reaction of peripheral nerves to injury - p. e26 26. Section 2 Embryogenesis - p. 162 27. Chapter 8 Preimplantation development - p. 163 28. Chapter 9 Implantation and placentation - p. 171 29. Chapter 10 Cell populations at gastrulation - p. 181 30. Chapter 11 Embryonic induction and cell division - p. 189 31. Chapter 12 Cell populations at the start of organogenesis - p. 193 32. Chapter 13 Early embryonic circulation - p. 200 33. Chapter 14 Pre- and postnatal development - p. 205 34. Chapter 15 Development of the limbs - p. 218 35. Commentaries - p. 224.e1 36. Commentary 2.1 Human anatomy informatics - p. e32 37. Commentary 2.2 An evolutionary consideration of pharyngeal development - p. e37 38. Section 3 Neuroanatomy - p. 225 39. Chapter 16 Overview of the nervous system - p. 227 40. Chapter 17 Development of the nervous system - p. 238 41. Chapter 18 Ventricular system and subarachnoid space - p. 271 42. Chapter 19 Vascular supply and drainage of the brain - p. 280 43. Chapter 20 Spinal cord - p. 291 44. Chapter 21 Brainstem - p. 309 45. Chapter 22 Cerebellum - p. 331 46. Chapter 23 Diencephalon - p. 350 47. Chapter 24 Basal ganglia - p. 364 48. Chapter 25 Cerebral hemispheres - p. 373 49. Cerebral Hemisphere Surfaces, Sulci and Gyri - p. 373 50. Microstructure of the Cortex - p. 374 51. Cerebral Lobes - p. 374.e1 52. Limbic System - p. 387 53. Olfactory Pathways - p. 390 54. White Matter of the Cerebral Hemispheres - p. 390.e1 55. Overview of Cortical Connectivity - p. 396 56. Cerebral Asymmetry - p. 397 57. Cognitive Functions - p. 396.e1 58. References - p. 398.e1 59. Commentary - p. 398.e2 60. Commentary 3.1 The resting human brain and the predictive potential of the default mode network - p. e39 61. Section 4 Head and Neck - p. 399 62. Chapter 26 Head and neck - p. 404 63. Head and Neck - p. 415.e1 64. Chapter 27 External skull - p. 416 65. Chapter 28 Intracranial region - p. 429 66. Chapter 29 Neck - p. 442 67. Chapter 30 Face and scalp - p. 475 68. Upper Aerodigestive Tract - p. 490 69. Chapter 31 Oral cavity - p. 507 70. Chapter 32 Infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and temporomandibular joint - p. 534 71. Chapter 33 Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses - p. 556 72. Chapter 34 Pharynx - p. 571 73. Chapter 35 Larynx - p. 586 74. Chapter 36 Development of the head and neck - p. 605 75. Special Senses - p. 623.e1 76. Chapter 37 External and middle ear - p. 624 77. Chapter 38 Inner ear - p. 641 78. Chapter 39 Development of the ear - p. 658 79. Chapter 40 Development of the eye - p. 661 80. Chapter 41 Orbit and accessory visual apparatus - p. 666 81. Chapter 42 Eye - p. 686 82. Commentaries - p. 708.e1 83. Commentary 4.1 Surgery of the skull base - p. e43 84. Commentary 4.2 The role of three-dimensional imaging in facial anatomical assessment - p. e45 85. Commentary 4.3 Anatomy of facial ageing - p. e47 86. Section 5 Back - p. 709 87. Chapter 43 Back - p. 710 88. Skin - p. 710 89. Fascial Layers - p. 710 90. Bones - p. 711 91. Ligaments of the Vertebral Column - p. 731 92. Joints - p. 734 93. Muscles - p. 739 94. Movements of the Vertebral Column - p. 745 95. Posture and Ergonomics - p. 747 96. Surface Anatomy - p. 747 97. Clinical Examination - p. 749 98. References - p. 750.e1 99. Chapter 44 Development of the back - p. 751 100. Chapter 45 Spinal cord and spinal nerves - p. 762 101. Commentary - p. 773.e1 102. Commentary 5.1 Minimally invasive surgical corridors to the lumbar spine - p. e52 103. Section 6 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb - p. 774 104. Chapter 46 Pectoral girdle and upper limb - p. 776 105. Chapter 47 Development of the pectoral girdle and upper limb - p. 794 106. Chapter 48 Shoulder girdle and arm - p. 797 107. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 797 108. Bones - p. 800 109. Joints - p. 808 110. Muscles - p. 817 111. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage - p. 826 112. Innervation - p. 829.e1 113. Axilla - p. 833 114. References - p. 836.e1 115. Chapter 49 Elbow and forearm - p. 837 116. Chapter 50 Wrist and hand - p. 862 117. Commentaries - p. 894.e1 118. Commentary 6.1 Injuries of the supraclavicular brachial plexus - p. e54 119. Commentary 6.2 Nerves at risk from musculoskeletal injury - p. e60 120. Commentary 6.3 Thoracic outlet syndromes - p. e63 121. Section 7 Thorax - p. 895 122. Chapter 51 Thorax - p. 898 123. Chapter 52 Development of the thorax - p. 905 124. Chapter 53 Chest wall and breast - p. 931 125. Lungs and Diaphragm - p. 952.e1 126. Chapter 54 Pleura, lungs, trachea and bronchi - p. 953 127. Chapter 55 Diaphragm and phrenic nerves - p. 970 128. Heart and Mediastinum - p. 975.e1 129. Chapter 56 Mediastinum - p. 976 130. Chapter 57 Heart - p. 994 131. Chapter 58 Great vessels - p. 1024 132. Commentaries - p. 1028.e1 133. Commentary 7.1 Technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology - p. e67 134. Commentary 7.2 Endobronchial ultrasound - p. e70 135. Section 8 Abdomen and Pelvis - p. 1029 136. Chapter 59 Abdomen and pelvis - p. 1033 137. Chapter 60 Development of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal tract and its adnexae - p. 1048 138. Chapter 61 Anterior abdominal wall - p. 1069 139. Chapter 62 Posterior abdominal wall and retroperitoneum - p. 1083 140. Chapter 63 Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity - p. 1098 141. Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 1110.e1 142. Chapter 64 Abdominal oesophagus and stomach - p. 1111 143. Chapter 65 Small intestine - p. 1124 144. Chapter 66 Large intestine - p. 1136 145. Abdominal Viscera - p. 1159.e3 146. Chapter 67 Liver - p. 1160 147. Chapter 68 Gallbladder and biliary tree - p. 1173 148. Chapter 69 Pancreas - p. 1179 149. Chapter 70 Spleen - p. 1188 150. Chapter 71 Suprarenal (adrenal) gland - p. 1194 151. Urogenital System - p. 1198.e1 152. Chapter 72 Development of the urogenital system - p. 1199 153. Chapter 73 True pelvis, pelvic floor and perineum - p. 1221 154. Chapter 74 Kidney and ureter - p. 1237 155. Chapter 75 Bladder, prostate and urethra - p. 1255 156. Chapter 76 Male reproductive system - p. 1272 157. Chapter 77 Female reproductive system - p. 1288 158. Commentaries - p. 1313.e1 159. Commentary 8.1 The neurovascular bundles of the prostate - p. e72 160. Commentary 8.2 Real-time microscopy of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary–pancreatic system during endoscopy - p. e76 161. Section 9 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb - p. 1314 162. Chapter 78 Pelvic girdle and lower limb - p. 1316 163. Chapter 79 Development of the pelvic girdle and lower limb - p. 1334 164. Chapter 80 Pelvic girdle, gluteal region and thigh - p. 1337 165. Skin and Soft Tissues - p. 1337 166. Bones - p. 1339 167. Joints - p. 1354 168. Muscles - p. 1355 169. Vascular Supply and Lymphatic Drainage - p. 1367 170. Innervation - p. 1371 171. References - p. 1375.e1 172. Chapter 81 Hip - p. 1376 173. Chapter 82 Knee - p. 1383 174. Chapter 83 Leg - p. 1400 175. Chapter 84 Ankle and foot - p. 1418 176. Commentaries - p. 1451.e2 177. Commentary 9.1 Nerve biomechanics - p. e80 178. Commentary 9.2 Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis - p. e82 179. Commentary 9.3 Articularis genus - p. e84 180. Bibliography of Selected Titles - p. xviii 181. Subject Index - p. 1453 182. Eponyms - p. e87 183. Historical Bibliography - p. e101 184. Bonus Gray's ‘Commentaries’ - p. e234 185. Commentary 7.1 Technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology - p. 1563
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