Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine

1. Instructions for online access - p. i 2. Title of Book - p. i 3. Cover image - p. i 4. Title page - p. ii 5. Table of Contents - p. iii 6. Copyright - p. iv 7. Video Contents - p. vii 8. Foreword to the Eleventh Edition - p. ix 9. Preface to the Eleventh Edition - p. xi 10. List of Contributors - p. xiii 11. International Advisory Board - p. xix 12. Acknowledgments for the Eleventh Edition - p. xxi 13. Part 1. The Practice of Medicine - p. xxi.evi 14. 1. The art of being a doctor - p. 1 15. 2. Clinical communication - p. 14 16. 3. Medical ethics - p. 25 17. 4. Evidence-based practice - p. 35 18. 5. Human genetics - p. 52 19. 6. Immunity - p. 79 20. 7. Therapeutics and prescribing - p. 107 21. 8. Radiology - p. 117 22. Part 2. Medicine and the World - p. 152 23. 9. Public health - p. 153 24. 10. Global and planetary health - p. 167 25. Part 3. Acute and Emergency Medicine - p. 174 26. 11. Acute medicine - p. 175 27. Background - p. 175 28. Patient flow through AIM - p. 176 29. The role of the AIM clinician - p. 178 30. Clinical skills - p. 179 31. Risk assessments for common acute medical conditions - p. 180 32. Communicating decisions and referrals - p. 180 33. Discharge planning - p. 182 34. Liaison with acute care MDT - p. 182 35. Core clinical presentations in AIM - p. 192 36. Anaphylaxis - p. 198 37. Chest pain - p. 198 38. Palpitations - p. 201 39. Breathlessness - p. 204 40. Haemoptysis - p. 218 41. Nausea and vomiting - p. 220 42. Diarrhoea - p. 220 43. Haematemesis and melaena - p. 223 44. Abdominal swelling - p. 226 45. Abnormal blood results - p. 227 46. Acute kidney injury - p. 228 47. Hyperkalaemia - p. 231 48. Follow-up - p. 232 49. The unconscious patient - p. 232 50. Dizziness and blackouts - p. 236 51. Headache - p. 239 52. Clinical assessment - p. 239 53. Investigations - p. 242 54. Migraine - p. 242 55. Tension-type headache - p. 242 56. Intracranial bleeds - p. 243 57. Subdural and extradural bleeding - p. 245 58. Cortical venous thrombosis and dural venous sinus thrombosis - p. 245 59. Meningitis - p. 246 60. Viral encephalitis - p. 249 61. Seizures - p. 249 62. Delirium - p. 250 63. Functional neurological disorder - p. 253 64. Polysymptomatology - p. 254 65. Swollen joint - p. 254 66. The unwell diabetic patient - p. 257 67. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism - p. 264 68. The unwell cancer patient - p. 272 69. Rash - p. 274 70. 12. Sepsis and the treatment of bacterial infection - p. 278 71. 13. Critical care medicine - p. 297 72. 14. Anaesthesia and perioperative medicine - p. 334 73. 15. Toxicology - p. 353 74. 16. Environmental medicine - p. 371 75. Part 4. Medical Specialties - p. 383 76. 17. Cardiology - p. 384 77. Clinical skills - p. 385 78. Examination - p. 387 79. ECG interpretation - p. 387 80. Anatomy, physiology, and embryology of the heart - p. 388 81. Clinical approach to the patient with heart disease - p. 393 82. Palpitations - p. 394 83. Syncope - p. 394 84. Fatigue - p. 394 85. Peripheral oedema - p. 394 86. Examination of the cardiovascular system - p. 394 87. Cardiac investigations - p. 397 88. Therapeutic procedures - p. 409 89. Cardiac arrhythmias - p. 411 90. Tachycardias - p. 418 91. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias - p. 423 92. Long QT syndrome - p. 424 93. Clinical features - p. 424 94. Management - p. 424 95. Short QT syndrome - p. 425 96. Normal heart ventricular tachycardia - p. 425 97. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia - p. 425 98. Ventricular premature beats (ectopics) - p. 425 99. Long-term management of cardiac tachyarrhythmias - p. 426 100. Heart failure - p. 429 101. Coronary artery disease - p. 437 102. Diagnosis - p. 439 103. Angina - p. 440 104. Acute coronary syndromes - p. 444 105. Valvular heart disease - p. 452 106. Tricuspid valve - p. 462 107. Pulmonary valve - p. 463 108. Prosthetic valves - p. 464 109. Infective endocarditis - p. 465 110. Congenital heart disease - p. 469 111. Pulmonary heart disease - p. 477 112. Myocardial and endocardial disease - p. 480 113. 18. Hypertension - p. 496 114. 19. Lipid and metabolic disorders - p. 510 115. 20. Respiratory medicine - p. 521 116. CLINICAL SKILLS - p. 521 117. Function of the respiratory system - p. 523 118. Clinical approach to the patient with respiratory disease - p. 529 119. Examination of the respiratory system - p. 530 120. Investigation of respiratory disease - p. 532 121. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract - p. 537 122. Obstructive respiratory disease - p. 540 123. Smoking - p. 551 124. Respiratory infection - p. 552 125. Pneumonia - p. 552 126. Tuberculosis - p. 553 127. Pathogenesis - p. 553 128. Clinical features and diagnosis - p. 553 129. Pulmonary TB - p. 553 130. Lymph node TB - p. 554 131. Miliary TB - p. 554 132. Microbiological diagnosis - p. 554 133. Management - p. 554 134. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection - p. 557 135. Pleural disease - p. 557 136. Pleural effusion - p. 557 137. Diagnosis - p. 557 138. Management - p. 559 139. Empyema - p. 559 140. Malignant pleural effusion - p. 559 141. Chylothorax - p. 559 142. Tumours of the respiratory tract - p. 559 143. Benign tumours - p. 563 144. Prognosis - p. 566 145. Cystic fibrosis - p. 566 146. Pathogenesis - p. 566 147. Clinical features and complications - p. 566 148. Diagnosis - p. 566 149. Management - p. 567 150. Interstitial lung diseases - p. 568 151. Sarcoidosis - p. 568 152. Lung and heart–lung transplantation - p. 577 153. Indications and donor selection - p. 577 154. Complications and their treatment - p. 577 155. Prognosis - p. 577 156. Occupational lung disease - p. 577 157. Coal-worker’s pneumoconiosis - p. 577 158. Silicosis - p. 578 159. Diseases caused by asbestos - p. 578 160. Byssinosis - p. 578 161. Berylliosis - p. 578 162. Miscellaneous respiratory disorders - p. 578 163. Lung cysts - p. 578 164. Trauma - p. 579 165. Kyphoscoliosis - p. 579 166. Ankylosing spondylitis - p. 579 167. Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum - p. 579 168. Pleurisy - p. 580 169. Disorders of the diaphragm - p. 580 170. Diaphragmatic fatigue - p. 580 171. Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis - p. 580 172. Bilateral diaphragmatic weakness or paralysis - p. 580 173. Complete eventration of the diaphragm - p. 580 174. Diaphragmatic hernia - p. 580 175. Hiccups - p. 580 176. Mediastinal lesions - p. 580 177. 21. Ear, nose, and throat - p. 582 178. 22. Gastroenterology - p. 601 179. Clinical skills - p. 602 180. Background - p. 604 181. Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract - p. 604 182. Clinical features of gastrointestinal disease - p. 612 183. Constipation - p. 615 184. Pathophysiology and brain–gut interactions - p. 620 185. Mouth - p. 620 186. Salivary glands - p. 621 187. Pharynx and oesophagus - p. 621 188. Complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - p. 625 189. Motility disorders - p. 625 190. Other oesophageal disorders - p. 628 191. Oesophageal tumours - p. 630 192. Functional oesophageal disorders - p. 632 193. Stomach and duodenum - p. 632 194. Gastritis and gastropathy - p. 632 195. Helicobacter pylori infection - p. 632 196. Gastric tumours - p. 637 197. Adenocarcinoma - p. 637 198. Epidemiology and pathogenesis - p. 637 199. Screening - p. 638 200. Pathology - p. 638 201. Clinical features - p. 638 202. Diagnosis - p. 639 203. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours - p. 639 204. Management - p. 639 205. Primary gastric lymphoma - p. 639 206. Aetiology - p. 639 207. Clinical features - p. 640 208. Management - p. 640 209. Gastric polyps - p. 640 210. Acute and chronic gastrointestinal bleeding - p. 640 211. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding - p. 640 212. Endoscopic management of acute gastrointestinal bleeds - p. 640 213. Prognosis - p. 641 214. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding - p. 641 215. Management - p. 641 216. Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding - p. 641 217. Diagnosis - p. 641 218. Management - p. 642 219. Small intestine - p. 642 220. Malabsorption - p. 644 221. Miscellaneous intestinal diseases - p. 650 222. Tumours of the small intestine - p. 651 223. Colon and rectum - p. 665 224. Miscellaneous colonic conditions - p. 665 225. Diverticular disease - p. 666 226. Anorectal disorders - p. 667 227. Colonic tumours - p. 669 228. Colon polyps and polyposis syndromes - p. 669 229. Classification of colorectal polyps - p. 669 230. Sporadic adenomas - p. 669 231. Sessile serrated adenomas - p. 669 232. Inherited polyposis syndromes - p. 670 233. Colorectal carcinoma - p. 671 234. Genetics - p. 672 235. Pathology - p. 673 236. Clinical features - p. 673 237. Screening for CRC - p. 673 238. Investigations - p. 673 239. Management - p. 674 240. The acute abdomen - p. 674 241. Diagnosis - p. 674 242. Investigations - p. 675 243. Acute appendicitis - p. 675 244. Clinical features - p. 675 245. Differential diagnosis - p. 676 246. Management - p. 676 247. Gynaecological causes of an acute abdomen - p. 676 248. Acute peritonitis - p. 676 249. Clinical features - p. 676 250. Investigations - p. 676 251. Management - p. 676 252. Complications - p. 676 253. Intestinal obstruction - p. 677 254. Clinical features - p. 677 255. Management - p. 677 256. Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction - p. 677 257. Peritoneum - p. 677 258. Disorders affecting the peritoneum - p. 677 259. 23. Hepatology - p. 679 260. CLINICAL SKILLS - p. 680 261. Background - p. 682 262. Anatomy of the liver and biliary system - p. 682 263. Functions of the liver - p. 683 264. Investigations in the patient with liver disease - p. 686 265. Jaundice - p. 690 266. Hepatitis - p. 692 267. Viral hepatitis - p. 694 268. Acute hepatitis due to other infectious agents - p. 703 269. Acute hepatic failure - p. 704 270. Autoimmune hepatitis - p. 705 271. Drug-induced chronic hepatitis - p. 706 272. Chronic hepatitis of unknown cause - p. 706 273. Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease - p. 707 274. Cirrhosis - p. 708 275. Liver transplantation - p. 711 276. Complications and effects of cirrhosis - p. 712 277. Types of cirrhosis - p. 718 278. Alcohol and alcoholic liver disease - p. 722 279. Budd–Chiari syndrome - p. 726 280. Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome - p. 726 281. Fibropolycystic diseases - p. 726 282. Liver abscess - p. 727 283. Other infections of the liver - p. 728 284. Liver disease in pregnancy - p. 728 285. Liver tumours - p. 728 286. Miscellaneous conditions of the liver - p. 730 287. Drugs and the liver - p. 732 288. 24. Biliary tract and pancreatic disease - p. 735 289. 25. Nutrition - p. 762 290. 26. Kidney and urinary tract disease - p. 789 291. Clinical skills - p. 790 292. Background - p. 792 293. Anatomy and physiology - p. 792 294. Investigation of kidney and urinary tract disease - p. 797 295. The glomerulus and glomerular disease - p. 800 296. Nephrotic syndrome - p. 802 297. Non-nephrotic range proteinuria - p. 803 298. Causes of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome - p. 803 299. Glomerulonephritis - p. 808 300. Mixed nephritic and nephrotic syndrome - p. 813 301. Other glomerular disorders - p. 816 302. Kidney involvement in other diseases - p. 817 303. Hypertension and the kidney - p. 819 304. Kidney calculi and nephrocalcinosis - p. 821 305. Urinary tract obstruction - p. 825 306. Drugs and the kidney - p. 828 307. Urinary tract infection - p. 829 308. Tubolointerstitial nephritis - p. 833 309. Acute kidney injury - p. 835 310. Chronic kidney disease - p. 837 311. Cystic kidney disease - p. 849 312. Tumours of the kidney and genitourinary tract - p. 851 313. Diseases of the prostate gland - p. 852 314. The urinary tract in the elderly - p. 852 315. 27. Water balance, fluids, and electrolytes - p. 853 316. 28. Neurology - p. 885 317. Clinical Skills - p. 886 318. Background - p. 888 319. Functional neuroanatomy - p. 888 320. Patterns of Neurological Disease - p. 889 321. Disorders of motor control systems - p. 902 322. Dysarthria - p. 906 323. Lower motor neuron lesions - p. 906 324. Disorders of sensory pathways and pain - p. 908 325. Bladder control and sexual dysfunction - p. 911 326. Investigation of neurological disease - p. 913 327. Neurological Conditions - p. 915 328. Secondary headache disorders - p. 919 329. Facial pain - p. 920 330. Epilepsy and loss of consciousness - p. 921 331. Movement disorders - p. 929 332. Neuroinflammatory disorders - p. 934 333. Nervous system infection - p. 941 334. Brain tumours - p. 944 335. Hydrocephalus - p. 946 336. Brain injury - p. 947 337. Spinal cord disease - p. 950 338. Syringomyelia and syringobulbia - p. 952 339. Dementia - p. 952 340. Epidemiology - p. 952 341. Clinical assessment - p. 952 342. Investigations - p. 953 343. Mild cognitive impairment - p. 954 344. Causes and risk factors - p. 954 345. Dementia syndromes - p. 954 346. Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia - p. 957 347. Vascular dementia - p. 957 348. Frontotemporal dementia - p. 957 349. Prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease - p. 957 350. Other dementias - p. 958 351. Management of dementia - p. 958 352. Motor neuron disease - p. 959 353. Congenital disorders - p. 960 354. Neurogenetic disorders - p. 961 355. Paraneoplastic syndromes - p. 962 356. Peripheral nerve disease - p. 962 357. Plexus and nerve root lesions - p. 969 358. Muscle diseases - p. 970 359. 29. Stroke medicine - p. 977 360. 30. General hospital psychiatry - p. 1001 361. Clinical skills - p. 1002 362. Treatment approaches in psychiatry - p. 1006 363. Prescribing in psychiatry - p. 1007 364. Background - p. 1009 365. Liaison psychiatry - p. 1009 366. Ethical and legal issues in psychiatry - p. 1010 367. Aetiology of mental disorders - p. 1012 368. Common psychiatric emergencies - p. 1013 369. Common psychiatric disorders - p. 1017 370. Opioid addiction - p. 1032 371. Novel psychoactive substances - p. 1033 372. Personality disorder - p. 1033 373. Management - p. 1036 374. Eating and feeding disorders - p. 1036 375. Epidemiology - p. 1036 376. Anorexia nervosa - p. 1036 377. Bulimia nervosa - p. 1039 378. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder - p. 1039 379. Additional considerations in selected patient groups - p. 1039 380. Diagnoses of exclusion: factitious disorder and factitious disorder induced by another - p. 1041 381. Management of factitious disorder - p. 1041 382. Prevention of mental illness: public mental health - p. 1042 383. 31. Ophthalmology - p. 1044 384. 32. Rheumatology - p. 1061 385. Clinical skills - p. 1062 386. Anatomy and physiology of the normal joint - p. 1064 387. Investigation of rheumatic disease - p. 1065 388. Clinical conditions in rheumatology - p. 1067 389. Common regional musculoskeletal problems - p. 1067 390. Pain in the shin, calf, and ankle - p. 1077 391. Pain in the foot - p. 1077 392. Pain under the heel - p. 1078 393. Pain in the chest - p. 1078 394. Pain associated with sport and the performing arts - p. 1079 395. Chronic pain syndromes - p. 1079 396. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs for musculoskeletal problems - p. 1081 397. Disorders of collagen - p. 1082 398. Osteoarthritis - p. 1083 399. Inflammatory arthritis - p. 1087 400. Rheumatoid arthritis - p. 1088 401. Spondyloarthritis - p. 1099 402. Infection of joints - p. 1106 403. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases - p. 1107 404. Systemic inflammatory vasculitis - p. 1114 405. Arthritis in children - p. 1118 406. Rheumatological problems seen in other diseases - p. 1118 407. Miscellaneous arthropathies - p. 1119 408. 33. Bone disease - p. 1121 409. 34. Endocrinology - p. 1137 410. Clinical skills - p. 1138 411. Background - p. 1140 412. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus - p. 1145 413. Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis - p. 1151 414. The adrenal medulla - p. 1161 415. The thyroid axis - p. 1163 416. Hyperthyroidism - p. 1167 417. Graves’ orbitopathy (ophthalmopathy) - p. 1171 418. Goitre (thyroid enlargement) - p. 1173 419. Thyroid cancer - p. 1174 420. Hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis - p. 1175 421. Anatomy and physiology - p. 1175 422. Disorders in the male - p. 1178 423. Disorders in the female - p. 1180 424. Disorders of sex development - p. 1185 425. The thirst axis - p. 1190 426. Disorders of calcium metabolism - p. 1193 427. Hypoglycaemia in the non-diabetic patient - p. 1196 428. Other endocrine disorders - p. 1198 429. 35. Diabetes mellitus - p. 1200 430. Clinical skills - p. 1200 431. Physiology of insulin secretion and action - p. 1203 432. Classification of diabetes - p. 1204 433. Clinical approach to the person with diabetes - p. 1211 434. Prevention of type 2 diabetes - p. 1212 435. Management of diabetes - p. 1212 436. Medication for diabetes - p. 1214 437. Insulin - p. 1214 438. Non-insulin antidiabetes treatments - p. 1219 439. Which drug and when? - p. 1221 440. Pancreatic islet and whole-pancreas transplantation - p. 1222 441. Monitoring glucose levels in people with diabetes - p. 1222 442. Diabetes-related metabolic emergencies - p. 1224 443. Complications of diabetes - p. 1224 444. Diabetes in special situations - p. 1235 445. Organization of diabetes care - p. 1238 446. 36. Metabolic disease - p. 1240 447. 37. Obesity - p. 1248 448. 38. Haematology - p. 1270 449. Clinical skills - p. 1271 450. Anaemia - p. 1277 451. Microcytic anaemia - p. 1279 452. Normocytic anaemia - p. 1283 453. Macrocytic anaemias - p. 1283 454. Macrocytosis without megaloblastic changes - p. 1286 455. Anaemia caused by marrow failure (aplastic anaemia) - p. 1287 456. Haemolytic anaemias - p. 1288 457. Inherited haemolytic anaemia - p. 1289 458. Haemoglobin abnormalities - p. 1291 459. The thalassaemias - p. 1292 460. Sickle syndromes - p. 1295 461. Metabolic disorders of the red blood cell - p. 1299 462. Acquired haemolytic anaemia - p. 1301 463. Polycythaemia - p. 1306 464. The spleen - p. 1306 465. Blood transfusion - p. 1307 466. Blood groups - p. 1308 467. Procedure for blood transfusion in hospitals - p. 1308 468. Complications of blood transfusion - p. 1309 469. Prevention of wrong blood transfusions - p. 1310 470. Immunological complications - p. 1310 471. Non-immunological complications - p. 1312 472. Strategies for the avoidance of unnecessary transfusion - p. 1312 473. Blood, blood components, and blood products - p. 1313 474. White blood cells - p. 1314 475. Haemostasis - p. 1316 476. Vascular disorders - p. 1321 477. Platelet disorders - p. 1321 478. Inherited coagulation disorders - p. 1324 479. Acquired coagulation disorders - p. 1325 480. 39. Haematological oncology - p. 1328 481. 40. Venous thromboembolic disease - p. 1363 482. 41. Malignant disease - p. 1375 483. Clinical skills - p. 1376 484. Examination - p. 1377 485. Background - p. 1415 486. Principles of oncology - p. 1415 487. Aetiology and epidemiology - p. 1380 488. Screening and investigations - p. 1382 489. Principles of cancer treatment - p. 1386 490. Principles of endocrine therapy - p. 1392 491. Principles of biological and targeted therapy - p. 1392 492. Principles of radiation therapy - p. 1394 493. Common solid tumour treatment - p. 1396 494. Lung cancer - p. 1396 495. Breast cancer - p. 1399 496. Upper gastrointestinal cancers - p. 1402 497. Lower gastrointestinal cancers - p. 1403 498. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers - p. 1405 499. Urological cancers - p. 1406 500. Gynaecological cancers - p. 1409 501. Brain tumours - p. 1412 502. Head and neck cancer - p. 1413 503. Malignant melanoma - p. 1414 504. Metastatic cancer of unknown primary origin - p. 1414 505. 42. Infectious disease - p. 1417 506. Clinical skills - p. 1418 507. Background - p. 1421 508. Clinical approach to the patient with a suspected infection - p. 1421 509. Epidemiology and prevention of infections - p. 1433 510. Principles and mechanisms of infection - p. 1441 511. Viral infections - p. 1444 512. Virus infections of the skin and mucous membranes - p. 1444 513. Virus infections of the respiratory tract - p. 1451 514. Upper respiratory tract infections - p. 1451 515. Lower respiratory tract infections - p. 1451 516. Systemic viral infections - p. 1454 517. Virus infections of the nervous system - p. 1458 518. Virus infections of the gastrointestinal tract - p. 1461 519. Viral hepatitis - p. 1462 520. Viruses and malignant disease - p. 1462 521. Viral haemorrhagic fevers - p. 1463 522. Antiviral drugs - p. 1465 523. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) - p. 1468 524. Bacterial infections - p. 1468 525. Bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissues - p. 1469 526. Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract - p. 1470 527. Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract - p. 1472 528. Bacterial infections of the cardiovascular system - p. 1478 529. Bacterial infections of the nervous system - p. 1478 530. Bacterial bone and joint infections - p. 1481 531. Bacterial infections of the urinary tract - p. 1481 532. Systemic and multisystem bacterial infections - p. 1481 533. Bacterial infections seen in low- and middle-income countries - p. 1483 534. Antibiotic therapies - p. 1493 535. Fungal infections - p. 1493 536. Systemic fungal infections - p. 1493 537. Subcutaneous fungal infections - p. 1495 538. Superficial fungal infections - p. 1496 539. Antifungal drugs - p. 1496 540. Protozoal infections - p. 1497 541. Blood and tissue protozoa - p. 1497 542. Gastrointestinal protozoa - p. 1506 543. Helminth infections - p. 1508 544. Nematodes - p. 1509 545. Trematodes - p. 1513 546. Cestodes - p. 1516 547. Arthropod ectoparasites - p. 1517 548. 43. Sexually transmitted infections - p. 1519 549. 44. Human immunodeficiency virus - p. 1537 550. 45. Dermatology - p. 1564 551. Clinical skills - p. 1565 552. Background - p. 1566 553. Skin’s structure and function - p. 1570 554. Investigation of skin disease - p. 1572 555. Principles of dermatological therapy - p. 1572 556. Dermatological emergencies - p. 1574 557. Common rashes - p. 1574 558. Other rarer causes of facial rashes - p. 1577 559. Psoriasis - p. 1584 560. Skin infections - p. 1589 561. Human immunodeficiency virus and the skin - p. 1600 562. Skin signs of systemic disease - p. 1602 563. Systemic malignant disease - p. 1610 564. Genetic disease - p. 1610 565. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum - p. 1611 566. Photosensitivity disorders - p. 1611 567. Blistering and bullous skin disease - p. 1611 568. Skin tumours - p. 1614 569. Management - p. 1622 570. Photoprotection and vitamin D deficiency - p. 1623 571. Cutaneous lymphomas: primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) - p. 1623 572. Treatment - p. 1623 573. Kaposi sarcoma - p. 1624 574. Clinical features - p. 1624 575. Treatment - p. 1624 576. Other rare skin tumours - p. 1624 577. Disorders of pigmentation - p. 1625 578. Nail disorders - p. 1626 579. Hair disorders - p. 1627 580. Increased hair growth - p. 1628 581. Birth marks and neonatal rashes - p. 1628 582. Drug eruptions - p. 1629 583. Psychodermatology - p. 1629 584. Part 5. Medicine Throughout Life - p. 1630 585. 46. Young adult medicine - p. 1631 586. 47. Sex and gender in medicine - p. 1639 587. Breast disease - p. 1640 588. Breast cancer - p. 1640 589. Congenital abnormalities of the breast - p. 1641 590. Aberrations of development and involution - p. 1641 591. Duct ectasia - p. 1642 592. Sclerosing lesions - p. 1642 593. Benign neoplasms and proliferations - p. 1642 594. Other benign conditions of the breast - p. 1643 595. Mastalgia - p. 1643 596. Nipple discharge - p. 1644 597. Breast infection - p. 1644 598. Granulomatous lobular mastitis - p. 1645 599. Mammary duct fistula - p. 1645 600. Skin-associated infection - p. 1645 601. Hidradenitis suppurativa - p. 1645 602. Post-surgical infection - p. 1645 603. Female health - p. 1646 604. The life course approach - p. 1649 605. Female adolescence - p. 1649 606. Heavy menstrual bleeding - p. 1649 607. Pre-pregnancy counselling - p. 1650 608. Miscarriage and stillbirth - p. 1651 609. Pregnancy - p. 1652 610. The postnatal visit - p. 1652 611. Contraception - p. 1653 612. Termination of pregnancy - p. 1653 613. Menopause - p. 1655 614. Female urinary incontinence - p. 1657 615. Uterine fibroids (leiomyomata) - p. 1657 616. Gynaecological malignancy - p. 1658 617. Domestic abuse and violence - p. 1659 618. Female genital mutilation - p. 1660 619. Male health - p. 1660 620. Benign conditions of the prostate - p. 1662 621. Prostate cancer - p. 1664 622. Diseases of the penis - p. 1666 623. Testicular and spermatic cord disease - p. 1667 624. Loss of libido and erectile dysfunction - p. 1669 625. The ageing male - p. 1669 626. Transgender health - p. 1670 627. 48. Obstetric medicine - p. 1680 628. 49. Medicine of the older adult - p. 1694 629. 50. Palliative care and symptom control - p. 1720 630. A. Chapter questions - p. 1734.e1 631. B. Answers to chapter questions - p. 1734.e24 632. Index - p. 1735 633. Reference Intervals - p. 1758