IASLC Thoracic Oncology E-Book

1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Contributors - p. v 6. Preface - p. xiii 7. Section I. Lung Cancer Control and Epidemiology - p. xiii 8. 1. Classic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer - p. 1 9. 2. Tobacco Control and Primary Prevention - p. 9 10. 3. Assessing and Treating Tobacco Use in Lung Cancer Care - p. 18 11. 4. Lung Cancer in Never-Smokers: A Different Disease - p. 23 12. 5. Gender-Related Differences in Lung Cancer - p. 30 13. Epidemiology - p. 30 14. Susceptibility - p. 33 15. Genetic Factors - p. 34 16. Family History - p. 35 17. Viral Factors - p. 35 18. Environmental Exposures, Diet, and Preexisting Lung Disease - p. 35 19. Steroid Hormones in Lung Cancer - p. 36 20. Gender as a Prognostic Factor in Early-Stage Lung Cancer - p. 40 21. Prognostic/Predictive Role of Gender in Advanced Disease - p. 42 22. Conclusion - p. 45 23. 6. Genetic Susceptibility to Lung Cancer - p. 46 24. 7. Screening for Lung Cancer - p. 52 25. 8. Preclinical Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Lung Cancer - p. 59 26. 9. Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer and Management of Early Lung Cancer - p. 69 27. Gene Silencing - p. 71 28. Susceptibility to Lung Cancer and Balancing of Antagonistic Pathways - p. 71 29. Vitamins and Micronutrients - p. 72 30. Status of Lung Cancer Screening and its Relationship to Chemoprevention - p. 72 31. Screening Interval and Selection of Candidates - p. 75 32. Opportunities to Improve LDCT Screening - p. 75 33. Improvements in the Approach to Screening and LDCT Imaging - p. 76 34. Changes in Nodule Evaluation and Diagnostic Workup - p. 76 35. Further Opportunities Associated With LDCT Screening - p. 76 36. Chemoprevention Trials - p. 76 37. Future Strategies - p. 80 38. Conclusion - p. 80 39. Section II. Lung Cancer Molecular Carcinogenesis - p. 81.e5 40. 10. Copy Number Abnormalities and Gene Fusions in Lung Cancer: Present and Developing Technologies - p. 82 41. 11. Mutational Events in Lung Cancer: Present and Developing Technologies - p. 95 42. 12. Epigenetic Events in Lung Cancer: Chromatin Remodeling and DNA Methylation - p. 104 43. Genetic and Epigenetic Interactions - p. 105 44. Histone Modifications and their Role in Lung Cancer - p. 105 45. Chromatin Remodeling Complexes - p. 108 46. DNA Methylation - p. 110 47. DNA Hypomethylation in Lung Cancer - p. 111 48. Epigenetic Therapy for Lung Cancer - p. 115 49. Conclusion - p. 116 50. 13. Stem Cells and Lung Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies - p. 117 51. 14. Microenvironment and Lung Cancer - p. 121 52. 15. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Lung Cancer - p. 129 53. Section III. Immunology - p. 136.e2 54. 16. Humoral and Cellular Immune Dysregulation and Lung Cancer - p. 137 55. Section IV. Pathology - p. 142.e3 56. 17. Classic Anatomic Pathology and Lung Cancer - p. 143 57. Nonsmall Cell Lung Carcinoma - p. 143 58. Neuroendocrine Tumors - p. 155 59. Other Unclassified Tumors - p. 158 60. Salivary Gland–Type Tumors - p. 158 61. Use of Immunohistochemistry for Lung Cancer Diagnosis - p. 158 62. Pathology Samples for Molecular Testing - p. 160 63. Cytologic Analysis of Lung Cancer - p. 160 64. Conclusion - p. 162 65. 18. Molecular Testing in Lung Cancer - p. 164 66. Genetic Abnormalities in Lung Cancer - p. 164 67. Assay Platforms in Molecular Testing - p. 165 68. Tissue Requirements for Molecular Testing - p. 167 69. Sample Availability and Prioritization of Biomarkers for Testing - p. 168 70. Currently Recommended Predictive Biomarkers in Lung Cancer - p. 169 71. Potential New Molecular Markers for the Future - p. 175 72. Conclusion - p. 176 73. 19. Management of Small Histologic and Cytologic Specimens in the Molecular Era - p. 178 74. Section V. Clinical and Radiologic Presentation of Lung Cancer - p. 185.e2 75. 20. Clinical Presentation and Prognostic Factors in Lung Cancer - p. 186 76. Symptoms and Signs of Local Tumor Growth - p. 186 77. Symptoms and Signs of Invasive Local–Regional or Intrathoracic Spread - p. 187 78. Symptoms and Signs of Metastatic Spread - p. 189 79. Paraneoplastic Syndromes - p. 191 80. Clinical and Molecular Prognostication of Lung Cancer - p. 194 81. Conclusion - p. 197 82. 21. Conventional Imaging of Lung Cancer - p. 199 83. 22. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Lung Cancer - p. 219 84. Section VI. Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer - p. 232.e4 85. 23. Diagnostic Workup for Suspected Lung Cancer Confined to the Chest - p. 233 86. 24. Preoperative and Intraoperative Invasive Staging of the Mediastinum - p. 241 87. 25. The Eighth Edition of the Tumor, Node, and Metastasis Classification of Lung Cancer - p. 253 88. Section VII. Surgical Management of Lung Cancer - p. 264.e1 89. 26. Preoperative Functional Evaluation of the Surgical Candidate - p. 265 90. 27. Results of Video-Assisted Techniques for Resection of Lung Cancer - p. 274 91. 28. Robotic Surgery: Techniques and Results for Resection of Lung Cancer - p. 283 92. 29. Extent of Surgical Resection for Stage I and II Lung Cancer - p. 289 93. 30. Extended Resections for Lung Cancer: Chest Wall and Pancoast Tumors - p. 295 94. 31. Extended Resections for Lung Cancer: Bronchovascular Sleeve Resections - p. 304 95. 32. Multiple Nodules: Management of Synchronous and Metachronous Lung Cancers - p. 308 96. 33. Surgical Management of Patients Considered Marginally Resectable - p. 314 97. Section VIII. Radiotherapeutic Management of Lung Cancer - p. 317.e1 98. 34. Technical Requirements for Lung Cancer Radiotherapy - p. 318 99. 35. Radiobiology of Lung Cancer - p. 330 100. 36. Patient Selection for Radiotherapy - p. 337 101. 37. Stage I Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer and Oligometastatic Disease - p. 342 102. 38. Ablation Options for Localized Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer - p. 355 103. 39. Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Including Combined Modality - p. 363 104. 40. Radiotherapy in the Management of Small Cell Lung Cancer: Thoracic Radiotherapy, Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation - p. 374 105. 41. Palliative Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer - p. 382 106. 42. Acute and Late Toxicities of Thoracic Radiotherapy: Pulmonary, Esophagus, and Heart - p. 393 107. 43. Neurotoxicity Related to Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Nonsmall Cell and Small Cell Lung Cancer - p. 409 108. Section IX. Chemotherapy and Targeted Agents for Lung Cancer - p. 417.e2 109. 44. Frontline Systemic Therapy Options in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer - p. 418 110. Prognostic Factors in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer - p. 418 111. Treatment of Advanced Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer - p. 420 112. Importance of Histology in the Treatment of NSCLC - p. 423 113. Management of Elderly Patients - p. 423 114. Management of Patients with a Poor Performance Status - p. 424 115. Biomarkers for Selection of Chemotherapy - p. 424 116. Combination of Targeted Agents with Platinum-Based Chemotherapy - p. 425 117. Antiangiogenic Therapy - p. 425 118. Epidermal Growth Factor Blockade in NSCLC - p. 427 119. ALK-Rearranged NSCLC - p. 430 120. Molecular Characterization of NSCLC - p. 431 121. Immunotherapy in NSCLC - p. 432 122. Conclusion - p. 432 123. 45. Systemic Options for Second-Line Therapy and Beyond - p. 434 124. History - p. 435 125. Second-Line Chemotherapy - p. 435 126. Choice of Chemotherapy Agent - p. 436 127. Scheduling of Chemotherapy - p. 436 128. Third- and Subsequent-Line of Chemotherapy - p. 437 129. Second-Line Treatment with Molecularly Targeted Agents - p. 437 130. Novel Targets - p. 439 131. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase - p. 441 132. Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors - p. 443 133. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - p. 444 134. Cytotoxic T-Lympocyte Associated Antigen 4 - p. 444 135. Conclusion - p. 445 136. 46. Maintenance Chemotherapy for Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer - p. 448 137. 47. Pharmacogenomics in Lung Cancer: Predictive Biomarkers for Chemotherapy - p. 466 138. 48. New Targets for Therapy in Lung Cancer - p. 479 139. Key Signal Transduction Pathways - p. 479 140. Therapeutic Targets - p. 480 141. Conclusion - p. 489 142. 49. Management of Toxicities of Targeted Therapies - p. 490 143. 50. Immunotherapy and Lung Cancer - p. 501 144. 51. Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Early-Stage Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer - p. 512 145. 52. Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer - p. 525 146. Section X. Other Thoracic Malignancies - p. 535.e5 147. 53. Malignant Mesothelioma - p. 536 148. 54. Mediastinal Tumors - p. 550 149. 55. Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung Other Than Small Cell Lung Cancer - p. 555 150. Classification - p. 555 151. Diagnosis - p. 555 152. Molecular Biology - p. 559 153. Clinical Characteristics - p. 561 154. Staging - p. 561 155. Imaging - p. 561 156. Therapy - p. 563 157. Combined LCNEC - p. 567 158. Prognosis - p. 567 159. Conclusion - p. 568 160. 56. Thymic Tumors - p. 569 161. Thymoma - p. 569 162. Histology of Thymic Tumors - p. 573 163. Outcome Measures and Prognostic Factors in Thymic Tumors - p. 576 164. Treatment of Thymoma - p. 577 165. Thymic Carcinoma - p. 583 166. Neuroendocrine Thymic Tumor - p. 584 167. Recurrent Thymic Tumors - p. 587 168. Recommended Management of Thymic Tumors - p. 588 169. The Global Efforts - p. 588 170. Conclusion - p. 589 171. Section XI. Symptom Management and Complications - p. 589.e4 172. 57. Lung Cancer Emergencies - p. 590 173. Central Airway Obstruction - p. 590 174. Massive Hemoptysis - p. 596 175. Massive Pleural Effusions - p. 602 176. Conclusion - p. 607 177. 58. The Role of Palliative Care in Lung Cancer - p. 608 178. Definition of Palliative Care - p. 608 179. Philosophical Differences Between Oncology and Palliative Care - p. 608 180. Why Palliative Care is Needed Early in the Management of Advanced Lung Cancer - p. 609 181. Benefits of Early Integration of Palliative Care Into Oncology - p. 612 182. Studies Documenting Benefits to Integrating Palliative Care Into Cancer Care - p. 613 183. Barriers to Integrating Palliative Care Into Cancer Care - p. 613 184. End-of-Life Care - p. 614 185. Assessing Symptoms and Quality of Life in Lung Cancer - p. 614 186. Managing Lung Cancer Symptoms - p. 615 187. Lung Cancer and the Intensive Care Unit - p. 618 188. Lung Cancer and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - p. 618 189. Conclusion - p. 618 190. Section XII. Clinical Trials - p. 619.e8 191. 59. Clinical Trial Methodology in Lung Cancer: Study Design and End-Point Considerations - p. 620 192. 60. How to Promote and Organize Clinical Research in Lung Cancer - p. 628 193. Section XIII. Thoracic Oncology Advocacy - p. 634.e2 194. 61. The Role of Advocacy Groups in Lung Cancer - p. 635 195. 62. The Role of Health Services Research in Improving the Outcomes for Patients With Lung Cancer - p. 639 196. Appendix - p. 650.e3 197. Appendix. Diagnostic Algorithms - p. 651 198. Index - p. 659