Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics provides a review of the basic anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology of the eye with a focus drug therapy, drug delivery and use of therapeutic medical miniature devices. An understanding of the pharmacological actions of drugs acting on the eye requires the student and health care practitioner to learn additional principles in basic and clinical sciences that are unique to this organ. As a sensory organ, the eye is relatively inaccessible to the systemic circulation due to the blood-vitreous, blood-aqueous and blood-retinal barriers. Consequently, the administration of drugs for therapeutic effects in the eye necessitates an understanding of physico-chemical properties of the molecules and pharmacokinetic principles involved in the access to its site of action via topical, intracameral and intravitreal administration. This book includes information on the general principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs as it pertains to the eye and in combating ocular disorders and diseases. Using a disease-themed approach, the book discusses basic and clinical pharmacological principles involved in the therapy of these diseases including the ocular side effect of systemically-administered drugs, drugs used in ophthalmic surgery and miscellaneous agents, the therapeutic utility of biologics, drug conjugates, combination products, gene and cellular therapy are also covered. Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics is useful as a primary and secondary source of reference for up-to-date information about the pharmacological mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, drug-drug interactions and therapeutic indications of drugs for pharmacologists, pharmaceutical scientists, students in the health care disciplines (nursing, pharmacy, optometry, medical), and practitioners in optometry and ophthalmology.
1. Title of Book - p. i 2. Cover image - p. i 3. Title page - p. ii 4. Table of Contents - p. iii 5. Copyright - p. iv 6. Dedication - p. v 7. List of contributors - p. xvii 8. Preface - p. xxi 9. Acknowledgments - p. xxiii 10. Chapter 1. The eye as a target for drugs and other treatment modalities - p. 1 11. Subchapter 1.2. Ocular biochemistry - p. 17 12. Subchapter 1.3. Physiology - p. 27 13. Subchapter 1.4. Receptors, ion channels, and signal transduction pathways as targets for drug intervention to mitigate ocular diseases - p. 33 14. Chapter 2. Ocular autonomic physiology and pharmacology - p. 55 15. Chapter 3. Ocular drug discovery and development - p. 67 16. Subchapter 3.2. Screening strategies for drug discovery-focus on ocular hypertension - p. 91 17. Subchapter 3.3. Therapeutic modality aspects in safety and efficacy of ocular drugs - p. 119 18. Subchapter 3.4. Investigational new drug-enabling studies for ocular and other therapeutics - p. 131 19. Subchapter 3.5. Preclinical ocular regulatory science—investigational new drug-enabling studies - p. 147 20. Subchapter 3.6. Ocular clinical regulatory sciences - p. 151 21. Chapter 4. Drug formulation, delivery, and ocular pharmacokinetics - p. 155 22. Subchapter 4.2. Ocular pharmacokinetics - p. 179 23. Chapter 5. Pharmaco-devices therapy for glaucoma - p. 221 24. Subchapter 5.2. Various forms of glaucoma and their treatments - p. 251 25. Subchapter 5.3. Glaucoma pharmacology - p. 289 26. Subchapter 5.4. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgical devices - p. 299 27. Subchapter 5.5. Gene therapy for ocular hypertension and glaucoma treatment - p. 309 28. Subchapter 5.6. Retina–brain axis and neuroprotection - p. 317 29. Chapter 6. Pharmacotherapy of retinal diseases - p. 325 30. Subchapter 6.2. Age-related macular degeneration and its treatment options - p. 333 31. Subchapter 6.3. Pharmacotherapy of diabetic retinopathy - p. 343 32. Subchapter 6.4. Inherited retinal dystrophies - p. 357 33. Chapter 7. Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory eye diseases - p. 367 34. Subchapter 7.2. Noninfectious anterior, posterior, and panuveitis and their treatments - p. 389 35. Chapter 8. Etiology and pharmacotherapy of ocular surface allergic diseases - p. 403 36. Chapter 9. Pharmacotherapy of dry eye disease and ocular pain - p. 423 37. Chapter 10. Pharmacotherapies for myopia and ocular refractive errors - p. 447 38. Subchapter 10.2. Cataracts and presbyopia - p. 465 39. Chapter 11. Pharmacotherapy of ocular infectious diseases - p. 483 40. Chapter 12. Ocular side effects of drugs administered systemically for treatment of nonocular diseases - p. 491 41. Chapter 13. Current and emerging techniques/technologies in ocular research and drug/device development - p. 509 42. Subchapter 13.2. Single-cell genetics approach in ophthalmology - p. 529 43. Subchapter 13.3. Muller glia-derived exosomes and their microRNA cargo–potential for glaucoma therapies - p. 543 44. Subchapter 13.4. Genetics and other techniques to create novel animal models for ocular research - p. 561 45. Subchapter 13.5. Imaging of apoptosing retinal cells for early diagnosis - p. 577 46. Subchapter 13.6. Optogenetic approaches to gene therapy for vision restoration in retinal degenerative diseases - p. 581 47. Subchapter 13.7. Multispecific biologics in opthalmology - p. 607 48. Subchapter 13.8. CRISPR–Cas9: current and future utilities in ocular diseases - p. 615 49. Subchapter 13.9. DNA methylation: its role in retinal health and diseases - p. 625 50. Index - p. 637
Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics provides a review of the basic anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology of the eye with a focus drug therapy, drug delivery and use of therapeutic medical miniature devices. An understanding of the pharmacological actions of drugs acting on the eye requires the student and health care practitioner to learn additional principles in basic and clinical sciences that are unique to this organ. As a sensory organ, the eye is relatively inaccessible to the systemic circulation due to the blood-vitreous, blood-aqueous and blood-retinal barriers. Consequently, the administration of drugs for therapeutic effects in the eye necessitates an understanding of physico-chemical properties of the molecules and pharmacokinetic principles involved in the access to its site of action via topical, intracameral and intravitreal administration. This book includes information on the general principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs as it pertains to the eye and in combating ocular disorders and diseases. Using a disease-themed approach, the book discusses basic and clinical pharmacological principles involved in the therapy of these diseases including the ocular side effect of systemically-administered drugs, drugs used in ophthalmic surgery and miscellaneous agents, the therapeutic utility of biologics, drug conjugates, combination products, gene and cellular therapy are also covered. Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics is useful as a primary and secondary source of reference for up-to-date information about the pharmacological mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, drug-drug interactions and therapeutic indications of drugs for pharmacologists, pharmaceutical scientists, students in the health care disciplines (nursing, pharmacy, optometry, medical), and practitioners in optometry and ophthalmology.
1. Title of Book - p. i 2. Cover image - p. i 3. Title page - p. ii 4. Table of Contents - p. iii 5. Copyright - p. iv 6. Dedication - p. v 7. List of contributors - p. xvii 8. Preface - p. xxi 9. Acknowledgments - p. xxiii 10. Chapter 1. The eye as a target for drugs and other treatment modalities - p. 1 11. Subchapter 1.2. Ocular biochemistry - p. 17 12. Subchapter 1.3. Physiology - p. 27 13. Subchapter 1.4. Receptors, ion channels, and signal transduction pathways as targets for drug intervention to mitigate ocular diseases - p. 33 14. Chapter 2. Ocular autonomic physiology and pharmacology - p. 55 15. Chapter 3. Ocular drug discovery and development - p. 67 16. Subchapter 3.2. Screening strategies for drug discovery-focus on ocular hypertension - p. 91 17. Subchapter 3.3. Therapeutic modality aspects in safety and efficacy of ocular drugs - p. 119 18. Subchapter 3.4. Investigational new drug-enabling studies for ocular and other therapeutics - p. 131 19. Subchapter 3.5. Preclinical ocular regulatory science—investigational new drug-enabling studies - p. 147 20. Subchapter 3.6. Ocular clinical regulatory sciences - p. 151 21. Chapter 4. Drug formulation, delivery, and ocular pharmacokinetics - p. 155 22. Subchapter 4.2. Ocular pharmacokinetics - p. 179 23. Chapter 5. Pharmaco-devices therapy for glaucoma - p. 221 24. Subchapter 5.2. Various forms of glaucoma and their treatments - p. 251 25. Subchapter 5.3. Glaucoma pharmacology - p. 289 26. Subchapter 5.4. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgical devices - p. 299 27. Subchapter 5.5. Gene therapy for ocular hypertension and glaucoma treatment - p. 309 28. Subchapter 5.6. Retina–brain axis and neuroprotection - p. 317 29. Chapter 6. Pharmacotherapy of retinal diseases - p. 325 30. Subchapter 6.2. Age-related macular degeneration and its treatment options - p. 333 31. Subchapter 6.3. Pharmacotherapy of diabetic retinopathy - p. 343 32. Subchapter 6.4. Inherited retinal dystrophies - p. 357 33. Chapter 7. Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory eye diseases - p. 367 34. Subchapter 7.2. Noninfectious anterior, posterior, and panuveitis and their treatments - p. 389 35. Chapter 8. Etiology and pharmacotherapy of ocular surface allergic diseases - p. 403 36. Chapter 9. Pharmacotherapy of dry eye disease and ocular pain - p. 423 37. Chapter 10. Pharmacotherapies for myopia and ocular refractive errors - p. 447 38. Subchapter 10.2. Cataracts and presbyopia - p. 465 39. Chapter 11. Pharmacotherapy of ocular infectious diseases - p. 483 40. Chapter 12. Ocular side effects of drugs administered systemically for treatment of nonocular diseases - p. 491 41. Chapter 13. Current and emerging techniques/technologies in ocular research and drug/device development - p. 509 42. Subchapter 13.2. Single-cell genetics approach in ophthalmology - p. 529 43. Subchapter 13.3. Muller glia-derived exosomes and their microRNA cargo–potential for glaucoma therapies - p. 543 44. Subchapter 13.4. Genetics and other techniques to create novel animal models for ocular research - p. 561 45. Subchapter 13.5. Imaging of apoptosing retinal cells for early diagnosis - p. 577 46. Subchapter 13.6. Optogenetic approaches to gene therapy for vision restoration in retinal degenerative diseases - p. 581 47. Subchapter 13.7. Multispecific biologics in opthalmology - p. 607 48. Subchapter 13.8. CRISPR–Cas9: current and future utilities in ocular diseases - p. 615 49. Subchapter 13.9. DNA methylation: its role in retinal health and diseases - p. 625 50. Index - p. 637
