Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy discusses the pros and cons of the use of nanostructured materials in the prevention and eradication of infections, highlighting the efficient microbicidal effect of nanoparticles against antibiotic-resistant pathogens and biofilms.
Conventional antibiotics are becoming ineffective towards microorganisms due to their widespread and often inappropriate use. As a result, the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is increasingly being reported. New approaches are needed to confront the rising issues related to infectious diseases. The merging of biomaterials, such as chitosan, carrageenan, gelatin, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) with nanotechnology provides a promising platform for antimicrobial therapy as it provides a controlled way to target cells and induce the desired response without the adverse effects common to many traditional treatments.
Nanoparticles represent one of the most promising therapeutic treatments to the problem caused by infectious micro-organisms resistant to traditional therapies. This volume discusses this promise in detail, and also discusses what challenges the greater use of nanoparticles might pose to medical professionals. The unique physiochemical properties of nanoparticles, combined with their growth inhibitory capacity against microbes has led to the upsurge in the research on nanoparticles as antimicrobials. The importance of bactericidal nanobiomaterials study will likely increase as development of resistant strains of bacteria against most potent antibiotics continues.
1. 1. Introduction - p. 23 2. 2. Nanoparticles and Nanoformulations - p. 24 3. 3. Nanoformulations Based on Organic Antibacterial Agents - p. 26 4. 4. Nanoformulations Based on Inorganic Materials With Antibacterial Activity - p. 29 5. 5. Antituberculosis-Active Nanoformulations - p. 35 6. 6. Polymer Matrices With Antimicrobial Activity - p. 39 7. 7. Risks of Application of Nanoformulations in Therapy - p. 40 8. 8. Conclusions - p. 41 9. Chapter 3. Sensitive and Selective Assay of Antimicrobials on Nanostructured Materials by Electrochemical Techniques - p. 55 10. 1. Introduction - p. 55 11. 2. Antimicrobials - p. 56 12. 3. Electrochemical Techniques - p. 60 13. 4. Nanostructured Materials - p. 62 14. 5. Application of Nanostructured Materials in the Determination of Antimicrobials by Electrochemical Techniques - p. 71 15. 6. Conclusions - p. 75 16. List of Abbreviations - p. 75 17. Chapter 4. Antimicrobial Polymeric Nanostructures - p. 85 18. 1. Introduction: Antimicrobial Nanostructures - p. 85 19. 2. Antibacterial Polymers: Chemical Functionalities and Synthesis - p. 86 20. 3. Interactions Between Bacteria and Polymeric Materials: Role of the Macromolecular Parameters on Antibacterial Activity - p. 90 21. 4. Antimicrobial Polymer Nanostructures in Solution - p. 94 22. 5. Polymer Surfaces With Antimicrobial Activity - p. 98 23. 6. Summary - p. 108 24. Chapter 5. Thin Degradable Coatings for Optimization of Osseointegration Associated With Simultaneous Infection Prophylaxis - p. 117 25. Chapter 6. Antimicrobial Nanostructures for Neurodegenerative Infections: Present and Future Perspectives - p. 139 26. 1. Introduction - p. 139 27. 2. Relationship of Microbes in Neuroinfection-Assisted Neurodegeneration - p. 140 28. 3. Possible Approach Using Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Infectious Disease - p. 140 29. 4. Properties of Nanostructured Nanoparticles - p. 141 30. 5. Nanostructured Nanoparticles in Biomedical Research - p. 141 31. 6. Principle of Nanoparticle Entry Into Cellular System - p. 146 32. 7. Application of Nanostructured Nanoparticles in Pharmaceutical Science - p. 149 33. 8. Neuroinfection-Associated Neurodegenerative Disease - p. 152 34. 9. The Mechanistic Approach of Nanomedicine for Neuroinfectious Neurodegenerative Disease - p. 153 35. 10. Toxicological Hazards of Nanoparticles - p. 154 36. 11. Nanotoxicology - p. 155 37. 12. Challenge to Usage and Management of Nanoparticles - p. 156 38. 13. Future Perspectives - p. 156 39. 14. Conclusions - p. 157 40. Chapter 7. Nanocarriers and Their Potential Application as Antimicrobial Drug Delivery - p. 169 41. 1. Introduction - p. 169 42. 2. Liposomes - p. 170 43. 3. Polymeric Nanoparticles - p. 178 44. 4. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles - p. 185 45. 5. Dendrimers - p. 188 46. 6. Antimicrobial Activity of the Metal Oxide Nanoparticles - p. 191 47. 7. Conclusion - p. 193 48. Chapter 8. Delivery of Antimicrobials by Chitosan-Composed Therapeutic Nanostructures - p. 203 49. Chapter 9. Antimicrobial Thin Coatings Prepared by Laser Processing - p. 223 50. Chapter 10. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy With Nanoparticles Versus Conventional Photosensitizer in Oral Diseases - p. 237 51. 1. Introduction - p. 237 52. 2. Antimicrobial Concepts of Photodynamic Therapy - p. 238 53. 3. Characteristics and Types of Photosensitizers - p. 239 54. 4. Photodynamic Therapy Advantages - p. 239 55. 5. Photodynamic Therapy Limitations - p. 239 56. 6. Applications of Photodynamic Therapy in Oral Microbial Diseases - p. 242 57. 7. Nanotechnology in Photodynamic Therapy - p. 252 58. 8. Conclusion - p. 254 59. Chapter 11. Applications of 19F Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging for the Study of Nanostructures Used in Antimicrobial Therapy - p. 261 60. Chapter 12. Essential Oils and Nanoparticles: New Strategy to Prevent Microbial Biofilms - p. 279 61. Chapter 13. Nanocarrier-Assisted Antimicrobial Therapy Against Intracellular Pathogens - p. 293 62. 1. Introduction - p. 293 63. 2. Targeting Strategies to Treat Intracellular Infections - p. 294 64. 3. Characteristics of an “Ideal” Nanocarrier for Intracellular Drug Delivery - p. 295 65. 4. Intracellular Delivery Performances of Different Nanocarriers for Effective Eradication of Various Infectious Diseases - p. 296 66. 5. Conclusions - p. 318 67. Chapter 14. Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of Inorganic Nanoparticles: Promising Solutions to Fight Antibiotic Resistance - p. 325 68. Chapter 15. Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Nanoware for Combat Against Microbes and Macrobes - p. 341 69. 1. Introduction - p. 341 70. 2. Structure and Biogenesis of OMVs - p. 343 71. 3. Variablity and Regulation of OMVs - p. 348 72. 4. OMVs as Combat Nanoware - p. 349 73. 5. Conclusions and Future Projections - p. 359 74. Chapter 16. Organic Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Antiinfective Agents - p. 369 75. 1. Introduction - p. 369 76. 2. Drug Delivery to the Tooth and Oral Mucosa - p. 370 77. 3. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Use in Oral Mucosal Infections - p. 375 78. 4. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Use in Dental Caries - p. 381 79. 5. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Use in Periodontal Disease - p. 382 80. 6. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Use in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy - p. 385 81. 7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives - p. 387 82. Chapter 17. Nanocarriers for Plant-Derived Natural Compounds - p. 395 83. Chapter 18. Fullerene Derivatives in Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms - p. 413 84. Chapter 19. Silver Iodide Nanoparticles as an Antibiofilm Agent—A Case Study on Gram-Negative Biofilm-Forming Bacteria - p. 435 85. Chapter 20. Nanoformulations for the Therapy of Pulmonary Infections - p. 457 86. Chapter 21. Nanocarriers for Photosensitizers for Use in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy - p. 481 87. 1. Introduction - p. 481 88. 2. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy - p. 482 89. 3. Use of Nanotechnology in aPDT - p. 486 90. 4. Conclusions, Critical Review, and Future Perspectives - p. 495 91. Chapter 22. Zinc Oxide Nanostrucures: New Trends in Antimicrobial Therapy - p. 503 92. Chapter 23. Copper-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials - p. 515 93. Chapter 24. Antimicrobial Applications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Perspectives and Challenges - p. 531 94. Chapter 25. Silica Nanoparticles as a Basis for Efficacy of Antimicrobial Drugs - p. 551 95. Chapter 26. Silver Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: Past, Present, and Future - p. 577 96. Chapter 27. Encapsulation of Lethal, Functional, and Therapeutic Medicinal Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots for the Improved Diagnosis and Treatment of Infection - p. 597 97. Chapter 28. Advanced Nanocomposites With Noble Metal Antimicrobial Nanoparticles: How to Design a Balance Among Antimicrobial Activity, Bioactivity, and Safe Delivery to the Place of Infection - p. 623 98. Chapter 29. Clinical Developments in Antimicrobial Nanomedicine: Toward Novel Solutions - p. 653 99. Chapter 30. Recent Citation Classics in Antimicrobial Nanobiomaterials - p. 669 100. Index - p. 687
Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy discusses the pros and cons of the use of nanostructured materials in the prevention and eradication of infections, highlighting the efficient microbicidal effect of nanoparticles against antibiotic-resistant pathogens and biofilms.
Conventional antibiotics are becoming ineffective towards microorganisms due to their widespread and often inappropriate use. As a result, the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is increasingly being reported. New approaches are needed to confront the rising issues related to infectious diseases. The merging of biomaterials, such as chitosan, carrageenan, gelatin, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) with nanotechnology provides a promising platform for antimicrobial therapy as it provides a controlled way to target cells and induce the desired response without the adverse effects common to many traditional treatments.
Nanoparticles represent one of the most promising therapeutic treatments to the problem caused by infectious micro-organisms resistant to traditional therapies. This volume discusses this promise in detail, and also discusses what challenges the greater use of nanoparticles might pose to medical professionals. The unique physiochemical properties of nanoparticles, combined with their growth inhibitory capacity against microbes has led to the upsurge in the research on nanoparticles as antimicrobials. The importance of bactericidal nanobiomaterials study will likely increase as development of resistant strains of bacteria against most potent antibiotics continues.
1. 1. Introduction - p. 23 2. 2. Nanoparticles and Nanoformulations - p. 24 3. 3. Nanoformulations Based on Organic Antibacterial Agents - p. 26 4. 4. Nanoformulations Based on Inorganic Materials With Antibacterial Activity - p. 29 5. 5. Antituberculosis-Active Nanoformulations - p. 35 6. 6. Polymer Matrices With Antimicrobial Activity - p. 39 7. 7. Risks of Application of Nanoformulations in Therapy - p. 40 8. 8. Conclusions - p. 41 9. Chapter 3. Sensitive and Selective Assay of Antimicrobials on Nanostructured Materials by Electrochemical Techniques - p. 55 10. 1. Introduction - p. 55 11. 2. Antimicrobials - p. 56 12. 3. Electrochemical Techniques - p. 60 13. 4. Nanostructured Materials - p. 62 14. 5. Application of Nanostructured Materials in the Determination of Antimicrobials by Electrochemical Techniques - p. 71 15. 6. Conclusions - p. 75 16. List of Abbreviations - p. 75 17. Chapter 4. Antimicrobial Polymeric Nanostructures - p. 85 18. 1. Introduction: Antimicrobial Nanostructures - p. 85 19. 2. Antibacterial Polymers: Chemical Functionalities and Synthesis - p. 86 20. 3. Interactions Between Bacteria and Polymeric Materials: Role of the Macromolecular Parameters on Antibacterial Activity - p. 90 21. 4. Antimicrobial Polymer Nanostructures in Solution - p. 94 22. 5. Polymer Surfaces With Antimicrobial Activity - p. 98 23. 6. Summary - p. 108 24. Chapter 5. Thin Degradable Coatings for Optimization of Osseointegration Associated With Simultaneous Infection Prophylaxis - p. 117 25. Chapter 6. Antimicrobial Nanostructures for Neurodegenerative Infections: Present and Future Perspectives - p. 139 26. 1. Introduction - p. 139 27. 2. Relationship of Microbes in Neuroinfection-Assisted Neurodegeneration - p. 140 28. 3. Possible Approach Using Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Infectious Disease - p. 140 29. 4. Properties of Nanostructured Nanoparticles - p. 141 30. 5. Nanostructured Nanoparticles in Biomedical Research - p. 141 31. 6. Principle of Nanoparticle Entry Into Cellular System - p. 146 32. 7. Application of Nanostructured Nanoparticles in Pharmaceutical Science - p. 149 33. 8. Neuroinfection-Associated Neurodegenerative Disease - p. 152 34. 9. The Mechanistic Approach of Nanomedicine for Neuroinfectious Neurodegenerative Disease - p. 153 35. 10. Toxicological Hazards of Nanoparticles - p. 154 36. 11. Nanotoxicology - p. 155 37. 12. Challenge to Usage and Management of Nanoparticles - p. 156 38. 13. Future Perspectives - p. 156 39. 14. Conclusions - p. 157 40. Chapter 7. Nanocarriers and Their Potential Application as Antimicrobial Drug Delivery - p. 169 41. 1. Introduction - p. 169 42. 2. Liposomes - p. 170 43. 3. Polymeric Nanoparticles - p. 178 44. 4. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles - p. 185 45. 5. Dendrimers - p. 188 46. 6. Antimicrobial Activity of the Metal Oxide Nanoparticles - p. 191 47. 7. Conclusion - p. 193 48. Chapter 8. Delivery of Antimicrobials by Chitosan-Composed Therapeutic Nanostructures - p. 203 49. Chapter 9. Antimicrobial Thin Coatings Prepared by Laser Processing - p. 223 50. Chapter 10. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy With Nanoparticles Versus Conventional Photosensitizer in Oral Diseases - p. 237 51. 1. Introduction - p. 237 52. 2. Antimicrobial Concepts of Photodynamic Therapy - p. 238 53. 3. Characteristics and Types of Photosensitizers - p. 239 54. 4. Photodynamic Therapy Advantages - p. 239 55. 5. Photodynamic Therapy Limitations - p. 239 56. 6. Applications of Photodynamic Therapy in Oral Microbial Diseases - p. 242 57. 7. Nanotechnology in Photodynamic Therapy - p. 252 58. 8. Conclusion - p. 254 59. Chapter 11. Applications of 19F Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging for the Study of Nanostructures Used in Antimicrobial Therapy - p. 261 60. Chapter 12. Essential Oils and Nanoparticles: New Strategy to Prevent Microbial Biofilms - p. 279 61. Chapter 13. Nanocarrier-Assisted Antimicrobial Therapy Against Intracellular Pathogens - p. 293 62. 1. Introduction - p. 293 63. 2. Targeting Strategies to Treat Intracellular Infections - p. 294 64. 3. Characteristics of an “Ideal” Nanocarrier for Intracellular Drug Delivery - p. 295 65. 4. Intracellular Delivery Performances of Different Nanocarriers for Effective Eradication of Various Infectious Diseases - p. 296 66. 5. Conclusions - p. 318 67. Chapter 14. Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of Inorganic Nanoparticles: Promising Solutions to Fight Antibiotic Resistance - p. 325 68. Chapter 15. Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Nanoware for Combat Against Microbes and Macrobes - p. 341 69. 1. Introduction - p. 341 70. 2. Structure and Biogenesis of OMVs - p. 343 71. 3. Variablity and Regulation of OMVs - p. 348 72. 4. OMVs as Combat Nanoware - p. 349 73. 5. Conclusions and Future Projections - p. 359 74. Chapter 16. Organic Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Antiinfective Agents - p. 369 75. 1. Introduction - p. 369 76. 2. Drug Delivery to the Tooth and Oral Mucosa - p. 370 77. 3. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Use in Oral Mucosal Infections - p. 375 78. 4. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Use in Dental Caries - p. 381 79. 5. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Use in Periodontal Disease - p. 382 80. 6. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Use in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy - p. 385 81. 7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives - p. 387 82. Chapter 17. Nanocarriers for Plant-Derived Natural Compounds - p. 395 83. Chapter 18. Fullerene Derivatives in Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms - p. 413 84. Chapter 19. Silver Iodide Nanoparticles as an Antibiofilm Agent—A Case Study on Gram-Negative Biofilm-Forming Bacteria - p. 435 85. Chapter 20. Nanoformulations for the Therapy of Pulmonary Infections - p. 457 86. Chapter 21. Nanocarriers for Photosensitizers for Use in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy - p. 481 87. 1. Introduction - p. 481 88. 2. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy - p. 482 89. 3. Use of Nanotechnology in aPDT - p. 486 90. 4. Conclusions, Critical Review, and Future Perspectives - p. 495 91. Chapter 22. Zinc Oxide Nanostrucures: New Trends in Antimicrobial Therapy - p. 503 92. Chapter 23. Copper-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials - p. 515 93. Chapter 24. Antimicrobial Applications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Perspectives and Challenges - p. 531 94. Chapter 25. Silica Nanoparticles as a Basis for Efficacy of Antimicrobial Drugs - p. 551 95. Chapter 26. Silver Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: Past, Present, and Future - p. 577 96. Chapter 27. Encapsulation of Lethal, Functional, and Therapeutic Medicinal Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots for the Improved Diagnosis and Treatment of Infection - p. 597 97. Chapter 28. Advanced Nanocomposites With Noble Metal Antimicrobial Nanoparticles: How to Design a Balance Among Antimicrobial Activity, Bioactivity, and Safe Delivery to the Place of Infection - p. 623 98. Chapter 29. Clinical Developments in Antimicrobial Nanomedicine: Toward Novel Solutions - p. 653 99. Chapter 30. Recent Citation Classics in Antimicrobial Nanobiomaterials - p. 669 100. Index - p. 687
