Text summarization has been studied for over a half century, but traditional methods process texts empirically and neglect the fundamental characteristics and principles of language use and understanding. Automatic summarization is a desirable technique for processing big data. This reference summarizes previous text summarization approaches in a multi-dimensional category space, introduces a multi-dimensional methodology for research and development, unveils the basic characteristics and principles of language use and understanding, investigates some fundamental mechanisms of summarization, studies dimensions on representations, and proposes a multi-dimensional evaluation mechanism. Investigation extends to incorporating pictures into summary and to the summarization of videos, graphs and pictures, and converges to a general summarization method. Further, some basic behaviors of summarization are studied in the complex cyber-physical-social space. Finally, a creative summarization mechanism is proposed as an effort toward the creative summarization of things, which is an open process of interactions among physical objects, data, people, and systems in cyber-physical-social space through a multi-dimensional lens of semantic computing. The author’s insights can inspire research and development of many computing areas.
1. 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 2. The emerging structures - p. 21 3. 3. Patterns in representation and understanding - p. 45 4. 4. The think lens - p. 55 5. 5. Multi-dimensional methodology - p. 67 6. 6. Characteristics and principles of understanding and representation - p. 93 7. 7. Implicit links in multi-dimensional space - p. 101 8. 8. General citation - p. 107 9. 9. Dimensions of summary - p. 115 10. 10. Multi-dimensional evaluation - p. 123 11. 11. Incorporating pictures into a summary - p. 125 12. 12. Summarizing videos, graphs and pictures - p. 131 13. 13. General framework of summarization - p. 135 14. 14. Summarization of things in Cyber-Physical Society - p. 141 15. 15. Limitations and challenges - p. 149 16. 16. Creative summarization - p. 153 17. 17. Conclusion - p. 171 18. Appendix A: Human–machine–nature symbiosis - p. 173 19. References - p. 179
Text summarization has been studied for over a half century, but traditional methods process texts empirically and neglect the fundamental characteristics and principles of language use and understanding. Automatic summarization is a desirable technique for processing big data. This reference summarizes previous text summarization approaches in a multi-dimensional category space, introduces a multi-dimensional methodology for research and development, unveils the basic characteristics and principles of language use and understanding, investigates some fundamental mechanisms of summarization, studies dimensions on representations, and proposes a multi-dimensional evaluation mechanism. Investigation extends to incorporating pictures into summary and to the summarization of videos, graphs and pictures, and converges to a general summarization method. Further, some basic behaviors of summarization are studied in the complex cyber-physical-social space. Finally, a creative summarization mechanism is proposed as an effort toward the creative summarization of things, which is an open process of interactions among physical objects, data, people, and systems in cyber-physical-social space through a multi-dimensional lens of semantic computing. The author’s insights can inspire research and development of many computing areas.
1. 1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 2. The emerging structures - p. 21 3. 3. Patterns in representation and understanding - p. 45 4. 4. The think lens - p. 55 5. 5. Multi-dimensional methodology - p. 67 6. 6. Characteristics and principles of understanding and representation - p. 93 7. 7. Implicit links in multi-dimensional space - p. 101 8. 8. General citation - p. 107 9. 9. Dimensions of summary - p. 115 10. 10. Multi-dimensional evaluation - p. 123 11. 11. Incorporating pictures into a summary - p. 125 12. 12. Summarizing videos, graphs and pictures - p. 131 13. 13. General framework of summarization - p. 135 14. 14. Summarization of things in Cyber-Physical Society - p. 141 15. 15. Limitations and challenges - p. 149 16. 16. Creative summarization - p. 153 17. 17. Conclusion - p. 171 18. Appendix A: Human–machine–nature symbiosis - p. 173 19. References - p. 179
