Handbook of Plasticizers, Third Edition, is an essential professional reference, providing information that enables R&D scientists, production chemists, and engineers the information they need to use plasticizers more effectively, and to avoid certain plasticizers in applications where they may cause health or material durability problems. Plasticizers are vital to the plastics industry, particularly in improving the properties of materials such as PVC. Plasticizers are commonly added to complex mixtures containing a variety of materials, so successful incorporation requires a broad understanding of the mechanisms of plasticizer action, and compatibility with different materials and blends. There is a large selection of commercial plasticizers, and various environmental issues which impact on selection decisions.
The book discusses new and historical approaches to the use of plasticizers, explaining mechanisms of plasticizers' action and their behavior in plasticized systems. It goes into detail on the use of plasticizers in a range of specific polymers, polymer blends, and other industrial products. This includes coverage of the impact of plasticizers on processing. George Wypych provides the data and know-how from the most recent sources and updated information required by engineers and scientists working in the plastics industry and the many industry sectors that use plastics in their products. The book covers the uses, advantages, and disadvantages of plasticizers, historical and theoretical background, their effects on process conditions, and health, safety, and environmental issues.
1. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION - p. iii 2. Chapter 2: PLASTICIZER TYPES - p. 6 3. 2.1 INTRODUCTION - p. 6 4. 2.2 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTICIZERS - p. 11 5. 2.3 METHODS OF SYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 72 6. 2.4 REACTIVE PLASTICIZERS AND INTERNAL PLASTICIZATION - p. 78 7. Chapter 3: TYPICAL METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 84 8. Chapter 4: TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE - p. 109 9. Chapter 5: MECHANISMS OF PLASTICIZERS ACTION - p. 117 10. Chapter 6: THEORIES OF COMPATIBILITY - p. 134 11. Chapter 7: PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DIFFUSION - p. 164 12. Chapter 8: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER COMPONENTS OF FORMULATION - p. 186 13. Chapter 9: PLASTICIZATION STEPS - p. 194 14. Chapter 10: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS - p. 208 15. 10.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - p. 208 16. 10.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES - p. 219 17. 10.3 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES - p. 222 18. 10.4 GLOSS - p. 224 19. 10.5 SOUND - p. 225 20. 10.6 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES - p. 226 21. 10.7 MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES - p. 236 22. 10.8 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES - p. 237 23. 10.9 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF POLYMERS - p. 242 24. 10.10 FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE FORMATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 254 25. 10.11 THERMAL DEGRADATION - p. 258 26. 10.12 EFFECT OF UV AND IONIZED RADIATION ON PLASTICIZED MATERIALS - p. 268 27. 10.13 HYDROLYSIS - p. 272 28. 10.14 BIODEGRADATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 273 29. 10.15 CRYSTALLIZATION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION OF MACROMOLECULES - p. 277 30. 10.16 MORPHOLOGY - p. 281 31. 10.17 PLASTICIZER EFFECT ON CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIALS - p. 282 32. 10.18 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON SWELLING OF CROSSLINKED ELASTOMERS - p. 285 33. 10.19 THE SWELLING OF NANO-HETEROGENEOUS COATINGS IN PLASTICIZERS - p. 302 34. 10.20 PECULIARITIES OF PLASTICIZATION OF POLYURETHANES BY BINARY PLASTICIZERS - p. 307 35. 10.21 STABILITY OF PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED POLYETHERURETHANE IN A HUMID MEDIUM - p. 313 36. 10.22 FUSIBLE DIURETHANE PLASTICIZERS FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE COMPOSITES - p. 318 37. 10.23 DETERMINATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF PLASTICIZER IN POLYMER - p. 322 38. 10.24 SELF-HEALING - p. 325 39. 10.25 SHRINKAGE - p. 326 40. 10.26 SOILING - p. 327 41. 10.27 FREE VOLUME - p. 328 42. 10.28 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER PROPERTIES - p. 329 43. Chapter 11: PLASTICIZERS USE AND SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC POLYMERS - p. 332 44. 11.1 ABS - p. 333 45. 11.2 ACRYLICS - p. 335 46. 11.3 BROMOBUTYL RUBBER - p. 339 47. 11.4 BUTYL TERPOLYMER - p. 340 48. 11.5 CELLULOSE ACETATE - p. 341 49. 11.6 CELLULOSE BUTYRATES AND PROPIONATES - p. 345 50. 11.7 CELLULOSE NITRATE - p. 348 51. 11.8 CHITOSAN - p. 350 52. 11.9 CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE - p. 352 53. 11.10 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE - p. 354 54. 11.11 COPOLYMERS - p. 356 55. 11.12 CYANOACRYLATES - p. 359 56. 11.13 ETHYLCELLULOSE - p. 360 57. 11.14 EPOXY RESIN - p. 362 58. 11.15 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE COPOLYMER, EPDM - p. 364 59. 11.16 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, EVA - p. 366 60. 11.17 IONOMERS - p. 368 61. 11.18 NITRILE RUBBER - p. 372 62. 11.19 PERFLUOROPOLYMERS - p. 374 63. 11.20 POLYACRYLONITRILE - p. 375 64. 11.21 POLYAMIDE - p. 376 65. 11.22 POLYAMINE - p. 379 66. 11.23 POLYANILINE - p. 381 67. 11.24 POLYBUTADIENE - p. 382 68. 11.25 POLYBUTYLENE - p. 383 69. 11.26 POLY(BUTYL METHACRYLATE) - p. 384 70. 11.27 POLYCARBONATE - p. 385 71. 11.28 POLYESTER - p. 387 72. 11.29 POLYETHERIMIDE - p. 390 73. 11.30 POLYETHYLACRYLATE - p. 392 74. 11.31 POLYETHYLENE - p. 393 75. 11.32 POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) - p. 395 76. 11.33 POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) - p. 397 77. 11.34 POLYISOBUTYLENE - p. 399 78. 11.35 POLYISOPRENE - p. 400 79. 11.36 POLYIMIDE - p. 402 80. 11.37 POLYLACTIDE - p. 404 81. 11.38 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE - p. 409 82. 11.39 POLYPROPYLENE - p. 410 83. 11.40 POLY(PROPYLENE CARBONATE) - p. 412 84. 11.41 POLY(N-VINYLCARBAZOLE) - p. 414 85. 11.42 POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE) - p. 415 86. 11.43 POLY(PHENYLENE ETHER) - p. 417 87. 11.44 POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE) - p. 418 88. 11.45 POLYSTYRENE - p. 419 89. 11.46 POLYSULFIDE - p. 421 90. 11.47 POLYSULFONE - p. 422 91. 11.49 POLYVINYLACETATE - p. 432 92. 11.50 POLYVINYLALCOHOL - p. 436 93. 11.51 POLYVINYLBUTYRAL - p. 438 94. 11.52 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE - p. 441 95. 11.53 POLYVINYLFLUORIDE - p. 459 96. 11.54 POLYVINYLIDENEFLUORIDE - p. 462 97. 11.55 POLYVINYLIDENECHLORIDE - p. 463 98. 11.56 PROTEINS - p. 464 99. 11.57 RUBBER, NATURAL - p. 466 100. 11.58 SILICONE - p. 469 101. 11.59 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER - p. 473 102. 11.60 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER - p. 475 103. 11.61 STARCH - p. 477 104. Chapter 12: PLASTICIZERS IN POLYMER BLENDS - p. 483 105. Chapter 13: PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS - p. 493 106. 13.1 ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS - p. 495 107. 13.2 AEROSPACE - p. 507 108. 13.3 AGRICULTURE - p. 509 109. 13.4 AUTOMOTIVE - p. 510 110. 13.5 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS - p. 513 111. 13.6 COATED FABRICS - p. 516 112. 13.7 COMPOSITES - p. 520 113. 13.8 COSMETICS - p. 522 114. 13.9 CULTURAL HERITAGE - p. 525 115. 13.10 DENTAL MATERIALS - p. 528 116. 13.11 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS - p. 530 117. 13.12 FIBERS - p. 534 118. 13.13 FILM - p. 536 119. 13.14 FOOD - p. 538 120. 13.15 FLOORING - p. 545 121. 13.16 FOAMS - p. 547 122. 13.17 FOOTWEAR - p. 551 123. 13.18 FUEL CELLS - p. 553 124. 13.19 GASKETS - p. 555 125. 13.20 HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS - p. 557 126. 13.21 INKS, VARNISHES, AND LACQUERS - p. 558 127. 13.22 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS - p. 559 128. 13.23 MEMBRANES - p. 566 129. 13.24 MICROSPHERES - p. 568 130. 13.25 PAINTS AND COATINGS - p. 570 131. 13.26 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS - p. 573 132. 13.27 PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS - p. 579 133. 13.28 PIPES - p. 582 134. 13.29 ROOFING MATERIALS - p. 584 135. 13.30 TIRES - p. 587 136. 13.32 TUBING - p. 597 137. 13.33 WIRE AND CABLE - p. 599 138. Chapter 14: PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS PROCESSING METHODS - p. 606 139. Chapter 15: SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL METHODS IN PLASTICIZER TESTING - p. 659 140. Chapter 16: MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN APPLICATION TO PLASTICIZERS - p. 669 141. Chapter 17: HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH PLASTICIZERS AND PLASTICIZED MATERIALS - p. 679 142. ADDENDUM - p. 739 143. Chapter 18: THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 743 144. Chapter 19: REGULATIONS AND DATA - p. 771 145. Chapter 20: PERSONAL PROTECTION - p. 788 146. Chapter 21: PLASTICIZER RECOVERY & RECYCLING - p. 796 147. INDEX - p. 802
Handbook of Plasticizers, Third Edition, is an essential professional reference, providing information that enables R&D scientists, production chemists, and engineers the information they need to use plasticizers more effectively, and to avoid certain plasticizers in applications where they may cause health or material durability problems. Plasticizers are vital to the plastics industry, particularly in improving the properties of materials such as PVC. Plasticizers are commonly added to complex mixtures containing a variety of materials, so successful incorporation requires a broad understanding of the mechanisms of plasticizer action, and compatibility with different materials and blends. There is a large selection of commercial plasticizers, and various environmental issues which impact on selection decisions.
The book discusses new and historical approaches to the use of plasticizers, explaining mechanisms of plasticizers' action and their behavior in plasticized systems. It goes into detail on the use of plasticizers in a range of specific polymers, polymer blends, and other industrial products. This includes coverage of the impact of plasticizers on processing. George Wypych provides the data and know-how from the most recent sources and updated information required by engineers and scientists working in the plastics industry and the many industry sectors that use plastics in their products. The book covers the uses, advantages, and disadvantages of plasticizers, historical and theoretical background, their effects on process conditions, and health, safety, and environmental issues.
1. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION - p. iii 2. Chapter 2: PLASTICIZER TYPES - p. 6 3. 2.1 INTRODUCTION - p. 6 4. 2.2 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTICIZERS - p. 11 5. 2.3 METHODS OF SYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 72 6. 2.4 REACTIVE PLASTICIZERS AND INTERNAL PLASTICIZATION - p. 78 7. Chapter 3: TYPICAL METHODS OF QUALITY CONTROL OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 84 8. Chapter 4: TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE - p. 109 9. Chapter 5: MECHANISMS OF PLASTICIZERS ACTION - p. 117 10. Chapter 6: THEORIES OF COMPATIBILITY - p. 134 11. Chapter 7: PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DIFFUSION - p. 164 12. Chapter 8: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER COMPONENTS OF FORMULATION - p. 186 13. Chapter 9: PLASTICIZATION STEPS - p. 194 14. Chapter 10: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS - p. 208 15. 10.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - p. 208 16. 10.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES - p. 219 17. 10.3 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES - p. 222 18. 10.4 GLOSS - p. 224 19. 10.5 SOUND - p. 225 20. 10.6 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES - p. 226 21. 10.7 MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES - p. 236 22. 10.8 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES - p. 237 23. 10.9 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF POLYMERS - p. 242 24. 10.10 FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE FORMATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 254 25. 10.11 THERMAL DEGRADATION - p. 258 26. 10.12 EFFECT OF UV AND IONIZED RADIATION ON PLASTICIZED MATERIALS - p. 268 27. 10.13 HYDROLYSIS - p. 272 28. 10.14 BIODEGRADATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 273 29. 10.15 CRYSTALLIZATION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION OF MACROMOLECULES - p. 277 30. 10.16 MORPHOLOGY - p. 281 31. 10.17 PLASTICIZER EFFECT ON CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIALS - p. 282 32. 10.18 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON SWELLING OF CROSSLINKED ELASTOMERS - p. 285 33. 10.19 THE SWELLING OF NANO-HETEROGENEOUS COATINGS IN PLASTICIZERS - p. 302 34. 10.20 PECULIARITIES OF PLASTICIZATION OF POLYURETHANES BY BINARY PLASTICIZERS - p. 307 35. 10.21 STABILITY OF PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED POLYETHERURETHANE IN A HUMID MEDIUM - p. 313 36. 10.22 FUSIBLE DIURETHANE PLASTICIZERS FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE COMPOSITES - p. 318 37. 10.23 DETERMINATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF PLASTICIZER IN POLYMER - p. 322 38. 10.24 SELF-HEALING - p. 325 39. 10.25 SHRINKAGE - p. 326 40. 10.26 SOILING - p. 327 41. 10.27 FREE VOLUME - p. 328 42. 10.28 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON OTHER PROPERTIES - p. 329 43. Chapter 11: PLASTICIZERS USE AND SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC POLYMERS - p. 332 44. 11.1 ABS - p. 333 45. 11.2 ACRYLICS - p. 335 46. 11.3 BROMOBUTYL RUBBER - p. 339 47. 11.4 BUTYL TERPOLYMER - p. 340 48. 11.5 CELLULOSE ACETATE - p. 341 49. 11.6 CELLULOSE BUTYRATES AND PROPIONATES - p. 345 50. 11.7 CELLULOSE NITRATE - p. 348 51. 11.8 CHITOSAN - p. 350 52. 11.9 CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE - p. 352 53. 11.10 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE - p. 354 54. 11.11 COPOLYMERS - p. 356 55. 11.12 CYANOACRYLATES - p. 359 56. 11.13 ETHYLCELLULOSE - p. 360 57. 11.14 EPOXY RESIN - p. 362 58. 11.15 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE COPOLYMER, EPDM - p. 364 59. 11.16 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, EVA - p. 366 60. 11.17 IONOMERS - p. 368 61. 11.18 NITRILE RUBBER - p. 372 62. 11.19 PERFLUOROPOLYMERS - p. 374 63. 11.20 POLYACRYLONITRILE - p. 375 64. 11.21 POLYAMIDE - p. 376 65. 11.22 POLYAMINE - p. 379 66. 11.23 POLYANILINE - p. 381 67. 11.24 POLYBUTADIENE - p. 382 68. 11.25 POLYBUTYLENE - p. 383 69. 11.26 POLY(BUTYL METHACRYLATE) - p. 384 70. 11.27 POLYCARBONATE - p. 385 71. 11.28 POLYESTER - p. 387 72. 11.29 POLYETHERIMIDE - p. 390 73. 11.30 POLYETHYLACRYLATE - p. 392 74. 11.31 POLYETHYLENE - p. 393 75. 11.32 POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) - p. 395 76. 11.33 POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) - p. 397 77. 11.34 POLYISOBUTYLENE - p. 399 78. 11.35 POLYISOPRENE - p. 400 79. 11.36 POLYIMIDE - p. 402 80. 11.37 POLYLACTIDE - p. 404 81. 11.38 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE - p. 409 82. 11.39 POLYPROPYLENE - p. 410 83. 11.40 POLY(PROPYLENE CARBONATE) - p. 412 84. 11.41 POLY(N-VINYLCARBAZOLE) - p. 414 85. 11.42 POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE) - p. 415 86. 11.43 POLY(PHENYLENE ETHER) - p. 417 87. 11.44 POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE) - p. 418 88. 11.45 POLYSTYRENE - p. 419 89. 11.46 POLYSULFIDE - p. 421 90. 11.47 POLYSULFONE - p. 422 91. 11.49 POLYVINYLACETATE - p. 432 92. 11.50 POLYVINYLALCOHOL - p. 436 93. 11.51 POLYVINYLBUTYRAL - p. 438 94. 11.52 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE - p. 441 95. 11.53 POLYVINYLFLUORIDE - p. 459 96. 11.54 POLYVINYLIDENEFLUORIDE - p. 462 97. 11.55 POLYVINYLIDENECHLORIDE - p. 463 98. 11.56 PROTEINS - p. 464 99. 11.57 RUBBER, NATURAL - p. 466 100. 11.58 SILICONE - p. 469 101. 11.59 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER - p. 473 102. 11.60 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER - p. 475 103. 11.61 STARCH - p. 477 104. Chapter 12: PLASTICIZERS IN POLYMER BLENDS - p. 483 105. Chapter 13: PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS - p. 493 106. 13.1 ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS - p. 495 107. 13.2 AEROSPACE - p. 507 108. 13.3 AGRICULTURE - p. 509 109. 13.4 AUTOMOTIVE - p. 510 110. 13.5 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS - p. 513 111. 13.6 COATED FABRICS - p. 516 112. 13.7 COMPOSITES - p. 520 113. 13.8 COSMETICS - p. 522 114. 13.9 CULTURAL HERITAGE - p. 525 115. 13.10 DENTAL MATERIALS - p. 528 116. 13.11 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS - p. 530 117. 13.12 FIBERS - p. 534 118. 13.13 FILM - p. 536 119. 13.14 FOOD - p. 538 120. 13.15 FLOORING - p. 545 121. 13.16 FOAMS - p. 547 122. 13.17 FOOTWEAR - p. 551 123. 13.18 FUEL CELLS - p. 553 124. 13.19 GASKETS - p. 555 125. 13.20 HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS - p. 557 126. 13.21 INKS, VARNISHES, AND LACQUERS - p. 558 127. 13.22 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS - p. 559 128. 13.23 MEMBRANES - p. 566 129. 13.24 MICROSPHERES - p. 568 130. 13.25 PAINTS AND COATINGS - p. 570 131. 13.26 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS - p. 573 132. 13.27 PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS - p. 579 133. 13.28 PIPES - p. 582 134. 13.29 ROOFING MATERIALS - p. 584 135. 13.30 TIRES - p. 587 136. 13.32 TUBING - p. 597 137. 13.33 WIRE AND CABLE - p. 599 138. Chapter 14: PLASTICIZERS IN VARIOUS PROCESSING METHODS - p. 606 139. Chapter 15: SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL METHODS IN PLASTICIZER TESTING - p. 659 140. Chapter 16: MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN APPLICATION TO PLASTICIZERS - p. 669 141. Chapter 17: HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH PLASTICIZERS AND PLASTICIZED MATERIALS - p. 679 142. ADDENDUM - p. 739 143. Chapter 18: THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF PLASTICIZERS - p. 743 144. Chapter 19: REGULATIONS AND DATA - p. 771 145. Chapter 20: PERSONAL PROTECTION - p. 788 146. Chapter 21: PLASTICIZER RECOVERY & RECYCLING - p. 796 147. INDEX - p. 802
