Written by two renowned leaders in neuroradiology and neurology, this unique reference is a high-level imaging resource ideal for today’s clinical neurologist or neuroscientist. Using straightforward, jargon-free prose, this book provides an overview of neurological disorders coupled with typical imaging findings — all designed for use at the point of care. You will be expertly guided throughout, from radiologic appearance and the significance of the imaging findings to the next appropriate steps in effective patient care.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Imaging - p. xiii 2. Part I: Brain - p. 7 3. SECTION 1: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES: MALFORMATIONS, TRAUMA, AND STROKE - p. 7 4. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - p. 7 5. Chapter 2: Congenital Malformations Overview - p. 7 6. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS: BRAIN MALFORMATIONS - p. 13 7. Chapter 3: Chiari 1 - p. 13 8. Chapter 4: Chiari 2 - p. 14 9. Chapter 5: Callosal Dysgenesis - p. 15 10. Chapter 6: Lipoma - p. 16 11. Chapter 7: Dandy-Walker Continuum - p. 17 12. Chapter 8: Septooptic Dysplasia - p. 18 13. Chapter 9: Heterotopic Gray Matter - p. 19 14. Chapter 10: Polymicrogyria - p. 20 15. Chapter 11: Schizencephaly - p. 21 16. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS: NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES - p. 22 17. Chapter 12: von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome - p. 22 18. Chapter 13: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 23 19. Chapter 14: Neurofibromatosis Type 2 - p. 24 20. Chapter 15: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex - p. 25 21. Chapter 16: Sturge-Weber Syndrome - p. 26 22. Chapter 17: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia - p. 27 23. Chapter 18: Lhermitte-Duclos Disease - p. 28 24. Chapter 19: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome - p. 29 25. TRAUMA - p. 30 26. Chapter 20: Introduction to CNS Imaging, Trauma - p. 30 27. TRAUMA: PRIMARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA - p. 36 28. Chapter 21: Acute Subdural Hematoma - p. 36 29. Chapter 22: Subacute Subdural Hematoma - p. 37 30. Chapter 23: Chronic Subdural Hematoma - p. 38 31. Chapter 24: Epidural Hematoma, Classic - p. 39 32. Chapter 25: Epidural Hematoma, Variant - p. 40 33. Chapter 26: Abusive Head Trauma - p. 41 34. Chapter 27: Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 42 35. Chapter 28: Cerebral Contusion - p. 43 36. Chapter 29: Diffuse Axonal Injury - p. 44 37. Chapter 30: Subcortical Injury - p. 45 38. TRAUMA: SECONDARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA - p. 46 39. Chapter 31: Intracranial Herniation Syndromes - p. 46 40. Chapter 32: Traumatic Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction - p. 47 41. Chapter 33: Brain Death - p. 48 42. Chapter 34: Second Impact Syndrome - p. 49 43. Chapter 35: Traumatic Intracranial Arterial Dissection - p. 50 44. Chapter 36: Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula - p. 51 45. Chapter 37: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy - p. 52 46. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: VASCULAR ANATOMY - p. 53 47. Chapter 38: Intracranial Arteries Overview - p. 53 48. Chapter 39: Intracranial Venous System Overview - p. 59 49. Chapter 40: Stroke Overview - p. 67 50. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: NONTRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE - p. 73 51. Chapter 41: Evolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 73 52. Chapter 42: Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 74 53. Chapter 43: Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 75 54. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CAROTID STENOSIS - p. 76 55. Chapter 44: Arteriolosclerosis - p. 76 56. Chapter 45: Intracranial Atherosclerosis - p. 77 57. Chapter 46: Extracranial Atherosclerosis - p. 78 58. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: NONATHEROMATOUS VASCULOPATHY - p. 79 59. Chapter 47: Moyamoya - p. 79 60. Chapter 48: Primary Arteritis of the CNS - p. 80 61. Chapter 49: Miscellaneous Vasculitis - p. 81 62. Chapter 50: Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome - p. 82 63. Chapter 51: Vasospasm - p. 83 64. Chapter 52: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 84 65. Chapter 53: Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) - p. 85 66. Chapter 54: CADASIL - p. 86 67. Chapter 55: Behçet Disease - p. 87 68. Chapter 56: Susac Syndrome - p. 88 69. Chapter 57: Fibromuscular Dysplasia - p. 89 70. Chapter 58: Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Dissection - p. 90 71. Chapter 59: Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection - p. 91 72. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION - p. 92 73. Chapter 60: Adult Hypoxic Ischemic Injury - p. 92 74. Chapter 61: Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction - p. 93 75. Chapter 62: Childhood Stroke - p. 94 76. Chapter 63: Acute Cerebral Ischemia-Infarction - p. 95 77. Chapter 64: Subacute Cerebral Infarction - p. 96 78. Chapter 65: Chronic Cerebral Infarction - p. 97 79. Chapter 66: Multiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions - p. 98 80. Chapter 67: Fat Emboli Cerebral Infarction - p. 99 81. Chapter 68: Lacunar Infarction - p. 100 82. Chapter 69: Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome (CHS) - p. 101 83. Chapter 70: Dural Sinus Thrombosis - p. 102 84. Chapter 71: Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis/Thrombophlebitis - p. 103 85. Chapter 72: Cortical Venous Thrombosis - p. 104 86. Chapter 73: Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis - p. 105 87. SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND ANEURYSMS - p. 106 88. Chapter 74: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms Overview - p. 106 89. Chapter 75: Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 108 90. Chapter 76: Perimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (pnSAH) - p. 109 91. Chapter 77: Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (cSAH) - p. 110 92. Chapter 78: Saccular Aneurysm - p. 111 93. Chapter 79: Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia - p. 112 94. Chapter 80: Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease (ASVD) Fusiform Aneurysm - p. 113 95. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS - p. 114 96. Chapter 81: Vascular Malformations Overview - p. 114 97. Chapter 82: Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 116 98. Chapter 83: Dural Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 117 99. Chapter 84: Developmental Venous Anomaly - p. 118 100. Chapter 85: Cavernous Malformation - p. 119 101. Chapter 86: Capillary Telangiectasia - p. 120 102. SECTION 2: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND DISORDERS - p. 121 103. NEOPLASMS - p. 121 104. Chapter 87: Neoplasms Overview - p. 121 105. NEOPLASMS: ASTROCYTOMAS - p. 127 106. Chapter 88: Low-Grade Diffuse Astrocytoma - p. 127 107. Chapter 89: Anaplastic Astrocytoma - p. 128 108. Chapter 90: Pilocytic Astrocytoma - p. 129 109. Chapter 91: Glioblastoma - p. 130 110. Chapter 92: Gliomatosis Cerebri - p. 131 111. NEOPLASMS: NONASTROCYTIC GLIOMAS - p. 132 112. Chapter 93: Oligodendroglioma - p. 132 113. Chapter 94: Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma - p. 133 114. Chapter 95: Infratentorial Ependymoma - p. 134 115. Chapter 96: Subependymoma - p. 135 116. Chapter 97: Typical Choroid Plexus Papilloma - p. 136 117. NEOPLASMS: NEURONAL AND MIXED NEURONALGLIAL TUMORS - p. 137 118. Chapter 98: Ganglioglioma - p. 137 119. Chapter 99: Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET) - p. 138 120. Chapter 100: Central Neurocytoma - p. 139 121. NEOPLASMS: PINEAL AND GERM CELL TUMORS - p. 140 122. Chapter 101: Pineocytoma - p. 140 123. Chapter 102: Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation (PPTID) - p. 141 124. Chapter 103: Germinoma - p. 142 125. NEOPLASMS: MISCELLANEOUS PRIMARY TUMORS - p. 143 126. Chapter 104: Medulloblastoma - p. 143 127. Chapter 105: Hemangioblastoma - p. 144 128. Chapter 106: Primary CNS Lymphoma - p. 145 129. Chapter 107: Intravascular (Angiocentric) Lymphoma - p. 146 130. Chapter 108: Leukemia - p. 147 131. NEOPLASMS: METASTATIC TUMORS AND REMOTE EFFECTS OF CANCER - p. 148 132. Chapter 109: Parenchymal Metastases - p. 148 133. Chapter 110: Miscellaneous Intracranial Metastases - p. 149 134. Chapter 111: Metastatic Intracranial Lymphoma - p. 150 135. Chapter 112: Paraneoplastic Syndromes and Limbic Encephalitis - p. 151 136. NEOPLASMS: TREATMENT-RELATED EFFECTS - p. 152 137. Chapter 113: Radiation and Chemotherapy - p. 152 138. Chapter 114: Pseudoprogression (PsP) - p. 153 139. Chapter 115: Pseudoresponse - p. 154 140. PRIMARY NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS - p. 155 141. Chapter 116: Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts Overview - p. 155 142. Chapter 117: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 159 143. Chapter 118: Colloid Cyst - p. 160 144. Chapter 119: Dermoid Cyst - p. 161 145. Chapter 120: Epidermoid Cyst - p. 162 146. Chapter 121: Hippocampal Sulcus Remnant Cysts - p. 163 147. Chapter 122: Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 164 148. Chapter 123: Pineal Cyst - p. 165 149. Chapter 124: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 166 150. Chapter 125: Porencephalic Cyst - p. 167 151. INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE: INFECTIONS - p. 168 152. Chapter 126: CNS Infectious Disease Overview - p. 168 153. Chapter 127: Meningitis - p. 170 154. Chapter 128: Abscess - p. 171 155. Chapter 129: Ventriculitis - p. 172 156. Chapter 130: Empyema - p. 173 157. Chapter 131: Herpes Encephalitis - p. 174 158. Chapter 132: HHV-6 Encephalitis - p. 175 159. Chapter 133: West Nile Virus Encephalitis - p. 176 160. Chapter 134: Miscellaneous Encephalitis - p. 177 161. Chapter 135: Cerebellitis - p. 178 162. Chapter 136: Tuberculosis - p. 179 163. Chapter 137: Neurocysticercosis - p. 180 164. Chapter 138: Lyme Disease - p. 181 165. Chapter 139: Acquired HIV Encephalitis - p. 182 166. Chapter 140: Acquired Toxoplasmosis - p. 183 167. Chapter 141: Acquired CMV - p. 184 168. Chapter 142: Fungal Infections - p. 185 169. Chapter 143: Cryptococcosis - p. 186 170. Chapter 144: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) - p. 187 171. Chapter 145: Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) - p. 188 172. Chapter 146: HIV/AIDS, Miscellaneous Manifestations - p. 189 173. INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE: DEMYELINATING DISORDERS - p. 190 174. Chapter 147: Multiple Sclerosis - p. 190 175. Chapter 148: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 191 176. Chapter 149: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) - p. 192 177. Chapter 150: CLIPPERS - p. 193 178. INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 194 179. Chapter 151: Inherited Metabolic Disorders Overview - p. 194 180. Chapter 152: Leigh Syndrome - p. 198 181. Chapter 153: MELAS - p. 199 182. Chapter 154: Kearns-Sayre Syndrome - p. 200 183. Chapter 155: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 201 184. Chapter 156: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) - p. 202 185. Chapter 157: Fabry Disease - p. 203 186. Chapter 158: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy - p. 204 187. Chapter 159: Canavan Disease - p. 205 188. Chapter 160: Alexander Disease - p. 206 189. Chapter 161: Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) - p. 207 190. Chapter 162: Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) - p. 208 191. Chapter 163: Huntington Disease - p. 209 192. Chapter 164: Wilson Disease - p. 210 193. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 211 194. Chapter 165: Acquired Toxic/Metabolic Disorders Overview - p. 211 195. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: TOXIC, METABOLIC, NUTRITIONAL, SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH CNS MANIFESTATIONS - p. 215 196. Chapter 166: Adult Hypoglycemia - p. 215 197. Chapter 167: Thyroid Disorders - p. 216 198. Chapter 168: Parathyroid Disorders - p. 217 199. Chapter 169: Fahr Disease - p. 218 200. Chapter 170: Alcoholic Encephalopathy - p. 219 201. Chapter 171: Hepatic Encephalopathy - p. 220 202. Chapter 172: Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) - p. 221 203. Chapter 173: Chronic Hypertensive Encephalopathy - p. 222 204. Chapter 174: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension - p. 223 205. Chapter 175: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - p. 224 206. Chapter 176: Drug Abuse - p. 225 207. Chapter 177: Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome - p. 226 208. Chapter 178: Mesial Temporal Sclerosis - p. 227 209. Chapter 179: Status Epilepticus - p. 228 210. Chapter 180: Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) - p. 229 211. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: DEMENTIAS AND DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 230 212. Chapter 181: Normal Aging Brain - p. 230 213. Chapter 182: Alzheimer Disease - p. 231 214. Chapter 183: Vascular Dementia - p. 232 215. Chapter 184: Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration - p. 233 216. Chapter 185: Dementia With Lewy Bodies - p. 234 217. Chapter 186: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Classic - p. 235 218. Chapter 187: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variants - p. 236 219. Chapter 188: Parkinson Disease - p. 237 220. Chapter 189: Multiple System Atrophy - p. 238 221. Chapter 190: Posterior Cortical Atrophy - p. 239 222. Chapter 191: Corticobasal Degeneration - p. 240 223. Chapter 192: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) - p. 241 224. Chapter 193: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - p. 242 225. Chapter 194: Wallerian Degeneration - p. 243 226. Chapter 195: Spinocerebellar Ataxias - p. 244 227. Chapter 196: Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis - p. 245 228. Chapter 197: Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration - p. 246 229. SECTION 3: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. 247 230. VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS - p. 247 231. Chapter 198: Ventricles and Cisterns Overview - p. 247 232. Chapter 199: Cavum Septi Pellucidi (CSP) - p. 255 233. Chapter 200: Intraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus - p. 256 234. Chapter 201: Extraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus - p. 257 235. Chapter 202: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 258 236. Chapter 203: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus - p. 259 237. Chapter 204: CSF Shunts and Complications - p. 260 238. SELLA AND PITUITARY - p. 261 239. Chapter 205: Sella and Pituitary Overview - p. 261 240. Chapter 206: Pituitary Anomalies - p. 265 241. Chapter 207: Pituitary Microadenoma - p. 266 242. Chapter 208: Pituitary Macroadenoma - p. 267 243. Chapter 209: Pituitary Apoplexy - p. 268 244. Chapter 210: Rathke Cleft Cyst - p. 269 245. Chapter 211: Craniopharyngioma - p. 270 246. Chapter 212: Empty Sella - p. 271 247. Chapter 213: Pituitary Hyperplasia - p. 272 248. Chapter 214: Lymphocytic Hypophysitis - p. 273 249. CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE AND INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL (CPA-IAC) - p. 274 250. Chapter 215: CPA-IAC Overview - p. 274 251. Chapter 216: Epidermoid Cyst, CPA-IAC - p. 278 252. Chapter 217: Arachnoid Cyst, CPA-IAC - p. 279 253. Chapter 218: Bell’s Palsy - p. 280 254. Chapter 219: Trigeminal Neuralgia - p. 281 255. Chapter 220: Hemifacial Spasm - p. 282 256. Chapter 221: Vestibular Schwannoma - p. 283 257. Chapter 222: Nonvestibular Schwannoma - p. 284 258. Chapter 223: Meningioma, CPA-IAC - p. 285 259. Chapter 224: Metastases, CPA-IAC - p. 286 260. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES - p. 287 261. Chapter 225: Skull, Scalp, and Meninges Overview - p. 287 262. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES: NONNEOPLASTIC DISORDERS - p. 291 263. Chapter 226: Intracranial Hypotension - p. 291 264. Chapter 227: Skull Base CSF Leak - p. 292 265. Chapter 228: Intracranial Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumor - p. 293 266. Chapter 229: IgG4-Related Disease - p. 294 267. Chapter 230: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 295 268. Chapter 231: Paget Disease - p. 296 269. Chapter 232: Thick Skull - p. 297 270. Chapter 233: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain - p. 298 271. Chapter 234: Neurosarcoid - p. 299 272. Chapter 235: Trichilemmal Cyst - p. 300 273. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES: NEOPLASMS - p. 301 274. Chapter 236: Meningioma - p. 301 275. Chapter 237: Atypical and Malignant Meningioma - p. 302 276. Chapter 238: Calvarial Hemangioma - p. 303 277. Chapter 239: Myeloma - p. 304 278. Chapter 240: Skull and Meningeal Metastases - p. 305 279. EYE, ORBIT, AND OPTIC NERVE: OVERVIEW - p. 306 280. Chapter 241: Orbit Overview - p. 306 281. EYE, ORBIT, AND OPTIC NERVE: NONNEOPLASTIC DISORDERS - p. 310 282. Chapter 242: Optic Neuritis - p. 310 283. Chapter 243: Thyroid Ophthalmopathy - p. 311 284. Chapter 244: Orbital Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumor - p. 312 285. EYE, ORBIT, AND OPTIC NERVE: NEOPLASMS - p. 313 286. Chapter 245: Optic Pathway Glioma - p. 313 287. Chapter 246: Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma - p. 314 288. Part II: Spine - p. 315 289. SECTION 1: NORMAL ANATOMY AND CONGENITAL DISORDERS - p. 315 290. ANATOMY - p. 315 291. Chapter 247: Normal Spine Anatomy - p. 315 292. Chapter 248: Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development - p. 323 293. MALFORMATIONS, CONGENITAL DISORDERS, AND SCOLIOSIS - p. 331 294. Chapter 249: Myelomeningocele - p. 331 295. Chapter 250: Dorsal Dermal Sinus - p. 332 296. Chapter 251: Simple Coccygeal Dimple - p. 333 297. Chapter 252: Tethered Spinal Cord - p. 334 298. Chapter 253: Klippel-Feil Spectrum - p. 335 299. Chapter 254: Dural Dysplasia - p. 336 300. Chapter 255: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 337 301. Chapter 256: Neurofibromatosis Type 2 - p. 338 302. Chapter 257: Achondroplasia - p. 339 303. Chapter 258: Kyphosis - p. 340 304. Chapter 259: Scoliosis - p. 341 305. Chapter 260: Degenerative Scoliosis - p. 342 306. SECTION 2: TRAUMA AND HEMORRHAGE - p. 343 307. Chapter 261: Central Spinal Cord Syndrome - p. 343 308. Chapter 262: Posttraumatic Syrinx - p. 346 309. Chapter 263: Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma - p. 347 310. Chapter 264: Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma - p. 348 311. Chapter 265: Subdural Hematoma - p. 349 312. Chapter 266: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 350 313. SECTION 3: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES - p. 351 314. SPINE DEGENERATIONS - p. 351 315. Chapter 267: Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease - p. 351 316. Chapter 268: Degenerative Disc Disease - p. 357 317. Chapter 269: Disc Bulge - p. 358 318. Chapter 270: Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 359 319. Chapter 271: Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 360 320. Chapter 272: Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 361 321. Chapter 273: Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal - p. 362 322. Chapter 274: Cervical Facet Arthropathy - p. 363 323. Chapter 275: Lumbar Facet Arthropathy - p. 364 324. Chapter 276: Schmorl Node - p. 365 325. Chapter 277: Scheuermann Disease - p. 366 326. Chapter 278: Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis - p. 367 327. Chapter 279: Congenital Spinal Stenosis - p. 368 328. Chapter 280: Cervical Spondylosis - p. 369 329. Chapter 281: Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) - p. 370 330. Chapter 282: Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL) - p. 371 331. SPONDYLOLISTHESIS AND SPONDYLOLYSIS - p. 372 332. Chapter 283: Spondylolisthesis - p. 372 333. Chapter 284: Spondylolysis - p. 373 334. INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES - p. 374 335. Chapter 285: Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 374 336. Chapter 286: Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition (CPPD) - p. 375 337. Chapter 287: Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 376 338. SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 377 339. INFECTIONS - p. 377 340. Chapter 288: Pathways of Spread of Infection - p. 377 341. Chapter 289: Spinal Meningitis - p. 383 342. Chapter 290: Tuberculous Osteomyelitis - p. 384 343. Chapter 291: Paraspinal Abscess - p. 385 344. Chapter 292: Epidural Abscess - p. 386 345. Chapter 293: Subdural Abscess - p. 387 346. Chapter 294: Viral Myelitis - p. 388 347. Chapter 295: HIV Myelitis - p. 389 348. Chapter 296: Opportunistic Infections - p. 390 349. INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS - p. 391 350. Chapter 297: Acute Transverse Myelopathy - p. 391 351. Chapter 298: Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis - p. 392 352. Chapter 299: Multiple Sclerosis - p. 393 353. Chapter 300: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 394 354. Chapter 301: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) - p. 395 355. Chapter 302: Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) - p. 396 356. Chapter 303: Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) - p. 397 357. Chapter 304: Sarcoidosis - p. 398 358. Chapter 305: Subacute Combined Degeneration - p. 399 359. Chapter 306: Paraneoplastic Myelopathy - p. 400 360. SECTION 5: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES - p. 401 361. NEOPLASMS - p. 401 362. Chapter 307: Spread of Neoplasms - p. 401 363. NEOPLASMS: EXTRADURAL - p. 407 364. Chapter 308: Blastic Osseous Metastases - p. 407 365. Chapter 309: Lytic Osseous Metastases - p. 408 366. Chapter 310: Hemangioma - p. 409 367. Chapter 311: Lymphoma - p. 410 368. Chapter 312: Leukemia - p. 411 369. Chapter 313: Plasmacytoma - p. 412 370. Chapter 314: Multiple Myeloma - p. 413 371. NEOPLASMS: INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY - p. 414 372. Chapter 315: Schwannoma - p. 414 373. Chapter 316: Meningioma - p. 415 374. Chapter 317: Neurofibroma - p. 416 375. Chapter 318: Metastases, CSF Disseminated - p. 417 376. NEOPLASMS: INTRAMEDULLARY - p. 418 377. Chapter 319: Astrocytoma - p. 418 378. Chapter 320: Classic Ependymoma - p. 419 379. Chapter 321: Myxopapillary Ependymoma - p. 420 380. Chapter 322: Spinal Cord Metastases - p. 421 381. NEOPLASMS: NEOPLASMS AND TREATMENT-RELATED EFFECTS - p. 422 382. Chapter 323: Radiation Myelopathy - p. 422 383. Chapter 324: Postirradiation Vertebral Marrow - p. 423 384. Chapter 325: Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy - p. 424 385. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS: CYSTS - p. 425 386. Chapter 326: CSF Flow Artifact - p. 425 387. Chapter 327: Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst - p. 426 388. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS: NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 427 389. Chapter 328: Epidural Lipomatosis - p. 427 390. Chapter 329: Normal Fatty Marrow Variants - p. 428 391. Chapter 330: IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis - p. 429 392. VASCULAR AND SYSTEMIC DISORDERS: VASCULAR LESIONS - p. 430 393. Chapter 331: Vascular Anatomy - p. 430 394. Chapter 332: Type 1 Vascular Malformation (dAVF) - p. 436 395. Chapter 333: Spinal Cord Infarction - p. 437 396. VASCULAR AND SYSTEMIC DISORDERS: SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES - p. 438 397. Chapter 334: Osteoporosis - p. 438 398. SECTION 6: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXI - p. 439 399. Chapter 335: Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy - p. 439 400. Chapter 336: Superior Sulcus Tumor - p. 447 401. Chapter 337: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 448 402. Chapter 338: Muscle Denervation - p. 449 403. Chapter 339: Brachial Plexus Traction Injury - p. 450 404. Chapter 340: Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis - p. 451 405. Chapter 341: Hypertrophic Neuropathy - p. 452 406. Chapter 342: Femoral Neuropathy - p. 453 407. Chapter 343: Ulnar Neuropathy - p. 454 408. Chapter 344: Suprascapular Neuropathy - p. 455 409. Chapter 345: Median Neuropathy - p. 456 410. Chapter 346: Common Peroneal Neuropathy - p. 457 411. Chapter 347: Tibial Neuropathy - p. 458 412. Radiology Abbreviation Index - p. 459 413. INDEX - p. 459
Written by two renowned leaders in neuroradiology and neurology, this unique reference is a high-level imaging resource ideal for today’s clinical neurologist or neuroscientist. Using straightforward, jargon-free prose, this book provides an overview of neurological disorders coupled with typical imaging findings — all designed for use at the point of care. You will be expertly guided throughout, from radiologic appearance and the significance of the imaging findings to the next appropriate steps in effective patient care.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Imaging - p. xiii 2. Part I: Brain - p. 7 3. SECTION 1: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES: MALFORMATIONS, TRAUMA, AND STROKE - p. 7 4. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS - p. 7 5. Chapter 2: Congenital Malformations Overview - p. 7 6. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS: BRAIN MALFORMATIONS - p. 13 7. Chapter 3: Chiari 1 - p. 13 8. Chapter 4: Chiari 2 - p. 14 9. Chapter 5: Callosal Dysgenesis - p. 15 10. Chapter 6: Lipoma - p. 16 11. Chapter 7: Dandy-Walker Continuum - p. 17 12. Chapter 8: Septooptic Dysplasia - p. 18 13. Chapter 9: Heterotopic Gray Matter - p. 19 14. Chapter 10: Polymicrogyria - p. 20 15. Chapter 11: Schizencephaly - p. 21 16. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS: NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES - p. 22 17. Chapter 12: von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome - p. 22 18. Chapter 13: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 23 19. Chapter 14: Neurofibromatosis Type 2 - p. 24 20. Chapter 15: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex - p. 25 21. Chapter 16: Sturge-Weber Syndrome - p. 26 22. Chapter 17: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia - p. 27 23. Chapter 18: Lhermitte-Duclos Disease - p. 28 24. Chapter 19: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome - p. 29 25. TRAUMA - p. 30 26. Chapter 20: Introduction to CNS Imaging, Trauma - p. 30 27. TRAUMA: PRIMARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA - p. 36 28. Chapter 21: Acute Subdural Hematoma - p. 36 29. Chapter 22: Subacute Subdural Hematoma - p. 37 30. Chapter 23: Chronic Subdural Hematoma - p. 38 31. Chapter 24: Epidural Hematoma, Classic - p. 39 32. Chapter 25: Epidural Hematoma, Variant - p. 40 33. Chapter 26: Abusive Head Trauma - p. 41 34. Chapter 27: Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 42 35. Chapter 28: Cerebral Contusion - p. 43 36. Chapter 29: Diffuse Axonal Injury - p. 44 37. Chapter 30: Subcortical Injury - p. 45 38. TRAUMA: SECONDARY EFFECTS OF CNS TRAUMA - p. 46 39. Chapter 31: Intracranial Herniation Syndromes - p. 46 40. Chapter 32: Traumatic Cerebral Ischemia/Infarction - p. 47 41. Chapter 33: Brain Death - p. 48 42. Chapter 34: Second Impact Syndrome - p. 49 43. Chapter 35: Traumatic Intracranial Arterial Dissection - p. 50 44. Chapter 36: Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula - p. 51 45. Chapter 37: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy - p. 52 46. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: VASCULAR ANATOMY - p. 53 47. Chapter 38: Intracranial Arteries Overview - p. 53 48. Chapter 39: Intracranial Venous System Overview - p. 59 49. Chapter 40: Stroke Overview - p. 67 50. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: NONTRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE - p. 73 51. Chapter 41: Evolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 73 52. Chapter 42: Spontaneous Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 74 53. Chapter 43: Hypertensive Intracranial Hemorrhage - p. 75 54. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CAROTID STENOSIS - p. 76 55. Chapter 44: Arteriolosclerosis - p. 76 56. Chapter 45: Intracranial Atherosclerosis - p. 77 57. Chapter 46: Extracranial Atherosclerosis - p. 78 58. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: NONATHEROMATOUS VASCULOPATHY - p. 79 59. Chapter 47: Moyamoya - p. 79 60. Chapter 48: Primary Arteritis of the CNS - p. 80 61. Chapter 49: Miscellaneous Vasculitis - p. 81 62. Chapter 50: Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome - p. 82 63. Chapter 51: Vasospasm - p. 83 64. Chapter 52: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 84 65. Chapter 53: Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) - p. 85 66. Chapter 54: CADASIL - p. 86 67. Chapter 55: Behçet Disease - p. 87 68. Chapter 56: Susac Syndrome - p. 88 69. Chapter 57: Fibromuscular Dysplasia - p. 89 70. Chapter 58: Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Dissection - p. 90 71. Chapter 59: Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection - p. 91 72. VASCULAR ANATOMY AND STROKE: CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION - p. 92 73. Chapter 60: Adult Hypoxic Ischemic Injury - p. 92 74. Chapter 61: Hypotensive Cerebral Infarction - p. 93 75. Chapter 62: Childhood Stroke - p. 94 76. Chapter 63: Acute Cerebral Ischemia-Infarction - p. 95 77. Chapter 64: Subacute Cerebral Infarction - p. 96 78. Chapter 65: Chronic Cerebral Infarction - p. 97 79. Chapter 66: Multiple Embolic Cerebral Infarctions - p. 98 80. Chapter 67: Fat Emboli Cerebral Infarction - p. 99 81. Chapter 68: Lacunar Infarction - p. 100 82. Chapter 69: Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome (CHS) - p. 101 83. Chapter 70: Dural Sinus Thrombosis - p. 102 84. Chapter 71: Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis/Thrombophlebitis - p. 103 85. Chapter 72: Cortical Venous Thrombosis - p. 104 86. Chapter 73: Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis - p. 105 87. SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND ANEURYSMS - p. 106 88. Chapter 74: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms Overview - p. 106 89. Chapter 75: Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 108 90. Chapter 76: Perimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (pnSAH) - p. 109 91. Chapter 77: Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (cSAH) - p. 110 92. Chapter 78: Saccular Aneurysm - p. 111 93. Chapter 79: Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia - p. 112 94. Chapter 80: Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease (ASVD) Fusiform Aneurysm - p. 113 95. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS - p. 114 96. Chapter 81: Vascular Malformations Overview - p. 114 97. Chapter 82: Arteriovenous Malformation - p. 116 98. Chapter 83: Dural Arteriovenous Fistula - p. 117 99. Chapter 84: Developmental Venous Anomaly - p. 118 100. Chapter 85: Cavernous Malformation - p. 119 101. Chapter 86: Capillary Telangiectasia - p. 120 102. SECTION 2: PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND DISORDERS - p. 121 103. NEOPLASMS - p. 121 104. Chapter 87: Neoplasms Overview - p. 121 105. NEOPLASMS: ASTROCYTOMAS - p. 127 106. Chapter 88: Low-Grade Diffuse Astrocytoma - p. 127 107. Chapter 89: Anaplastic Astrocytoma - p. 128 108. Chapter 90: Pilocytic Astrocytoma - p. 129 109. Chapter 91: Glioblastoma - p. 130 110. Chapter 92: Gliomatosis Cerebri - p. 131 111. NEOPLASMS: NONASTROCYTIC GLIOMAS - p. 132 112. Chapter 93: Oligodendroglioma - p. 132 113. Chapter 94: Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma - p. 133 114. Chapter 95: Infratentorial Ependymoma - p. 134 115. Chapter 96: Subependymoma - p. 135 116. Chapter 97: Typical Choroid Plexus Papilloma - p. 136 117. NEOPLASMS: NEURONAL AND MIXED NEURONALGLIAL TUMORS - p. 137 118. Chapter 98: Ganglioglioma - p. 137 119. Chapter 99: Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET) - p. 138 120. Chapter 100: Central Neurocytoma - p. 139 121. NEOPLASMS: PINEAL AND GERM CELL TUMORS - p. 140 122. Chapter 101: Pineocytoma - p. 140 123. Chapter 102: Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation (PPTID) - p. 141 124. Chapter 103: Germinoma - p. 142 125. NEOPLASMS: MISCELLANEOUS PRIMARY TUMORS - p. 143 126. Chapter 104: Medulloblastoma - p. 143 127. Chapter 105: Hemangioblastoma - p. 144 128. Chapter 106: Primary CNS Lymphoma - p. 145 129. Chapter 107: Intravascular (Angiocentric) Lymphoma - p. 146 130. Chapter 108: Leukemia - p. 147 131. NEOPLASMS: METASTATIC TUMORS AND REMOTE EFFECTS OF CANCER - p. 148 132. Chapter 109: Parenchymal Metastases - p. 148 133. Chapter 110: Miscellaneous Intracranial Metastases - p. 149 134. Chapter 111: Metastatic Intracranial Lymphoma - p. 150 135. Chapter 112: Paraneoplastic Syndromes and Limbic Encephalitis - p. 151 136. NEOPLASMS: TREATMENT-RELATED EFFECTS - p. 152 137. Chapter 113: Radiation and Chemotherapy - p. 152 138. Chapter 114: Pseudoprogression (PsP) - p. 153 139. Chapter 115: Pseudoresponse - p. 154 140. PRIMARY NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS - p. 155 141. Chapter 116: Primary Nonneoplastic Cysts Overview - p. 155 142. Chapter 117: Arachnoid Cyst - p. 159 143. Chapter 118: Colloid Cyst - p. 160 144. Chapter 119: Dermoid Cyst - p. 161 145. Chapter 120: Epidermoid Cyst - p. 162 146. Chapter 121: Hippocampal Sulcus Remnant Cysts - p. 163 147. Chapter 122: Enlarged Perivascular Spaces - p. 164 148. Chapter 123: Pineal Cyst - p. 165 149. Chapter 124: Choroid Plexus Cyst - p. 166 150. Chapter 125: Porencephalic Cyst - p. 167 151. INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE: INFECTIONS - p. 168 152. Chapter 126: CNS Infectious Disease Overview - p. 168 153. Chapter 127: Meningitis - p. 170 154. Chapter 128: Abscess - p. 171 155. Chapter 129: Ventriculitis - p. 172 156. Chapter 130: Empyema - p. 173 157. Chapter 131: Herpes Encephalitis - p. 174 158. Chapter 132: HHV-6 Encephalitis - p. 175 159. Chapter 133: West Nile Virus Encephalitis - p. 176 160. Chapter 134: Miscellaneous Encephalitis - p. 177 161. Chapter 135: Cerebellitis - p. 178 162. Chapter 136: Tuberculosis - p. 179 163. Chapter 137: Neurocysticercosis - p. 180 164. Chapter 138: Lyme Disease - p. 181 165. Chapter 139: Acquired HIV Encephalitis - p. 182 166. Chapter 140: Acquired Toxoplasmosis - p. 183 167. Chapter 141: Acquired CMV - p. 184 168. Chapter 142: Fungal Infections - p. 185 169. Chapter 143: Cryptococcosis - p. 186 170. Chapter 144: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) - p. 187 171. Chapter 145: Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) - p. 188 172. Chapter 146: HIV/AIDS, Miscellaneous Manifestations - p. 189 173. INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE: DEMYELINATING DISORDERS - p. 190 174. Chapter 147: Multiple Sclerosis - p. 190 175. Chapter 148: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 191 176. Chapter 149: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) - p. 192 177. Chapter 150: CLIPPERS - p. 193 178. INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 194 179. Chapter 151: Inherited Metabolic Disorders Overview - p. 194 180. Chapter 152: Leigh Syndrome - p. 198 181. Chapter 153: MELAS - p. 199 182. Chapter 154: Kearns-Sayre Syndrome - p. 200 183. Chapter 155: Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 201 184. Chapter 156: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) - p. 202 185. Chapter 157: Fabry Disease - p. 203 186. Chapter 158: X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy - p. 204 187. Chapter 159: Canavan Disease - p. 205 188. Chapter 160: Alexander Disease - p. 206 189. Chapter 161: Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) - p. 207 190. Chapter 162: Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) - p. 208 191. Chapter 163: Huntington Disease - p. 209 192. Chapter 164: Wilson Disease - p. 210 193. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 211 194. Chapter 165: Acquired Toxic/Metabolic Disorders Overview - p. 211 195. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: TOXIC, METABOLIC, NUTRITIONAL, SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH CNS MANIFESTATIONS - p. 215 196. Chapter 166: Adult Hypoglycemia - p. 215 197. Chapter 167: Thyroid Disorders - p. 216 198. Chapter 168: Parathyroid Disorders - p. 217 199. Chapter 169: Fahr Disease - p. 218 200. Chapter 170: Alcoholic Encephalopathy - p. 219 201. Chapter 171: Hepatic Encephalopathy - p. 220 202. Chapter 172: Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) - p. 221 203. Chapter 173: Chronic Hypertensive Encephalopathy - p. 222 204. Chapter 174: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension - p. 223 205. Chapter 175: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - p. 224 206. Chapter 176: Drug Abuse - p. 225 207. Chapter 177: Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome - p. 226 208. Chapter 178: Mesial Temporal Sclerosis - p. 227 209. Chapter 179: Status Epilepticus - p. 228 210. Chapter 180: Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) - p. 229 211. ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: DEMENTIAS AND DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS - p. 230 212. Chapter 181: Normal Aging Brain - p. 230 213. Chapter 182: Alzheimer Disease - p. 231 214. Chapter 183: Vascular Dementia - p. 232 215. Chapter 184: Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration - p. 233 216. Chapter 185: Dementia With Lewy Bodies - p. 234 217. Chapter 186: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Classic - p. 235 218. Chapter 187: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variants - p. 236 219. Chapter 188: Parkinson Disease - p. 237 220. Chapter 189: Multiple System Atrophy - p. 238 221. Chapter 190: Posterior Cortical Atrophy - p. 239 222. Chapter 191: Corticobasal Degeneration - p. 240 223. Chapter 192: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) - p. 241 224. Chapter 193: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - p. 242 225. Chapter 194: Wallerian Degeneration - p. 243 226. Chapter 195: Spinocerebellar Ataxias - p. 244 227. Chapter 196: Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis - p. 245 228. Chapter 197: Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration - p. 246 229. SECTION 3: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES - p. 247 230. VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS - p. 247 231. Chapter 198: Ventricles and Cisterns Overview - p. 247 232. Chapter 199: Cavum Septi Pellucidi (CSP) - p. 255 233. Chapter 200: Intraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus - p. 256 234. Chapter 201: Extraventricular Obstructive Hydrocephalus - p. 257 235. Chapter 202: Aqueductal Stenosis - p. 258 236. Chapter 203: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus - p. 259 237. Chapter 204: CSF Shunts and Complications - p. 260 238. SELLA AND PITUITARY - p. 261 239. Chapter 205: Sella and Pituitary Overview - p. 261 240. Chapter 206: Pituitary Anomalies - p. 265 241. Chapter 207: Pituitary Microadenoma - p. 266 242. Chapter 208: Pituitary Macroadenoma - p. 267 243. Chapter 209: Pituitary Apoplexy - p. 268 244. Chapter 210: Rathke Cleft Cyst - p. 269 245. Chapter 211: Craniopharyngioma - p. 270 246. Chapter 212: Empty Sella - p. 271 247. Chapter 213: Pituitary Hyperplasia - p. 272 248. Chapter 214: Lymphocytic Hypophysitis - p. 273 249. CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE AND INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL (CPA-IAC) - p. 274 250. Chapter 215: CPA-IAC Overview - p. 274 251. Chapter 216: Epidermoid Cyst, CPA-IAC - p. 278 252. Chapter 217: Arachnoid Cyst, CPA-IAC - p. 279 253. Chapter 218: Bell’s Palsy - p. 280 254. Chapter 219: Trigeminal Neuralgia - p. 281 255. Chapter 220: Hemifacial Spasm - p. 282 256. Chapter 221: Vestibular Schwannoma - p. 283 257. Chapter 222: Nonvestibular Schwannoma - p. 284 258. Chapter 223: Meningioma, CPA-IAC - p. 285 259. Chapter 224: Metastases, CPA-IAC - p. 286 260. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES - p. 287 261. Chapter 225: Skull, Scalp, and Meninges Overview - p. 287 262. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES: NONNEOPLASTIC DISORDERS - p. 291 263. Chapter 226: Intracranial Hypotension - p. 291 264. Chapter 227: Skull Base CSF Leak - p. 292 265. Chapter 228: Intracranial Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumor - p. 293 266. Chapter 229: IgG4-Related Disease - p. 294 267. Chapter 230: Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 295 268. Chapter 231: Paget Disease - p. 296 269. Chapter 232: Thick Skull - p. 297 270. Chapter 233: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain - p. 298 271. Chapter 234: Neurosarcoid - p. 299 272. Chapter 235: Trichilemmal Cyst - p. 300 273. SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES: NEOPLASMS - p. 301 274. Chapter 236: Meningioma - p. 301 275. Chapter 237: Atypical and Malignant Meningioma - p. 302 276. Chapter 238: Calvarial Hemangioma - p. 303 277. Chapter 239: Myeloma - p. 304 278. Chapter 240: Skull and Meningeal Metastases - p. 305 279. EYE, ORBIT, AND OPTIC NERVE: OVERVIEW - p. 306 280. Chapter 241: Orbit Overview - p. 306 281. EYE, ORBIT, AND OPTIC NERVE: NONNEOPLASTIC DISORDERS - p. 310 282. Chapter 242: Optic Neuritis - p. 310 283. Chapter 243: Thyroid Ophthalmopathy - p. 311 284. Chapter 244: Orbital Idiopathic Inflammatory Pseudotumor - p. 312 285. EYE, ORBIT, AND OPTIC NERVE: NEOPLASMS - p. 313 286. Chapter 245: Optic Pathway Glioma - p. 313 287. Chapter 246: Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma - p. 314 288. Part II: Spine - p. 315 289. SECTION 1: NORMAL ANATOMY AND CONGENITAL DISORDERS - p. 315 290. ANATOMY - p. 315 291. Chapter 247: Normal Spine Anatomy - p. 315 292. Chapter 248: Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development - p. 323 293. MALFORMATIONS, CONGENITAL DISORDERS, AND SCOLIOSIS - p. 331 294. Chapter 249: Myelomeningocele - p. 331 295. Chapter 250: Dorsal Dermal Sinus - p. 332 296. Chapter 251: Simple Coccygeal Dimple - p. 333 297. Chapter 252: Tethered Spinal Cord - p. 334 298. Chapter 253: Klippel-Feil Spectrum - p. 335 299. Chapter 254: Dural Dysplasia - p. 336 300. Chapter 255: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 - p. 337 301. Chapter 256: Neurofibromatosis Type 2 - p. 338 302. Chapter 257: Achondroplasia - p. 339 303. Chapter 258: Kyphosis - p. 340 304. Chapter 259: Scoliosis - p. 341 305. Chapter 260: Degenerative Scoliosis - p. 342 306. SECTION 2: TRAUMA AND HEMORRHAGE - p. 343 307. Chapter 261: Central Spinal Cord Syndrome - p. 343 308. Chapter 262: Posttraumatic Syrinx - p. 346 309. Chapter 263: Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma - p. 347 310. Chapter 264: Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma - p. 348 311. Chapter 265: Subdural Hematoma - p. 349 312. Chapter 266: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - p. 350 313. SECTION 3: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES - p. 351 314. SPINE DEGENERATIONS - p. 351 315. Chapter 267: Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease - p. 351 316. Chapter 268: Degenerative Disc Disease - p. 357 317. Chapter 269: Disc Bulge - p. 358 318. Chapter 270: Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 359 319. Chapter 271: Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 360 320. Chapter 272: Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 361 321. Chapter 273: Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal - p. 362 322. Chapter 274: Cervical Facet Arthropathy - p. 363 323. Chapter 275: Lumbar Facet Arthropathy - p. 364 324. Chapter 276: Schmorl Node - p. 365 325. Chapter 277: Scheuermann Disease - p. 366 326. Chapter 278: Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis - p. 367 327. Chapter 279: Congenital Spinal Stenosis - p. 368 328. Chapter 280: Cervical Spondylosis - p. 369 329. Chapter 281: Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) - p. 370 330. Chapter 282: Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL) - p. 371 331. SPONDYLOLISTHESIS AND SPONDYLOLYSIS - p. 372 332. Chapter 283: Spondylolisthesis - p. 372 333. Chapter 284: Spondylolysis - p. 373 334. INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES - p. 374 335. Chapter 285: Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 374 336. Chapter 286: Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition (CPPD) - p. 375 337. Chapter 287: Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 376 338. SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS - p. 377 339. INFECTIONS - p. 377 340. Chapter 288: Pathways of Spread of Infection - p. 377 341. Chapter 289: Spinal Meningitis - p. 383 342. Chapter 290: Tuberculous Osteomyelitis - p. 384 343. Chapter 291: Paraspinal Abscess - p. 385 344. Chapter 292: Epidural Abscess - p. 386 345. Chapter 293: Subdural Abscess - p. 387 346. Chapter 294: Viral Myelitis - p. 388 347. Chapter 295: HIV Myelitis - p. 389 348. Chapter 296: Opportunistic Infections - p. 390 349. INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS - p. 391 350. Chapter 297: Acute Transverse Myelopathy - p. 391 351. Chapter 298: Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis - p. 392 352. Chapter 299: Multiple Sclerosis - p. 393 353. Chapter 300: Neuromyelitis Optica - p. 394 354. Chapter 301: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) - p. 395 355. Chapter 302: Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) - p. 396 356. Chapter 303: Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) - p. 397 357. Chapter 304: Sarcoidosis - p. 398 358. Chapter 305: Subacute Combined Degeneration - p. 399 359. Chapter 306: Paraneoplastic Myelopathy - p. 400 360. SECTION 5: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES - p. 401 361. NEOPLASMS - p. 401 362. Chapter 307: Spread of Neoplasms - p. 401 363. NEOPLASMS: EXTRADURAL - p. 407 364. Chapter 308: Blastic Osseous Metastases - p. 407 365. Chapter 309: Lytic Osseous Metastases - p. 408 366. Chapter 310: Hemangioma - p. 409 367. Chapter 311: Lymphoma - p. 410 368. Chapter 312: Leukemia - p. 411 369. Chapter 313: Plasmacytoma - p. 412 370. Chapter 314: Multiple Myeloma - p. 413 371. NEOPLASMS: INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY - p. 414 372. Chapter 315: Schwannoma - p. 414 373. Chapter 316: Meningioma - p. 415 374. Chapter 317: Neurofibroma - p. 416 375. Chapter 318: Metastases, CSF Disseminated - p. 417 376. NEOPLASMS: INTRAMEDULLARY - p. 418 377. Chapter 319: Astrocytoma - p. 418 378. Chapter 320: Classic Ependymoma - p. 419 379. Chapter 321: Myxopapillary Ependymoma - p. 420 380. Chapter 322: Spinal Cord Metastases - p. 421 381. NEOPLASMS: NEOPLASMS AND TREATMENT-RELATED EFFECTS - p. 422 382. Chapter 323: Radiation Myelopathy - p. 422 383. Chapter 324: Postirradiation Vertebral Marrow - p. 423 384. Chapter 325: Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy - p. 424 385. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS: CYSTS - p. 425 386. Chapter 326: CSF Flow Artifact - p. 425 387. Chapter 327: Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst - p. 426 388. NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS: NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES AND TUMOR MIMICS - p. 427 389. Chapter 328: Epidural Lipomatosis - p. 427 390. Chapter 329: Normal Fatty Marrow Variants - p. 428 391. Chapter 330: IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis - p. 429 392. VASCULAR AND SYSTEMIC DISORDERS: VASCULAR LESIONS - p. 430 393. Chapter 331: Vascular Anatomy - p. 430 394. Chapter 332: Type 1 Vascular Malformation (dAVF) - p. 436 395. Chapter 333: Spinal Cord Infarction - p. 437 396. VASCULAR AND SYSTEMIC DISORDERS: SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES - p. 438 397. Chapter 334: Osteoporosis - p. 438 398. SECTION 6: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXI - p. 439 399. Chapter 335: Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy - p. 439 400. Chapter 336: Superior Sulcus Tumor - p. 447 401. Chapter 337: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 448 402. Chapter 338: Muscle Denervation - p. 449 403. Chapter 339: Brachial Plexus Traction Injury - p. 450 404. Chapter 340: Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis - p. 451 405. Chapter 341: Hypertrophic Neuropathy - p. 452 406. Chapter 342: Femoral Neuropathy - p. 453 407. Chapter 343: Ulnar Neuropathy - p. 454 408. Chapter 344: Suprascapular Neuropathy - p. 455 409. Chapter 345: Median Neuropathy - p. 456 410. Chapter 346: Common Peroneal Neuropathy - p. 457 411. Chapter 347: Tibial Neuropathy - p. 458 412. Radiology Abbreviation Index - p. 459 413. INDEX - p. 459
