Netter's Physiology Flash Cards
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. i 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. ii 5. Preface - p. vi 6. 1. Cell Physiology and Fluid Homeostasis: Plates 1.1 to 1.15 - p. 1 7. 1.1. Membrane Proteins - p. 3 8. 1.2. Body Fluid Compartments - p. 5 9. 1.3. Effect of Adding Solutes to the Extracellular Fluid on Compartment Size - p. 7 10. 1.4. Starling Forces Across the Capillary Wall - p. 9 11. 1.5. Fluid Balance - p. 11 12. 1.6. Measurement of Fluid Compartments - p. 13 13. 1.7. Cellular Transport I: Active Transport - p. 15 14. 1.8. Cellular Transport II: Gated Channels - p. 17 15. 1.9. Cellular Transport III: Solute Movement - p. 19 16. 1.10. Cellular Transport IV: Vesicular Transport - p. 21 17. 1.11. Cellular Transport V: Water Channels - p. 23 18. 1.12. Signal Transduction I: Ca2+ - p. 25 19. 1.13. Signal Transduction II: G Protein–Coupled Receptors - p. 27 20. 1.14. Signal Transduction III: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway - p. 29 21. 1.15. Signal Transduction IV: Nuclear Receptors - p. 31 22. 2. The Nervous System and Muscle: Plates 2.1 to 2.30 - p. 35 23. 2.1. Nernst Potential - p. 35 24. 2.2. Resting Membrane Potential - p. 37 25. 2.3. Axonal Action Potential - p. 39 26. 2.4. Neurons - p. 41 27. 2.5. Axonal Conduction - p. 43 28. 2.6. Structure and Function of Synapses - p. 45 29. 2.7. Chemical Synaptic Transmission - p. 47 30. 2.8. Structure of the Neuromuscular Junction - p. 49 31. 2.9. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - p. 51 32. 2.10. Excitation-Contraction Coupling - p. 53 33. 2.11. Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation - p. 55 34. 2.12. Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction - p. 57 35. 2.13. Excitation-Contraction Coupling of Smooth Muscle - p. 59 36. 2.14. Cardiac Muscle Structure - p. 61 37. 2.15. Major Parts of the Central Nervous System and the Vertebral Column - p. 63 38. 2.16. Major Functions of the Hypothalamus - p. 65 39. 2.17. Somatic Component of the Peripheral Nervous System - p. 67 40. 2.18. Skin and Cutaneous Receptors - p. 69 41. 2.19. Visual Receptors - p. 71 42. 2.20. Cochlear Receptors - p. 73 43. 2.21. Vestibular Receptors - p. 75 44. 2.22. Taste Receptors - p. 77 45. 2.23. Olfactory Receptors - p. 79 46. 2.24. Muscle and Joint Receptors - p. 81 47. 2.25. Spinal Reflex Pathways for Stretch, Tendon Organ, and Flexor Withdrawal Reflexes - p. 83 48. 2.26. Corticospinal Tract - p. 85 49. 2.27. Functional Subdivisions of Cerebellum - p. 87 50. 2.28. General Characteristics of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems - p. 89 51. 2.29. Actions of the Autonomic Nervous System - p. 91 52. 2.30. Myasthenia Gravis - p. 93 53. 3. Cardiovascular Physiology: Plates 3.1 to 3.39 - p. 97 54. 3.1. Components of Blood - p. 97 55. 3.2. White Blood Cells - p. 99 56. 3.3. Hemostasis - p. 101 57. 3.4. Pressures in the Circulation - p. 103 58. 3.5. Distribution of Cardiac Output - p. 105 59. 3.6. Chambers of the Heart - p. 107 60. 3.7. Cardiac Conduction System - p. 109 61. 3.8. Action Potential of Sinoatrial Node Cells - p. 111 62. 3.9. Action Potential of Ventricular Myocytes - p. 113 63. 3.10. Arterial Pressure Wave - p. 115 64. 3.11. Pressures in the Cardiovascular System - p. 117 65. 3.12. Poiseuille’s Law I - p. 119 66. 3.13. Poiseuille’s Law II - p. 121 67. 3.14. Cross-Sectional Area and Flow Velocity - p. 123 68. 3.15. Laminar and Turbulent Flow - p. 125 69. 3.16. Wall Tension - p. 127 70. 3.17. Cardiac Cycle: Atrial Pressure Curve - p. 129 71. 3.18. Cardiac Cycle: Valve Opening and Closure - p. 131 72. 3.19. Cardiac Cycle: The Electrocardiogram - p. 133 73. 3.20. Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds - p. 135 74. 3.21. Autonomic Neurotransmitters and the Cardiovascular System - p. 137 75. 3.22. Baroreceptor Reflex - p. 139 76. 3.23. Cardiac Function Curve - p. 141 77. 3.24. Force-Velocity Relationship - p. 143 78. 3.25. Pressure-Volume Relationship - p. 145 79. 3.26. Cardiac Function and Vascular Function Curves I - p. 147 80. 3.27. Cardiac Function and Vascular Function Curves II - p. 149 81. 3.28. Vascular Wall - p. 151 82. 3.29. Microcirculation - p. 153 83. 3.30. Lymphatic Circulation I - p. 155 84. 3.31. Lymphatic Circulation II - p. 157 85. 3.32. Endothelium-Dependent and -Independent Control of Arteriolar Tone - p. 159 86. 3.33. Local Regulation of Blood Flow - p. 161 87. 3.34. Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Volume - p. 163 88. 3.35. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System - p. 165 89. 3.36. Coronary Blood Flow - p. 167 90. 3.37. Fetal Circulation - p. 169 91. 3.38. Hemophilia - p. 171 92. 3.39. Atrioventricular (AV) Block - p. 173 93. 4. Respiratory Physiology: Plates 4.1 to 4.30 - p. 177 94. 4.1. Pressures in the Pulmonary Circulation - p. 177 95. 4.2. Pulmonary Artery Pressure and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance - p. 179 96. 4.3. Lung Volume and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance - p. 181 97. 4.4. Chemical and Humoral Control of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance - p. 183 98. 4.5. Intrapulmonary Airways - p. 185 99. 4.6. Ultrastructure of Airways - p. 187 100. 4.7. Lung Volumes - p. 189 101. 4.8. Respiratory Muscles - p. 191 102. 4.9. Partial Pressure of Gases in the Atmosphere - p. 193 103. 4.10. Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Inspired Air, Alveolar Air, and Blood - p. 195 104. 4.11. Alveolar Gas Equation - p. 197 105. 4.12. Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow - p. 199 106. 4.13. Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships - p. 201 107. 4.14. Pressure-Volume Relationships of the Respiratory System - p. 203 108. 4.15. Pulmonary Compliance - p. 205 109. 4.16. Surface Forces in the Lung - p. 207 110. 4.17. Airway Flow I - p. 209 111. 4.18. Airway Flow II - p. 211 112. 4.19. Expiratory Flow-Volume Relationship - p. 213 113. 4.20. Lung Disease I - p. 215 114. 4.21. Lung Disease II - p. 217 115. 4.22. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve I - p. 219 116. 4.23. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve II - p. 221 117. 4.24. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve III - p. 223 118. 4.25. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve IV - p. 225 119. 4.26. Carbon Dioxide Transport I - p. 227 120. 4.27. Carbon Dioxide Transport II - p. 229 121. 4.28. Role of Lungs in pH Balance - p. 231 122. 4.29. Control of Respiration - p. 233 123. 4.30. Respiratory Response to Exercise - p. 235 124. 5. Renal Physiology: Plates 5.1 to 5.37 - p. 239 125. 5.1. Anatomy of the Kidney - p. 239 126. 5.2. Anatomy of the Kidney: The Nephron - p. 241 127. 5.3. Anatomy of the Kidney: Nephron Populations - p. 243 128. 5.4. Anatomy of the Kidney: The Glomerulus - p. 245 129. 5.5. Glomerular Filtration - p. 247 130. 5.6. Renal Handling of Substances: Calculations - p. 249 131. 5.7. Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics I - p. 251 132. 5.8. Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics II - p. 253 133. 5.9. General Solute Handling Through the Nephron I - p. 255 134. 5.10. General Solute Handling Through the Nephron II - p. 257 135. 5.11. General Solute Handling Through the Nephron III - p. 259 136. 5.12. General Solute Handling Through the Nephron IV - p. 261 137. 5.13. Nephron Sites of Sodium Handling - p. 263 138. 5.14. Hormonal Control of Renal Sodium Reabsorption - p. 265 139. 5.15. Reabsorption of Glucose I - p. 267 140. 5.16. Reabsorption of Glucose II - p. 269 141. 5.17. Renal Bicarbonate Handling - p. 271 142. 5.18. Renal Solute Handling: Potassium Handling I - p. 273 143. 5.19. Renal Solute Handling: Potassium Handling II - p. 275 144. 5.20. Renal Calcium Handling - p. 277 145. 5.21. Renal Phosphate Handling - p. 279 146. 5.22. Interstitial Concentration Gradient - p. 281 147. 5.23. Urine Concentration - p. 283 148. 5.24. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) I - p. 285 149. 5.25. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) II - p. 287 150. 5.26. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) III - p. 289 151. 5.27. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) IV - p. 291 152. 5.28. Volume Regulation I: Integrated Response to Volume Contraction - p. 293 153. 5.29. Volume Regulation II: Integrated Response to Volume Expansion - p. 295 154. 5.30. Acid-Base I: Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Homeostasis - p. 297 155. 5.31. Acid-Base II: Ammonia Synthesis - p. 299 156. 5.32. Acid-Base III: Net Acid Excretion - p. 301 157. 5.33. Acid-Base IV: Titratable Acids - p. 303 158. 5.34. Acid-Base V: Acidosis and Anion Gap - p. 305 159. 5.35. Acid-Base Imbalances I - p. 307 160. 5.36. Acid-Base Imbalances II - p. 309 161. 5.37. Pyelonephritis - p. 311 162. 6. Gastrointestinal Physiology: Plates 6.1 to 6.33 - p. 315 163. 6.1. GI Anatomy: Overview of the GI Tract - p. 315 164. 6.2. GI Anatomy: Enteric Nervous System - p. 317 165. 6.3. GI Anatomy: Portal System - p. 319 166. 6.4. The Thirst Response - p. 321 167. 6.5. Autonomic Nerves in the GI Tract - p. 323 168. 6.6. Peristalsis - p. 325 169. 6.7. Electrical Potentials in the GI Tract - p. 327 170. 6.8. Control of Gastric Emptying - p. 329 171. 6.9. Motility of the Colon - p. 331 172. 6.10. General Gastrointestinal Reflexes - p. 333 173. 6.11. Saliva - p. 335 174. 6.12. Cells of the Gastric (Oxyntic) Glands - p. 337 175. 6.13. Parietal Cell Production of Acid - p. 339 176. 6.14. Stimulation of Gastric Acid Secretion - p. 341 177. 6.15. GI Anatomy: Ductal System for Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreatic Secretions - p. 343 178. 6.16. Major GI Hormones - p. 345 179. 6.17. Anatomy of the Liver - p. 347 180. 6.18. Liver Metabolism - p. 349 181. 6.19. Bile Production and Secretion - p. 351 182. 6.20. Portal Hypertension - p. 353 183. 6.21. Stimulation of Digestive Enzymes - p. 355 184. 6.22. Carbohydrate Digestion - p. 357 185. 6.23. Carbohydrate Absorption - p. 359 186. 6.24. Protein Digestion - p. 361 187. 6.25. Protein Absorption - p. 363 188. 6.26. Lipid Digestion I: Enzymes - p. 365 189. 6.27. Lipid Digestion II: Bile and Micelle Formation - p. 367 190. 6.28. Intracellular Lipid Processing - p. 369 191. 6.29. Fluid and Electrolyte Absorption - p. 371 192. 6.30. Calcium Absorption - p. 373 193. 6.31. Cholera - p. 375 194. 6.32. Bilirubin - p. 377 195. 6.33. Vitamin B12 Absorption - p. 379 196. 7. Endocrine Physiology: Plates 7.1 to 7.32 - p. 383 197. 7.1. General Principles of Hormone Binding I - p. 383 198. 7.2. General Principles of Hormone Binding II - p. 385 199. 7.3. Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Anatomy - p. 387 200. 7.4. Pituitary Gland: Anterior Pituitary Hormones - p. 389 201. 7.5. Pituitary Hormones I: General Actions - p. 391 202. 7.6. Pituitary Hormones II: Growth Hormone Feedback Systems - p. 393 203. 7.7. Pituitary Hormones III: Male Reproductive Hormones - p. 395 204. 7.8. Pituitary Hormones IV: Female Reproductive Hormones - p. 397 205. 7.9. Pituitary Hormones V: Prolactin - p. 399 206. 7.10. Thyroid Hormone I: Control of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis - p. 401 207. 7.11. Thyroid Hormone II: Synthesis - p. 403 208. 7.12. Thyroid Hormone III: Intracellular Actions - p. 405 209. 7.13. Thyroid Hormone IV: General Systemic Actions - p. 407 210. 7.14. Adrenal Hormones I: Adrenal Gland Structure - p. 409 211. 7.15. Adrenal Hormones II: Adrenal Cortical Hormones - p. 411 212. 7.16. Adrenal Hormones III: Cushing’s Syndrome - p. 413 213. 7.17. Regulation and Actions of Aldosterone - p. 415 214. 7.18. The Endocrine Pancreas I: Major Hormones - p. 417 215. 7.19. The Endocrine Pancreas II: Insulin Secretion - p. 419 216. 7.20. The Endocrine Pancreas III: Actions of Insulin - p. 421 217. 7.21. The Endocrine Pancreas IV: Actions of Glucagon - p. 423 218. 7.22. The Endocrine Pancreas V: Diabetes Mellitus - p. 425 219. 7.23. Calcium-Regulating Hormones I: Vitamin D - p. 427 220. 7.24. Calcium-Regulating Hormones II: Actions of Vitamin D - p. 429 221. 7.25. Calcium-Regulating Hormones III: Actions of Parathyroid Hormone - p. 431 222. 7.26. Calcium-Regulating Hormones IV: Altered Parathyroid Secretion - p. 433 223. 7.27. Reproductive Hormones I: Development of Genital Sex - p. 435 224. 7.28. Reproductive Hormones II: Puberty and Secondary Sex Characteristics - p. 437 225. 7.29. Reproductive Hormones III: Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle - p. 439 226. 7.30. Reproductive Hormones IV: Feedback Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle - p. 441 227. 7.31. Reproductive Hormones V: The Testes and Spermatogenesis - p. 443 228. 7.32. Reproductive Hormones VI: Control of Testicular Function - p. 445 229. Key Equations - p. 447
Netter's Physiology Flash Cards
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. i 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. ii 5. Preface - p. vi 6. 1. Cell Physiology and Fluid Homeostasis: Plates 1.1 to 1.15 - p. 1 7. 1.1. Membrane Proteins - p. 3 8. 1.2. Body Fluid Compartments - p. 5 9. 1.3. Effect of Adding Solutes to the Extracellular Fluid on Compartment Size - p. 7 10. 1.4. Starling Forces Across the Capillary Wall - p. 9 11. 1.5. Fluid Balance - p. 11 12. 1.6. Measurement of Fluid Compartments - p. 13 13. 1.7. Cellular Transport I: Active Transport - p. 15 14. 1.8. Cellular Transport II: Gated Channels - p. 17 15. 1.9. Cellular Transport III: Solute Movement - p. 19 16. 1.10. Cellular Transport IV: Vesicular Transport - p. 21 17. 1.11. Cellular Transport V: Water Channels - p. 23 18. 1.12. Signal Transduction I: Ca2+ - p. 25 19. 1.13. Signal Transduction II: G Protein–Coupled Receptors - p. 27 20. 1.14. Signal Transduction III: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway - p. 29 21. 1.15. Signal Transduction IV: Nuclear Receptors - p. 31 22. 2. The Nervous System and Muscle: Plates 2.1 to 2.30 - p. 35 23. 2.1. Nernst Potential - p. 35 24. 2.2. Resting Membrane Potential - p. 37 25. 2.3. Axonal Action Potential - p. 39 26. 2.4. Neurons - p. 41 27. 2.5. Axonal Conduction - p. 43 28. 2.6. Structure and Function of Synapses - p. 45 29. 2.7. Chemical Synaptic Transmission - p. 47 30. 2.8. Structure of the Neuromuscular Junction - p. 49 31. 2.9. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - p. 51 32. 2.10. Excitation-Contraction Coupling - p. 53 33. 2.11. Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation - p. 55 34. 2.12. Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction - p. 57 35. 2.13. Excitation-Contraction Coupling of Smooth Muscle - p. 59 36. 2.14. Cardiac Muscle Structure - p. 61 37. 2.15. Major Parts of the Central Nervous System and the Vertebral Column - p. 63 38. 2.16. Major Functions of the Hypothalamus - p. 65 39. 2.17. Somatic Component of the Peripheral Nervous System - p. 67 40. 2.18. Skin and Cutaneous Receptors - p. 69 41. 2.19. Visual Receptors - p. 71 42. 2.20. Cochlear Receptors - p. 73 43. 2.21. Vestibular Receptors - p. 75 44. 2.22. Taste Receptors - p. 77 45. 2.23. Olfactory Receptors - p. 79 46. 2.24. Muscle and Joint Receptors - p. 81 47. 2.25. Spinal Reflex Pathways for Stretch, Tendon Organ, and Flexor Withdrawal Reflexes - p. 83 48. 2.26. Corticospinal Tract - p. 85 49. 2.27. Functional Subdivisions of Cerebellum - p. 87 50. 2.28. General Characteristics of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems - p. 89 51. 2.29. Actions of the Autonomic Nervous System - p. 91 52. 2.30. Myasthenia Gravis - p. 93 53. 3. Cardiovascular Physiology: Plates 3.1 to 3.39 - p. 97 54. 3.1. Components of Blood - p. 97 55. 3.2. White Blood Cells - p. 99 56. 3.3. Hemostasis - p. 101 57. 3.4. Pressures in the Circulation - p. 103 58. 3.5. Distribution of Cardiac Output - p. 105 59. 3.6. Chambers of the Heart - p. 107 60. 3.7. Cardiac Conduction System - p. 109 61. 3.8. Action Potential of Sinoatrial Node Cells - p. 111 62. 3.9. Action Potential of Ventricular Myocytes - p. 113 63. 3.10. Arterial Pressure Wave - p. 115 64. 3.11. Pressures in the Cardiovascular System - p. 117 65. 3.12. Poiseuille’s Law I - p. 119 66. 3.13. Poiseuille’s Law II - p. 121 67. 3.14. Cross-Sectional Area and Flow Velocity - p. 123 68. 3.15. Laminar and Turbulent Flow - p. 125 69. 3.16. Wall Tension - p. 127 70. 3.17. Cardiac Cycle: Atrial Pressure Curve - p. 129 71. 3.18. Cardiac Cycle: Valve Opening and Closure - p. 131 72. 3.19. Cardiac Cycle: The Electrocardiogram - p. 133 73. 3.20. Cardiac Cycle: Heart Sounds - p. 135 74. 3.21. Autonomic Neurotransmitters and the Cardiovascular System - p. 137 75. 3.22. Baroreceptor Reflex - p. 139 76. 3.23. Cardiac Function Curve - p. 141 77. 3.24. Force-Velocity Relationship - p. 143 78. 3.25. Pressure-Volume Relationship - p. 145 79. 3.26. Cardiac Function and Vascular Function Curves I - p. 147 80. 3.27. Cardiac Function and Vascular Function Curves II - p. 149 81. 3.28. Vascular Wall - p. 151 82. 3.29. Microcirculation - p. 153 83. 3.30. Lymphatic Circulation I - p. 155 84. 3.31. Lymphatic Circulation II - p. 157 85. 3.32. Endothelium-Dependent and -Independent Control of Arteriolar Tone - p. 159 86. 3.33. Local Regulation of Blood Flow - p. 161 87. 3.34. Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Volume - p. 163 88. 3.35. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System - p. 165 89. 3.36. Coronary Blood Flow - p. 167 90. 3.37. Fetal Circulation - p. 169 91. 3.38. Hemophilia - p. 171 92. 3.39. Atrioventricular (AV) Block - p. 173 93. 4. Respiratory Physiology: Plates 4.1 to 4.30 - p. 177 94. 4.1. Pressures in the Pulmonary Circulation - p. 177 95. 4.2. Pulmonary Artery Pressure and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance - p. 179 96. 4.3. Lung Volume and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance - p. 181 97. 4.4. Chemical and Humoral Control of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance - p. 183 98. 4.5. Intrapulmonary Airways - p. 185 99. 4.6. Ultrastructure of Airways - p. 187 100. 4.7. Lung Volumes - p. 189 101. 4.8. Respiratory Muscles - p. 191 102. 4.9. Partial Pressure of Gases in the Atmosphere - p. 193 103. 4.10. Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Inspired Air, Alveolar Air, and Blood - p. 195 104. 4.11. Alveolar Gas Equation - p. 197 105. 4.12. Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow - p. 199 106. 4.13. Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships - p. 201 107. 4.14. Pressure-Volume Relationships of the Respiratory System - p. 203 108. 4.15. Pulmonary Compliance - p. 205 109. 4.16. Surface Forces in the Lung - p. 207 110. 4.17. Airway Flow I - p. 209 111. 4.18. Airway Flow II - p. 211 112. 4.19. Expiratory Flow-Volume Relationship - p. 213 113. 4.20. Lung Disease I - p. 215 114. 4.21. Lung Disease II - p. 217 115. 4.22. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve I - p. 219 116. 4.23. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve II - p. 221 117. 4.24. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve III - p. 223 118. 4.25. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve IV - p. 225 119. 4.26. Carbon Dioxide Transport I - p. 227 120. 4.27. Carbon Dioxide Transport II - p. 229 121. 4.28. Role of Lungs in pH Balance - p. 231 122. 4.29. Control of Respiration - p. 233 123. 4.30. Respiratory Response to Exercise - p. 235 124. 5. Renal Physiology: Plates 5.1 to 5.37 - p. 239 125. 5.1. Anatomy of the Kidney - p. 239 126. 5.2. Anatomy of the Kidney: The Nephron - p. 241 127. 5.3. Anatomy of the Kidney: Nephron Populations - p. 243 128. 5.4. Anatomy of the Kidney: The Glomerulus - p. 245 129. 5.5. Glomerular Filtration - p. 247 130. 5.6. Renal Handling of Substances: Calculations - p. 249 131. 5.7. Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics I - p. 251 132. 5.8. Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics II - p. 253 133. 5.9. General Solute Handling Through the Nephron I - p. 255 134. 5.10. General Solute Handling Through the Nephron II - p. 257 135. 5.11. General Solute Handling Through the Nephron III - p. 259 136. 5.12. General Solute Handling Through the Nephron IV - p. 261 137. 5.13. Nephron Sites of Sodium Handling - p. 263 138. 5.14. Hormonal Control of Renal Sodium Reabsorption - p. 265 139. 5.15. Reabsorption of Glucose I - p. 267 140. 5.16. Reabsorption of Glucose II - p. 269 141. 5.17. Renal Bicarbonate Handling - p. 271 142. 5.18. Renal Solute Handling: Potassium Handling I - p. 273 143. 5.19. Renal Solute Handling: Potassium Handling II - p. 275 144. 5.20. Renal Calcium Handling - p. 277 145. 5.21. Renal Phosphate Handling - p. 279 146. 5.22. Interstitial Concentration Gradient - p. 281 147. 5.23. Urine Concentration - p. 283 148. 5.24. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) I - p. 285 149. 5.25. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) II - p. 287 150. 5.26. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) III - p. 289 151. 5.27. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) IV - p. 291 152. 5.28. Volume Regulation I: Integrated Response to Volume Contraction - p. 293 153. 5.29. Volume Regulation II: Integrated Response to Volume Expansion - p. 295 154. 5.30. Acid-Base I: Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Homeostasis - p. 297 155. 5.31. Acid-Base II: Ammonia Synthesis - p. 299 156. 5.32. Acid-Base III: Net Acid Excretion - p. 301 157. 5.33. Acid-Base IV: Titratable Acids - p. 303 158. 5.34. Acid-Base V: Acidosis and Anion Gap - p. 305 159. 5.35. Acid-Base Imbalances I - p. 307 160. 5.36. Acid-Base Imbalances II - p. 309 161. 5.37. Pyelonephritis - p. 311 162. 6. Gastrointestinal Physiology: Plates 6.1 to 6.33 - p. 315 163. 6.1. GI Anatomy: Overview of the GI Tract - p. 315 164. 6.2. GI Anatomy: Enteric Nervous System - p. 317 165. 6.3. GI Anatomy: Portal System - p. 319 166. 6.4. The Thirst Response - p. 321 167. 6.5. Autonomic Nerves in the GI Tract - p. 323 168. 6.6. Peristalsis - p. 325 169. 6.7. Electrical Potentials in the GI Tract - p. 327 170. 6.8. Control of Gastric Emptying - p. 329 171. 6.9. Motility of the Colon - p. 331 172. 6.10. General Gastrointestinal Reflexes - p. 333 173. 6.11. Saliva - p. 335 174. 6.12. Cells of the Gastric (Oxyntic) Glands - p. 337 175. 6.13. Parietal Cell Production of Acid - p. 339 176. 6.14. Stimulation of Gastric Acid Secretion - p. 341 177. 6.15. GI Anatomy: Ductal System for Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreatic Secretions - p. 343 178. 6.16. Major GI Hormones - p. 345 179. 6.17. Anatomy of the Liver - p. 347 180. 6.18. Liver Metabolism - p. 349 181. 6.19. Bile Production and Secretion - p. 351 182. 6.20. Portal Hypertension - p. 353 183. 6.21. Stimulation of Digestive Enzymes - p. 355 184. 6.22. Carbohydrate Digestion - p. 357 185. 6.23. Carbohydrate Absorption - p. 359 186. 6.24. Protein Digestion - p. 361 187. 6.25. Protein Absorption - p. 363 188. 6.26. Lipid Digestion I: Enzymes - p. 365 189. 6.27. Lipid Digestion II: Bile and Micelle Formation - p. 367 190. 6.28. Intracellular Lipid Processing - p. 369 191. 6.29. Fluid and Electrolyte Absorption - p. 371 192. 6.30. Calcium Absorption - p. 373 193. 6.31. Cholera - p. 375 194. 6.32. Bilirubin - p. 377 195. 6.33. Vitamin B12 Absorption - p. 379 196. 7. Endocrine Physiology: Plates 7.1 to 7.32 - p. 383 197. 7.1. General Principles of Hormone Binding I - p. 383 198. 7.2. General Principles of Hormone Binding II - p. 385 199. 7.3. Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Anatomy - p. 387 200. 7.4. Pituitary Gland: Anterior Pituitary Hormones - p. 389 201. 7.5. Pituitary Hormones I: General Actions - p. 391 202. 7.6. Pituitary Hormones II: Growth Hormone Feedback Systems - p. 393 203. 7.7. Pituitary Hormones III: Male Reproductive Hormones - p. 395 204. 7.8. Pituitary Hormones IV: Female Reproductive Hormones - p. 397 205. 7.9. Pituitary Hormones V: Prolactin - p. 399 206. 7.10. Thyroid Hormone I: Control of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis - p. 401 207. 7.11. Thyroid Hormone II: Synthesis - p. 403 208. 7.12. Thyroid Hormone III: Intracellular Actions - p. 405 209. 7.13. Thyroid Hormone IV: General Systemic Actions - p. 407 210. 7.14. Adrenal Hormones I: Adrenal Gland Structure - p. 409 211. 7.15. Adrenal Hormones II: Adrenal Cortical Hormones - p. 411 212. 7.16. Adrenal Hormones III: Cushing’s Syndrome - p. 413 213. 7.17. Regulation and Actions of Aldosterone - p. 415 214. 7.18. The Endocrine Pancreas I: Major Hormones - p. 417 215. 7.19. The Endocrine Pancreas II: Insulin Secretion - p. 419 216. 7.20. The Endocrine Pancreas III: Actions of Insulin - p. 421 217. 7.21. The Endocrine Pancreas IV: Actions of Glucagon - p. 423 218. 7.22. The Endocrine Pancreas V: Diabetes Mellitus - p. 425 219. 7.23. Calcium-Regulating Hormones I: Vitamin D - p. 427 220. 7.24. Calcium-Regulating Hormones II: Actions of Vitamin D - p. 429 221. 7.25. Calcium-Regulating Hormones III: Actions of Parathyroid Hormone - p. 431 222. 7.26. Calcium-Regulating Hormones IV: Altered Parathyroid Secretion - p. 433 223. 7.27. Reproductive Hormones I: Development of Genital Sex - p. 435 224. 7.28. Reproductive Hormones II: Puberty and Secondary Sex Characteristics - p. 437 225. 7.29. Reproductive Hormones III: Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle - p. 439 226. 7.30. Reproductive Hormones IV: Feedback Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle - p. 441 227. 7.31. Reproductive Hormones V: The Testes and Spermatogenesis - p. 443 228. 7.32. Reproductive Hormones VI: Control of Testicular Function - p. 445 229. Key Equations - p. 447
