Handbook of Thermoset Plastics, Fourth Edition provides complete coverage of the chemical processes, manufacturing techniques and design properties of each polymer, along with its applications. This new edition has been expanded to include the latest developments in the field, with new chapters on radiation curing, biological adhesives, vitrimers, and 3D printing. This detailed handbook considers the practical implications of using thermoset plastics and the relationships between processing, properties and applications, as well as analyzing the strengths and weakness of different methods and applications.
The aim of the book is to help the reader to make the right decision and take the correct action on the basis of informed analysis – avoiding the pitfalls the authors’ experience has uncovered. In industry, the book supports engineers, scientists, manufacturers and R&D professionals working with plastics. The information included will also be of interest to researchers and advanced students in plastics engineering, polymer chemistry, adhesives and coatings.
1. Chapter 1 Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2 Phenol-formaldehyde resins - p. 13 3. Chapter 3 Polybenzoxazines: recent advances - p. 41 4. Chapter 4 Aminoresins - p. 65 5. Chapter 5 Furan resins - p. 83 6. Chapter 6 Unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters - p. 97 7. Unsaturated polyesters - p. 97 8. Vinyl ester resins - p. 111 9. Compounding of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins - p. 114 10. Property modification of unsaturated polyesters - p. 121 11. Manufacturing processes for unsaturated ester and vinyl ester composites - p. 134 12. Other processes and applications of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins - p. 144 13. Recent developments - p. 148 14. Chapter 7 Allyls - p. 159 15. Chapter 8 Epoxies - p. 175 16. Introduction - p. 175 17. History - p. 175 18. Basic chemistry and some general remarks - p. 176 19. Detailed chemistry - p. 176 20. Characterization of epoxies - p. 199 21. Applications - p. 219 22. Chapter 9 Polyurethanes - p. 231 23. Chapter 10 High-performance aromatic polyimides, fluoropolyimides, and other high-temperature-resistant thermoset polymers - p. 263 24. Subchapter 10.1 Research and development of high-performance polymeric materials including polyimides and fluoro-polyimides and their industrialized products - p. 266 25. Summary - p. 266 26. Keywords - p. 266 27. Introduction - p. 266 28. Chemical imidization reaction - p. 284 29. Characterization of polyimides - p. 294 30. Applications of polyimides - p. 306 31. Fluoro polyimide-based separation membrane technology - p. 308 32. Applicability of resin transfer molding processing - p. 313 33. Galvanic corrosion resistance of polyimide composites - p. 315 34. High-performance polymers for lightning strike protection - p. 318 35. Subchapter 10.2 Polyimides, fluoro-polyimides, fluoro-poly(ether imide), fluoro-poly(ether amide) and fluoro-poly(ether amide-imide), and their copolymers: designing “molecular architectures” of next-generation of advanced high-performance and thermomechanically stable polymers and copolymers from commercially available and specially designed monomers - p. 326 36. Summary - p. 326 37. Keywords - p. 327 38. Designing novel fluoro polyimides and copolyimdes - p. 327 39. Classes of polyimides - p. 351 40. Thermoplastic polyimides - p. 354 41. Soluble fully imidized fluorinated polyimides - p. 362 42. Fluoro polyimides and fluoro copolyimdes - p. 365 43. Fluoro poly(ether-imides) [6F-PEI] and copoly(ether-imides) [6F-CoPEI] - p. 397 44. Fluoro poly(ether-amides) [6F-PEA], Fluoro Polyether(amide-imides) [6F-PEAI], fluoro CoPoly (ether-amides) [6F-CoPEA], Fluoro CoPolyether (amide-imides) [6F-CoPEAI], etc. polymers - p. 426 45. Subchapter 10.3 Addition-curable polyimides, fluoropolyimides, and other polymers: their structural characteristics, cross-linking mechanisms, and high-tech applications - p. 455 46. Summary - p. 455 47. Keywords - p. 455 48. Addition-curable polyimides and other polymers - p. 455 49. Nadimide-terminated thermoset polyimides - p. 456 50. Maleimide-terminated thermoset polyimides - p. 463 51. Cyanate-terminated thermoset polymers - p. 467 52. Thermoset resins based on phthalonitrile - p. 471 53. Acetylene-terminated thermoset polymers - p. 474 54. Propargyl-terminated oligomers - p. 487 55. Phenylethynyl-terminated thermoset polymers - p. 487 56. Ultrahigh-temperature-resistant polymers - p. 493 57. Chemical structures suitable for ultrahigh temperature use - p. 494 58. Novel cross–linking mechanisms for stability at ultrahigh temperatures - p. 500 59. Thermosets as dielectric interlayers in integrated circuit fabrication - p. 506 60. Subchapter 10.4 Research and development of high-performance and thermomechanically stable Ceramer (polymers–ceramic composites materials) and 'CeramImide' nanocomposites material formulations based on fluoro-polyimides for the advanced industrial applications - p. 517 61. Summary - p. 517 62. Keywords - p. 518 63. Polymer–ceramic materials (ceramers) - p. 518 64. Fluoro polyimides/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites (CeramImides) - p. 521 65. CeramImide materials: montmorillonite clays incorporated fluoro poly(ether imides) nanocomposites - p. 521 66. Composite materials - p. 521 67. Macrocomposite materials - p. 522 68. Microcomposite materials - p. 522 69. Nanohybrid materials - p. 522 70. Nanocomposite materials - p. 522 71. Naturally occurring silicate nanomaterials - p. 523 72. Montomorrilonite nanoclays - p. 523 73. Sodium montmorillonite clay - p. 524 74. Monomers - p. 525 75. Functionalization/modification of montmorillonite nanoclays surface by ion-exchanges - p. 525 76. Fluoro-poly(ether-imides) [6F-PEI]/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites - p. 526 77. Preparation of fluoro-poly(ether imide)[6F-PEI]/montmorillonite clay CeramImide materials - p. 528 78. Ion-exchanged montmorillonite clays - p. 529 79. Application of intermittent ultrasonication treatment for intercalation of polymers within the nanoclays tectoids and eventual exfoliation and uniform dispersion of nano clay platelets/lamellae in polymer/nano clay nanocomposite formulation - p. 529 80. Critical importance of ultrasonication for preparation of polymer/nano clay nanocomposite formulations - p. 530 81. Scaning electron micrography analysis of pristine sodium-montomorillonite nanoclays - p. 536 82. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of virgin ultra-pure Kunupia-F clay (sodium-montmorillonite) nanoclays - p. 537 83. Ion-exchanged montmorillonite clay suspension - p. 539 84. Synthesis of master batch of fluoro-polyether (amic acid) [6F-PEAA] solution - p. 540 85. Fluoro-polyether (amic acid) [6F-PAA]/montmorillonite clay nanocomposite formulations - p. 541 86. Preparation of [6FDA + 1,2’-bis(4-aminophenoxy) benzene] fluoro-polyether (amic acid) [6F-PEAA]/organo-soluble montmorillonite clay nanocomposite formulations - p. 541 87. Recipe of fluoro-polyether(amic acids)[6F-PEAA]/organo-soluble montmorillonite clay nanocomposite formulations No. 1 to 6 - p. 541 88. Fabrication of poly(ether imide), fluoro-poly(ether imide), and fluoro-poly(ether imide)/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites films - p. 542 89. Characterization and properties of fluoro-poly(ether imide) [6F-PEI]/montmorillonite clay nanocomposite films - p. 545 90. Viscosity and/or molecular weights of fluoro-polyether (amic acid) and fluoro-poly(ether imide) - p. 545 91. Solubility of fluoro-poly(ether imides) [6F-PEI] and fluoro-poly(ether imides) [6F-PEI]/MMT clay CeramImide materials - p. 548 92. Melt viscosity of solid fluoro-poly(ether imide)s - p. 549 93. Morphology of solid [6FDA + o-BAPOB] and [6FDA + p-SED] fluoro-poly(ether imide) [6F-PEI] polymers - p. 549 94. X-ray-diffraction analysis of Kunipia-F montmorillonite clay, di-ether diamine-modified (i.e., organo-modified) montmorillonite clays and fluoro-poly(ether imide) [6F-PEI]/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites (i.e., CeramImide) materials - p. 550 95. Mechanical properties - p. 551 96. Thermal properties - p. 552 97. Thermal stability - p. 554 98. Thermal degradation kinetics study - p. 554 99. Thermooxidative stability - p. 558 100. Thermomechanical properties - p. 558 101. Coefficient of thermal expansion - p. 558 102. Hydrolytic stability - p. 563 103. Electrical properties - p. 563 104. Surface properties - p. 564 105. One-liquid method - p. 565 106. Two-liquid geometric method - p. 566 107. Future scope for the advanced high-performance and high-temperature stable polyimide based composites and nanocomposites (CeramImides) research, technology development and industrialization (RTDI) activities - p. 569 108. Chapter 11 Cyanate ester resins - p. 587 109. Chapter 12 Maleimide based Alder-ene thermosets: recent advances - p. 619 110. Chapter 13 Silicones - p. 659 111. Chapter 14 Thermosets from renewable sources - p. 679 112. Chapter 15 Cross-linked thermoplastics - p. 719 113. Chapter 16 Thermosets based on reversible covalent bonds (Vitrimers) - p. 757 114. Introduction - p. 757 115. Polymerization and synthesis of reversible covalent bonds containing polymers - p. 758 116. Rheology, kinetics, and processing methods - p. 781 117. Mechanical properties, utilization and industrial applications - p. 791 118. Summary and conclusions - p. 797 119. Chapter 17 Thermosetting polymer based syntactic foams: an overview - p. 801 120. Chapter 18 Nanotechnology-based thermosets - p. 833 121. Introduction - p. 833 122. Nanoclays - p. 834 123. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes - p. 846 124. Nanosilica - p. 853 125. Carbon nanotubes - p. 860 126. Graphene and expanded graphite - p. 869 127. Tungsten disulfide - p. 877 128. Chapter 19 Radiation curing thermosets - p. 891 129. Chapter 20 Dual-curing thermosets - p. 917 130. Chapter 21 Synthetic applications of click chemistry in thermosetting block and graft polymers - p. 931 131. Chapter 22 Self-healing thermosets - p. 953 132. Introduction - p. 953 133. Basic strategies in self-healing - p. 954 134. Selected analytical techniques to evaluate self-healing efficiency - p. 958 135. Extrinsic self-healing of thermoset systems: the “additive” approach - p. 976 136. Intrinsic self-healing of thermoset systems: the “chemical design” approach - p. 995 137. Summary - p. 1006 138. Chapter 23 3D printing - p. 1021 139. Chapter 24 Processing and process control - p. 1045 140. Introduction - p. 1045 141. Processing of monomers: online monitoring of resin synthesis - p. 1047 142. Optical spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy - p. 1049 143. Processing of prepolymers: online monitoring of resin flow and resin cure during composite manufacture - p. 1052 144. Processing of prepolymers: selected atline and offline methods for resin cure modeling - p. 1059 145. Recent trends - p. 1061 146. Batch modeling - p. 1061 147. Prescriptive analytics - p. 1063 148. Index - p. 1071 149. Index - Continued - p. 1080 150. Index - Continued - p. 1088
Handbook of Thermoset Plastics, Fourth Edition provides complete coverage of the chemical processes, manufacturing techniques and design properties of each polymer, along with its applications. This new edition has been expanded to include the latest developments in the field, with new chapters on radiation curing, biological adhesives, vitrimers, and 3D printing. This detailed handbook considers the practical implications of using thermoset plastics and the relationships between processing, properties and applications, as well as analyzing the strengths and weakness of different methods and applications.
The aim of the book is to help the reader to make the right decision and take the correct action on the basis of informed analysis – avoiding the pitfalls the authors’ experience has uncovered. In industry, the book supports engineers, scientists, manufacturers and R&D professionals working with plastics. The information included will also be of interest to researchers and advanced students in plastics engineering, polymer chemistry, adhesives and coatings.
1. Chapter 1 Introduction - p. 1 2. Chapter 2 Phenol-formaldehyde resins - p. 13 3. Chapter 3 Polybenzoxazines: recent advances - p. 41 4. Chapter 4 Aminoresins - p. 65 5. Chapter 5 Furan resins - p. 83 6. Chapter 6 Unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters - p. 97 7. Unsaturated polyesters - p. 97 8. Vinyl ester resins - p. 111 9. Compounding of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins - p. 114 10. Property modification of unsaturated polyesters - p. 121 11. Manufacturing processes for unsaturated ester and vinyl ester composites - p. 134 12. Other processes and applications of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins - p. 144 13. Recent developments - p. 148 14. Chapter 7 Allyls - p. 159 15. Chapter 8 Epoxies - p. 175 16. Introduction - p. 175 17. History - p. 175 18. Basic chemistry and some general remarks - p. 176 19. Detailed chemistry - p. 176 20. Characterization of epoxies - p. 199 21. Applications - p. 219 22. Chapter 9 Polyurethanes - p. 231 23. Chapter 10 High-performance aromatic polyimides, fluoropolyimides, and other high-temperature-resistant thermoset polymers - p. 263 24. Subchapter 10.1 Research and development of high-performance polymeric materials including polyimides and fluoro-polyimides and their industrialized products - p. 266 25. Summary - p. 266 26. Keywords - p. 266 27. Introduction - p. 266 28. Chemical imidization reaction - p. 284 29. Characterization of polyimides - p. 294 30. Applications of polyimides - p. 306 31. Fluoro polyimide-based separation membrane technology - p. 308 32. Applicability of resin transfer molding processing - p. 313 33. Galvanic corrosion resistance of polyimide composites - p. 315 34. High-performance polymers for lightning strike protection - p. 318 35. Subchapter 10.2 Polyimides, fluoro-polyimides, fluoro-poly(ether imide), fluoro-poly(ether amide) and fluoro-poly(ether amide-imide), and their copolymers: designing “molecular architectures” of next-generation of advanced high-performance and thermomechanically stable polymers and copolymers from commercially available and specially designed monomers - p. 326 36. Summary - p. 326 37. Keywords - p. 327 38. Designing novel fluoro polyimides and copolyimdes - p. 327 39. Classes of polyimides - p. 351 40. Thermoplastic polyimides - p. 354 41. Soluble fully imidized fluorinated polyimides - p. 362 42. Fluoro polyimides and fluoro copolyimdes - p. 365 43. Fluoro poly(ether-imides) [6F-PEI] and copoly(ether-imides) [6F-CoPEI] - p. 397 44. Fluoro poly(ether-amides) [6F-PEA], Fluoro Polyether(amide-imides) [6F-PEAI], fluoro CoPoly (ether-amides) [6F-CoPEA], Fluoro CoPolyether (amide-imides) [6F-CoPEAI], etc. polymers - p. 426 45. Subchapter 10.3 Addition-curable polyimides, fluoropolyimides, and other polymers: their structural characteristics, cross-linking mechanisms, and high-tech applications - p. 455 46. Summary - p. 455 47. Keywords - p. 455 48. Addition-curable polyimides and other polymers - p. 455 49. Nadimide-terminated thermoset polyimides - p. 456 50. Maleimide-terminated thermoset polyimides - p. 463 51. Cyanate-terminated thermoset polymers - p. 467 52. Thermoset resins based on phthalonitrile - p. 471 53. Acetylene-terminated thermoset polymers - p. 474 54. Propargyl-terminated oligomers - p. 487 55. Phenylethynyl-terminated thermoset polymers - p. 487 56. Ultrahigh-temperature-resistant polymers - p. 493 57. Chemical structures suitable for ultrahigh temperature use - p. 494 58. Novel cross–linking mechanisms for stability at ultrahigh temperatures - p. 500 59. Thermosets as dielectric interlayers in integrated circuit fabrication - p. 506 60. Subchapter 10.4 Research and development of high-performance and thermomechanically stable Ceramer (polymers–ceramic composites materials) and 'CeramImide' nanocomposites material formulations based on fluoro-polyimides for the advanced industrial applications - p. 517 61. Summary - p. 517 62. Keywords - p. 518 63. Polymer–ceramic materials (ceramers) - p. 518 64. Fluoro polyimides/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites (CeramImides) - p. 521 65. CeramImide materials: montmorillonite clays incorporated fluoro poly(ether imides) nanocomposites - p. 521 66. Composite materials - p. 521 67. Macrocomposite materials - p. 522 68. Microcomposite materials - p. 522 69. Nanohybrid materials - p. 522 70. Nanocomposite materials - p. 522 71. Naturally occurring silicate nanomaterials - p. 523 72. Montomorrilonite nanoclays - p. 523 73. Sodium montmorillonite clay - p. 524 74. Monomers - p. 525 75. Functionalization/modification of montmorillonite nanoclays surface by ion-exchanges - p. 525 76. Fluoro-poly(ether-imides) [6F-PEI]/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites - p. 526 77. Preparation of fluoro-poly(ether imide)[6F-PEI]/montmorillonite clay CeramImide materials - p. 528 78. Ion-exchanged montmorillonite clays - p. 529 79. Application of intermittent ultrasonication treatment for intercalation of polymers within the nanoclays tectoids and eventual exfoliation and uniform dispersion of nano clay platelets/lamellae in polymer/nano clay nanocomposite formulation - p. 529 80. Critical importance of ultrasonication for preparation of polymer/nano clay nanocomposite formulations - p. 530 81. Scaning electron micrography analysis of pristine sodium-montomorillonite nanoclays - p. 536 82. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of virgin ultra-pure Kunupia-F clay (sodium-montmorillonite) nanoclays - p. 537 83. Ion-exchanged montmorillonite clay suspension - p. 539 84. Synthesis of master batch of fluoro-polyether (amic acid) [6F-PEAA] solution - p. 540 85. Fluoro-polyether (amic acid) [6F-PAA]/montmorillonite clay nanocomposite formulations - p. 541 86. Preparation of [6FDA + 1,2’-bis(4-aminophenoxy) benzene] fluoro-polyether (amic acid) [6F-PEAA]/organo-soluble montmorillonite clay nanocomposite formulations - p. 541 87. Recipe of fluoro-polyether(amic acids)[6F-PEAA]/organo-soluble montmorillonite clay nanocomposite formulations No. 1 to 6 - p. 541 88. Fabrication of poly(ether imide), fluoro-poly(ether imide), and fluoro-poly(ether imide)/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites films - p. 542 89. Characterization and properties of fluoro-poly(ether imide) [6F-PEI]/montmorillonite clay nanocomposite films - p. 545 90. Viscosity and/or molecular weights of fluoro-polyether (amic acid) and fluoro-poly(ether imide) - p. 545 91. Solubility of fluoro-poly(ether imides) [6F-PEI] and fluoro-poly(ether imides) [6F-PEI]/MMT clay CeramImide materials - p. 548 92. Melt viscosity of solid fluoro-poly(ether imide)s - p. 549 93. Morphology of solid [6FDA + o-BAPOB] and [6FDA + p-SED] fluoro-poly(ether imide) [6F-PEI] polymers - p. 549 94. X-ray-diffraction analysis of Kunipia-F montmorillonite clay, di-ether diamine-modified (i.e., organo-modified) montmorillonite clays and fluoro-poly(ether imide) [6F-PEI]/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites (i.e., CeramImide) materials - p. 550 95. Mechanical properties - p. 551 96. Thermal properties - p. 552 97. Thermal stability - p. 554 98. Thermal degradation kinetics study - p. 554 99. Thermooxidative stability - p. 558 100. Thermomechanical properties - p. 558 101. Coefficient of thermal expansion - p. 558 102. Hydrolytic stability - p. 563 103. Electrical properties - p. 563 104. Surface properties - p. 564 105. One-liquid method - p. 565 106. Two-liquid geometric method - p. 566 107. Future scope for the advanced high-performance and high-temperature stable polyimide based composites and nanocomposites (CeramImides) research, technology development and industrialization (RTDI) activities - p. 569 108. Chapter 11 Cyanate ester resins - p. 587 109. Chapter 12 Maleimide based Alder-ene thermosets: recent advances - p. 619 110. Chapter 13 Silicones - p. 659 111. Chapter 14 Thermosets from renewable sources - p. 679 112. Chapter 15 Cross-linked thermoplastics - p. 719 113. Chapter 16 Thermosets based on reversible covalent bonds (Vitrimers) - p. 757 114. Introduction - p. 757 115. Polymerization and synthesis of reversible covalent bonds containing polymers - p. 758 116. Rheology, kinetics, and processing methods - p. 781 117. Mechanical properties, utilization and industrial applications - p. 791 118. Summary and conclusions - p. 797 119. Chapter 17 Thermosetting polymer based syntactic foams: an overview - p. 801 120. Chapter 18 Nanotechnology-based thermosets - p. 833 121. Introduction - p. 833 122. Nanoclays - p. 834 123. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes - p. 846 124. Nanosilica - p. 853 125. Carbon nanotubes - p. 860 126. Graphene and expanded graphite - p. 869 127. Tungsten disulfide - p. 877 128. Chapter 19 Radiation curing thermosets - p. 891 129. Chapter 20 Dual-curing thermosets - p. 917 130. Chapter 21 Synthetic applications of click chemistry in thermosetting block and graft polymers - p. 931 131. Chapter 22 Self-healing thermosets - p. 953 132. Introduction - p. 953 133. Basic strategies in self-healing - p. 954 134. Selected analytical techniques to evaluate self-healing efficiency - p. 958 135. Extrinsic self-healing of thermoset systems: the “additive” approach - p. 976 136. Intrinsic self-healing of thermoset systems: the “chemical design” approach - p. 995 137. Summary - p. 1006 138. Chapter 23 3D printing - p. 1021 139. Chapter 24 Processing and process control - p. 1045 140. Introduction - p. 1045 141. Processing of monomers: online monitoring of resin synthesis - p. 1047 142. Optical spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy - p. 1049 143. Processing of prepolymers: online monitoring of resin flow and resin cure during composite manufacture - p. 1052 144. Processing of prepolymers: selected atline and offline methods for resin cure modeling - p. 1059 145. Recent trends - p. 1061 146. Batch modeling - p. 1061 147. Prescriptive analytics - p. 1063 148. Index - p. 1071 149. Index - Continued - p. 1080 150. Index - Continued - p. 1088
