Bringing together a globally diverse range of timely topics related to zoo and wild animals, Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 9 is an invaluable tool for any professional working directly with wildlife and zoo animals. The text’s user-friendly format guides readers through biology, anatomy, and special physiology; reproduction; restraint and handling; housing requirements; nutrition and feeding; surgery and anesthesia; diagnostics, and therapeutics for each animal. Two new co-editors and a globally diverse group of expert contributors each lend their expertise on a wide range of new topics — including a new section on emerging wildlife diseases covering topics like MERS, Equine Herpesvirus, and Ebola in great apes. Other new topics integrated into this ninth volume include: stem cell therapy in zoo medicine, cardiac disease in great apes, disease risk assessment in field studies, Tasmanian devil tumors, and the latest information on the elephant herpes virus. With all its synthesized coverage of emerging trends, treatment protocols, and diagnostic updates new to the field, Fowler’s is a reference you don’t want to be without.
1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 1 The Role of Veterinary Advisors in Animal Management Plans - p. 2 3. 2 Risk Analysis Framework Guidance for Wildlife Health Professionals - p. 4 4. 3 Wildlife Technologies - p. 11 5. 4 International Sample Movement - p. 16 6. 5 A Practical Guide for Statistics in Wildlife Studies - p. 21 7. 6 Opportunities to Inspire the Next Generation of Veterinarians - p. 28 8. 7 Strategic Planning for Zoo Veterinary Operations - p. 34 9. 8 Organizational Influence - p. 39 10. 9 Contingency Planning for All Hazards and Foreign Animal Disease - p. 45 11. 10 Veterinary Occupational Health and Safety in the Zoo and Wildlife Setting - p. 53 12. 11 Research Study Design - p. 59 13. Section 2 Animal Welfare - p. 62 14. Introduction - p. 63 15. 12 Overview of Animal Welfare in Zoos - p. 64 16. 13 Stress and Animal Welfare—Endocrinological Evaluation - p. 73 17. 14 A Systematic Approach in Diagnosing Behavior Problems - p. 76 18. 15 Quality-of-Life Assessment and End-of-Life Planning for Geriatric Zoo Animals - p. 83 19. Section 3 Conservation Medicine - p. 91 20. Introduction - p. 92 21. 16 Evaluating Camel Health in Kenya—An Example of Conservation Medicine in Action - p. 93 22. 17 Disease Risks to Native Wildlife From Zoos and Aquariums - p. 99 23. 18 Feral Cat Dilemma - p. 104 24. 19 The United States Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT Project—Global Detection of Emerging Wildlife Viral Zoonoses - p. 110 25. 20 Renewable Energy - p. 117 26. Section 4 Reproduction - p. 122 27. Introduction - p. 123 28. 21 Female Infertility in Zoo Animals - p. 124 29. 22 Changes in Reproductive Management - p. 130 30. 23 Issues Surrounding Surplus Animals in Zoos - p. 134 31. Section 5 Therapeutics - p. 136 32. Introduction - p. 137 33. 24 Stem Cell Therapy in Zoo Medicine - p. 138 34. 25 Compounding Pharmacies - p. 145 35. Section 6 Anesthesia and Analgesia - p. 149 36. Introduction - p. 150 37. 26 Sustained-Release and Long-Acting Opioid Formulations of Interest in Zoological Medicine - p. 151 38. 27 Use of Naltrexone and Atipamezole in Emergency Response to Human Exposure to Ultra-Potent Opioids and Alpha-2 Agonists in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine - p. 164 39. 28 Vaporizers and Field Anesthesia Equipment for Free-Ranging Wildlife - p. 177 40. 29 Perianesthetic Monitoring - p. 185 41. Section 7 Diagnostics - p. 192 42. Introduction - p. 193 43. 30 Wildlife Necropsy Primer - p. 194 44. 31 Use of Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Zoological Medicine - p. 206 45. 32 Moving Beyond Survey Radiographs - p. 218 46. Section 8 Emerging and Changing Infectious Diseases - p. 225 47. Introduction - p. 226 48. 33 Equine Herpesviruses and Interspecies Infections - p. 227 49. 34 Ebola Virus Disease in Great Apes - p. 233 50. 35 Chagas Disease - p. 239 51. 36 The Effects of Climate Change on Disease Spread in Wildlife - p. 247 52. 37 Prion Diseases in Wildlife - p. 255 53. 38 Avian Influenza - p. 262 54. 39 Emerging Reptile Viruses - p. 267 55. 40 Emerging Diseases in Bats - p. 274 56. 41 Zika Virus - p. 280 57. 42 An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East - p. 287 58. 43 Disease Risk to Endemic Animals From Introduced Species on Madagascar - p. 292 59. Section 9 Infectious Diseases - p. 297 60. Introduction - p. 298 61. 44 Techniques for Vaccinating Wildlife - p. 299 62. 45 Brucellosis in North American Wildlife - p. 306 63. 46 Update on Melioidosis in Zoo and Wild Animals - p. 315 64. Section 10 Aquatic - p. 321 65. Introduction - p. 322 66. 47 Techniques for Addressing Parasites in Saltwater Aquariums - p. 323 67. 48 Touch-Pools - p. 334 68. 49 Sharks and Medicine - p. 338 69. 50 Decompression Medicine in Aquatic Species (Fish and Sea Turtle Focus) - p. 345 70. Section 11 Amphibians and Reptiles - p. 355 71. Introduction - p. 356 72. 51 Euthanasia of Ectotherms - p. 357 73. 52 Ranaviral Disease in Reptiles and Amphibians - p. 364 74. 53 Anuran Reproduction - p. 371 75. 54 Minimally Invasive Surgery of Amphibians - p. 380 76. 55 Medical Aspects of the Hungarian Meadow Viper Reintroduction - p. 388 77. 56 Ophidiomycosis - p. 394 78. 57 Fibropapillomatosis in Marine Turtles - p. 398 79. 58 Rehabilitation Medicine of Confiscated Turtles - p. 404 80. 59 Medical Evaluation of Crocodilians - p. 412 81. 60 Reptile and Amphibian Analgesia - p. 421 82. 61 Medical Aspects of Giant Tortoise Relocation in the Galápagos Islands - p. 432 83. Section 12 Avian - p. 439 84. Introduction - p. 440 85. 62 Antifungals in Birds - p. 441 86. 63 Medical Management of Walk-Through Aviaries - p. 446 87. 64 Systemic Isosporosis in Passerine Birds - p. 454 88. 65 Bornaviruses in Birds - p. 459 89. 66 The Use of Prosthetic and Orthotic Limbs in Avian Medicine - p. 465 90. 67 Avian Spirurids - p. 471 91. 68 Selected Medical Aspects of Bird Reproduction in Ex Situ Conservation - p. 481 92. Section 13 Marsupials - p. 488 93. Introduction - p. 489 94. 69 Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease - p. 490 95. 70 Medical Aspects of Potoroid Marsupial Conservation Translocations - p. 494 96. 71 Macropod Pediatric Medicine - p. 500 97. Section 14 Small Mammals - p. 506 98. Introduction - p. 507 99. 72 White-Nose Syndrome - p. 508 100. 73 Naked Mole Rat Management and Medicine - p. 514 101. 74 Immobilization, Health, and Current Status of Knowledge of Free-Living Capybaras - p. 519 102. 75 Xenarthra Immobilization and Restraint - p. 527 103. Section 15 Carnivores - p. 534 104. Introduction - p. 535 105. 76 Update on Field Anesthesia Protocols for Free-Ranging African Lions - p. 536 106. 77 Overview of African Wild Dog Medicine - p. 539 107. 78 Medicine of Captive Andean Bears - p. 548 108. 79 Canine Distemper Vaccination in Nondomestic Carnivores - p. 555 109. Section 16 Great Apes - p. 563 110. Introduction - p. 564 111. 80 Infectious Diseases of Orangutans in their Home Ranges and in Zoos - p. 565 112. 81 Medical Aspects of Chimpanzee Rehabilitation and Sanctuary Medicine - p. 574 113. 82 Update on the Great Ape Heart Project - p. 581 114. 83 Great Ape Nutrition - p. 588 115. Section 17 Marine Mammals - p. 595 116. Introduction - p. 596 117. 84 Marine Mammal Viruses - p. 597 118. 85 Mycobacterium pinnipedii - p. 603 119. 86 Lens Diseases and Anesthetic Considerations for Ophthalmologic Procedures in Pinnipeds - p. 610 120. Section 18 Ruminants - p. 617 121. Introduction - p. 618 122. 87 Giraffe Husbandry and Welfare - p. 619 123. 88 Lameness Diagnosis and Management in Zoo Giraffe - p. 623 124. 89 Mass Mortality Events Affecting Saiga Antelope of Central Asia - p. 630 125. 90 Musk Ox Sedation and Anesthesia - p. 636 126. 91 Capripoxviruses in Nondomestic Hoofstock - p. 641 127. 92 Babesiosis in Cervidae - p. 647 128. Section 19 Elephants and Rhinoceroses - p. 655 129. Introduction - p. 656 130. 93 Management of Dental Disease in Elephants - p. 657 131. 94 Elephant Mycobacteriosis - p. 665 132. 95 Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus - p. 672 133. 96 Elephant Pregnancy and Parturition - p. 680 134. 97 Elephant Care in Southeast Asia - p. 689 135. 98 Updates in African Rhinoceros Field Immobilization and Translocation - p. 692 136. 99 Update on Rhinoceros Nutrition - p. 699 137. 100 Health of the Forest Rhinoceros of Southeast Asia - p. 707 138. Index - p. 716
Bringing together a globally diverse range of timely topics related to zoo and wild animals, Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 9 is an invaluable tool for any professional working directly with wildlife and zoo animals. The text’s user-friendly format guides readers through biology, anatomy, and special physiology; reproduction; restraint and handling; housing requirements; nutrition and feeding; surgery and anesthesia; diagnostics, and therapeutics for each animal. Two new co-editors and a globally diverse group of expert contributors each lend their expertise on a wide range of new topics — including a new section on emerging wildlife diseases covering topics like MERS, Equine Herpesvirus, and Ebola in great apes. Other new topics integrated into this ninth volume include: stem cell therapy in zoo medicine, cardiac disease in great apes, disease risk assessment in field studies, Tasmanian devil tumors, and the latest information on the elephant herpes virus. With all its synthesized coverage of emerging trends, treatment protocols, and diagnostic updates new to the field, Fowler’s is a reference you don’t want to be without.
1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 1 The Role of Veterinary Advisors in Animal Management Plans - p. 2 3. 2 Risk Analysis Framework Guidance for Wildlife Health Professionals - p. 4 4. 3 Wildlife Technologies - p. 11 5. 4 International Sample Movement - p. 16 6. 5 A Practical Guide for Statistics in Wildlife Studies - p. 21 7. 6 Opportunities to Inspire the Next Generation of Veterinarians - p. 28 8. 7 Strategic Planning for Zoo Veterinary Operations - p. 34 9. 8 Organizational Influence - p. 39 10. 9 Contingency Planning for All Hazards and Foreign Animal Disease - p. 45 11. 10 Veterinary Occupational Health and Safety in the Zoo and Wildlife Setting - p. 53 12. 11 Research Study Design - p. 59 13. Section 2 Animal Welfare - p. 62 14. Introduction - p. 63 15. 12 Overview of Animal Welfare in Zoos - p. 64 16. 13 Stress and Animal Welfare—Endocrinological Evaluation - p. 73 17. 14 A Systematic Approach in Diagnosing Behavior Problems - p. 76 18. 15 Quality-of-Life Assessment and End-of-Life Planning for Geriatric Zoo Animals - p. 83 19. Section 3 Conservation Medicine - p. 91 20. Introduction - p. 92 21. 16 Evaluating Camel Health in Kenya—An Example of Conservation Medicine in Action - p. 93 22. 17 Disease Risks to Native Wildlife From Zoos and Aquariums - p. 99 23. 18 Feral Cat Dilemma - p. 104 24. 19 The United States Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT Project—Global Detection of Emerging Wildlife Viral Zoonoses - p. 110 25. 20 Renewable Energy - p. 117 26. Section 4 Reproduction - p. 122 27. Introduction - p. 123 28. 21 Female Infertility in Zoo Animals - p. 124 29. 22 Changes in Reproductive Management - p. 130 30. 23 Issues Surrounding Surplus Animals in Zoos - p. 134 31. Section 5 Therapeutics - p. 136 32. Introduction - p. 137 33. 24 Stem Cell Therapy in Zoo Medicine - p. 138 34. 25 Compounding Pharmacies - p. 145 35. Section 6 Anesthesia and Analgesia - p. 149 36. Introduction - p. 150 37. 26 Sustained-Release and Long-Acting Opioid Formulations of Interest in Zoological Medicine - p. 151 38. 27 Use of Naltrexone and Atipamezole in Emergency Response to Human Exposure to Ultra-Potent Opioids and Alpha-2 Agonists in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine - p. 164 39. 28 Vaporizers and Field Anesthesia Equipment for Free-Ranging Wildlife - p. 177 40. 29 Perianesthetic Monitoring - p. 185 41. Section 7 Diagnostics - p. 192 42. Introduction - p. 193 43. 30 Wildlife Necropsy Primer - p. 194 44. 31 Use of Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Zoological Medicine - p. 206 45. 32 Moving Beyond Survey Radiographs - p. 218 46. Section 8 Emerging and Changing Infectious Diseases - p. 225 47. Introduction - p. 226 48. 33 Equine Herpesviruses and Interspecies Infections - p. 227 49. 34 Ebola Virus Disease in Great Apes - p. 233 50. 35 Chagas Disease - p. 239 51. 36 The Effects of Climate Change on Disease Spread in Wildlife - p. 247 52. 37 Prion Diseases in Wildlife - p. 255 53. 38 Avian Influenza - p. 262 54. 39 Emerging Reptile Viruses - p. 267 55. 40 Emerging Diseases in Bats - p. 274 56. 41 Zika Virus - p. 280 57. 42 An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East - p. 287 58. 43 Disease Risk to Endemic Animals From Introduced Species on Madagascar - p. 292 59. Section 9 Infectious Diseases - p. 297 60. Introduction - p. 298 61. 44 Techniques for Vaccinating Wildlife - p. 299 62. 45 Brucellosis in North American Wildlife - p. 306 63. 46 Update on Melioidosis in Zoo and Wild Animals - p. 315 64. Section 10 Aquatic - p. 321 65. Introduction - p. 322 66. 47 Techniques for Addressing Parasites in Saltwater Aquariums - p. 323 67. 48 Touch-Pools - p. 334 68. 49 Sharks and Medicine - p. 338 69. 50 Decompression Medicine in Aquatic Species (Fish and Sea Turtle Focus) - p. 345 70. Section 11 Amphibians and Reptiles - p. 355 71. Introduction - p. 356 72. 51 Euthanasia of Ectotherms - p. 357 73. 52 Ranaviral Disease in Reptiles and Amphibians - p. 364 74. 53 Anuran Reproduction - p. 371 75. 54 Minimally Invasive Surgery of Amphibians - p. 380 76. 55 Medical Aspects of the Hungarian Meadow Viper Reintroduction - p. 388 77. 56 Ophidiomycosis - p. 394 78. 57 Fibropapillomatosis in Marine Turtles - p. 398 79. 58 Rehabilitation Medicine of Confiscated Turtles - p. 404 80. 59 Medical Evaluation of Crocodilians - p. 412 81. 60 Reptile and Amphibian Analgesia - p. 421 82. 61 Medical Aspects of Giant Tortoise Relocation in the Galápagos Islands - p. 432 83. Section 12 Avian - p. 439 84. Introduction - p. 440 85. 62 Antifungals in Birds - p. 441 86. 63 Medical Management of Walk-Through Aviaries - p. 446 87. 64 Systemic Isosporosis in Passerine Birds - p. 454 88. 65 Bornaviruses in Birds - p. 459 89. 66 The Use of Prosthetic and Orthotic Limbs in Avian Medicine - p. 465 90. 67 Avian Spirurids - p. 471 91. 68 Selected Medical Aspects of Bird Reproduction in Ex Situ Conservation - p. 481 92. Section 13 Marsupials - p. 488 93. Introduction - p. 489 94. 69 Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease - p. 490 95. 70 Medical Aspects of Potoroid Marsupial Conservation Translocations - p. 494 96. 71 Macropod Pediatric Medicine - p. 500 97. Section 14 Small Mammals - p. 506 98. Introduction - p. 507 99. 72 White-Nose Syndrome - p. 508 100. 73 Naked Mole Rat Management and Medicine - p. 514 101. 74 Immobilization, Health, and Current Status of Knowledge of Free-Living Capybaras - p. 519 102. 75 Xenarthra Immobilization and Restraint - p. 527 103. Section 15 Carnivores - p. 534 104. Introduction - p. 535 105. 76 Update on Field Anesthesia Protocols for Free-Ranging African Lions - p. 536 106. 77 Overview of African Wild Dog Medicine - p. 539 107. 78 Medicine of Captive Andean Bears - p. 548 108. 79 Canine Distemper Vaccination in Nondomestic Carnivores - p. 555 109. Section 16 Great Apes - p. 563 110. Introduction - p. 564 111. 80 Infectious Diseases of Orangutans in their Home Ranges and in Zoos - p. 565 112. 81 Medical Aspects of Chimpanzee Rehabilitation and Sanctuary Medicine - p. 574 113. 82 Update on the Great Ape Heart Project - p. 581 114. 83 Great Ape Nutrition - p. 588 115. Section 17 Marine Mammals - p. 595 116. Introduction - p. 596 117. 84 Marine Mammal Viruses - p. 597 118. 85 Mycobacterium pinnipedii - p. 603 119. 86 Lens Diseases and Anesthetic Considerations for Ophthalmologic Procedures in Pinnipeds - p. 610 120. Section 18 Ruminants - p. 617 121. Introduction - p. 618 122. 87 Giraffe Husbandry and Welfare - p. 619 123. 88 Lameness Diagnosis and Management in Zoo Giraffe - p. 623 124. 89 Mass Mortality Events Affecting Saiga Antelope of Central Asia - p. 630 125. 90 Musk Ox Sedation and Anesthesia - p. 636 126. 91 Capripoxviruses in Nondomestic Hoofstock - p. 641 127. 92 Babesiosis in Cervidae - p. 647 128. Section 19 Elephants and Rhinoceroses - p. 655 129. Introduction - p. 656 130. 93 Management of Dental Disease in Elephants - p. 657 131. 94 Elephant Mycobacteriosis - p. 665 132. 95 Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus - p. 672 133. 96 Elephant Pregnancy and Parturition - p. 680 134. 97 Elephant Care in Southeast Asia - p. 689 135. 98 Updates in African Rhinoceros Field Immobilization and Translocation - p. 692 136. 99 Update on Rhinoceros Nutrition - p. 699 137. 100 Health of the Forest Rhinoceros of Southeast Asia - p. 707 138. Index - p. 716
