Neuromodulation: Comprehensive Textbook of Principles, Technologies, and Therapies, Second Edition, serves as a comprehensive and in-depth reference textbook covering all aspects of the rapidly growing field of neuromodulation. Since the publication of the first edition seven years ago, there has been an explosion of knowledge in neuromodulation, optogenetics, bioelectronics medicine and brain computer interfacing. Users will find unique discussions of the fundamental principles of neuromodulation and therapies, and how they are applied to the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves and various organs.
The book focuses on comprehensive coverage of spinal cord stimulation, non-interventional and interventional brain stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and the emerging fields of neuromodulation, including optogenetics and bioelectronics medicine.
1. Neuromodulation - p. i 2. Cover - p. i 3. Title Page Volume 1 - p. i 4. Title Page Volume 2 - p. i 5. Title Page Volume 3 - p. iii 6. Copyright - p. iv 7. Dedication - p. v 8. List of Contributors of Volume 1 - p. ix 9. List of Contributors of Volume 2 - p. x 10. List of Contributors of Volume 3 - p. x 11. Foreword of Volume 1 - p. xi 12. Foreword of Volume 2 - p. xv 13. Foreword of Volume 3 - p. xxvi 14. Chapter 1 Perspectives on the History of Neuromodulation-Relevant Societies - p. 4 15. Chapter 2 Psychological Issues and Evaluation for Patients Undergoing Implantable Technology - p. 16 16. Chapter 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System - p. 26 17. Chapter 4 Clinical Study Designs for Neuromodulation - p. 42 18. Chapter 5 The Brain Initiative—Implications for a Revolutionary Change in Clinical Medicine via Neuromodulation Technology - p. 57 19. Chapter 6 Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation - p. 72 20. Chapter 7 The Safe Delivery of Electrical Currents and Neuromodulation - p. 84 21. Chapter 8 Waveforms for Neural Stimulation - p. 96 22. Chapter 9 Neuromodulation and Neuronal Plasticity - p. 104 23. Chapter 10 Fundamentals of Kilohertz Frequency Alternating Current Nerve Conduction Block of the Peripheral Nervous System - p. 112 24. Chapter 11 MRI and fMRI for Neuromodulation - p. 122 25. Chapter 12 Patient-Specific Modeling of Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 130 26. Chapter 13 Big Data and Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 138 27. Chapter 14 Fundamentals of Burst Stimulation of the Spinal Cord and Brain - p. 148 28. Chapter 15 Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 163 29. Chapter 16 Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation - p. 180 30. Chapter 17 Mechanisms of Action of Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 194 31. Chapter 18 Vagus Nerve Stimulation - p. 212 32. Chapter 19 Mechanisms of Action of Sacral Nerve and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Disorders of the Bladder and Bowel - p. 222 33. Chapter 20 Electrodes for the Neural Interface - p. 241 34. Chapter 21 Implantable Neural Stimulators - p. 276 35. Chapter 22 Microstimulators - p. 290 36. Chapter 23 Designing Neuromodulation Devices for Feedback Control - p. 306 37. Chapter 24 MRI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems - p. 317 38. Chapter 25 Brain–Computer Interfaces - p. 342 39. Chapter 26 Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces - p. 358 40. Chapter 27 Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Functional Restoration - p. 380 41. Chapter 28 Prospects for a Robust Cortical Recording Interface - p. 394 42. Chapter 29 Advances in Invasive Brain–Computer Interface Technology and Decoding Methods for Restoring Movement and Future Applications - p. 416 43. Chapter 30 Gene-Based Neuromodulation - p. 430 44. Chapter 31 Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurological Disorders - p. 444 45. Chapter 32 Implanted Sensors in Neuromodulation via Electrical Stimulation - p. 452 46. Chapter 33 Gaming for the Brain - p. 466 47. Chapter 34 The Use of New Surgical Technologies for Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 478 48. Chapter 35 Neuromodulation Using Optogenetics and Related Technologies - p. 488 49. Chapter 36 Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 504 50. Chapter 37 Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 514 51. Chapter 38 Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain - p. 524 52. Chapter 39 Surgical Placement of Leads for Occipital Nerve Stimulation - p. 530 53. Chapter 40 Surgical Technique: Intrathecal Medication Delivery System Implantation - p. 538 54. Chapter 41 Neuroprosthetic Surgical Strategies for Neuromuscular Stimulation - p. 544 55. Chapter 42 The Surgical Technique of Vagus Nerve Stimulator Implantation - p. 552 56. Chapter 43 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain - p. 566 57. Chapter 44 Management Strategies for Chronic Pain - p. 576 58. Chapter 45 History of Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 588 59. Chapter 46 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Neuromodulation of Pain - p. 598 60. Chapter 47 The Development of Algorithms for Pain Care Including Neuromodulation Therapies - p. 610 61. Chapter 48 Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - p. 618 62. Chapter 49 Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Neuropathic Pain - p. 634 63. Chapter 50 Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Low Back Pain - p. 648 64. Chapter 51 Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 658 65. Chapter 52 Clinical Aspects of Burst Stimulation for Pain Control - p. 670 66. Chapter 53 Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Pain Control - p. 684 67. Chapter 54 Ten Kilohertz (10 kHz) High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 694 68. Chapter 55 A Review of Spinal Cord Stimulation Cost Studies - p. 703 69. Chapter 56 Anatomy and Physiology Related to Peripheral Nerve Stimulation - p. 724 70. Chapter 57 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Suppression - p. 730 71. Chapter 58 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Facial Pain - p. 742 72. Chapter 59 Combined Spinal Cord Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Neck Pain - p. 748 73. Chapter 60 Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Management of Postoperative Pain - p. 754 74. Chapter 61 Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain - p. 764 75. Chapter 62 Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Intractable Headache Syndromes - p. 774 76. Chapter 63 Neuromodulation for Headaches—Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation - p. 784 77. Chapter 64 Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Drug Delivery - p. 794 78. Chapter 65 Evolution of the Spinal Delivery of Opiate Analgesics - p. 804 79. Chapter 66 Pharmacology of Intrathecal Therapy - p. 820 80. Chapter 67 Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Intrathecal Delivery - p. 830 81. Chapter 68 Exploring Nonopioid Analgesic Agents for Intrathecal Use - p. 848 82. Chapter 69 Potent Neurotoxins for Cancer Pain Treatment - p. 862 83. Chapter 70 The Development of Guidelines for Intrathecal Therapies for Pain Control. History and Present Guidelines - p. 870 84. Chapter 71 Compounding for Intrathecal Analgesic Agents - p. 880 85. Chapter 72 Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for the Control of Spasticity - p. 890 86. Chapter 73 Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain - p. 904 87. Chapter 74 Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease - p. 912 88. Chapter 75 Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor - p. 920 89. Chapter 76 Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia - p. 932 90. Chapter 77 Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome - p. 946 91. Chapter 78 Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm and Meige Syndrome - p. 954 92. Chapter 79 Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s Disease - p. 968 93. Chapter 80 Infusion Therapy for Movement Disorders - p. 978 94. Chapter 81 Epilepsy - p. 988 95. Chapter 82 Vagal Nerve Simulation - p. 1000 96. Chapter 83 Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy - p. 1012 97. Chapter 84 Closed-Loop Responsive Stimulation for Epilepsy - p. 1024 98. Chapter 85 Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - p. 1034 99. Chapter 86 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Surgery for the Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - p. 1046 100. Chapter 87 Deep Brain Stimulation for Highly Refractory Depression - p. 1058 101. Chapter 88 Neuromodulation in Anorexia Nervosa - p. 1074 102. Chapter 89 Deep Brain Stimulation for Alcoholism - p. 1082 103. Chapter 90 Surgical Treatment for Refractory Drug Addiction - p. 1090 104. Chapter 91 Subgenual Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression - p. 1100 105. Chapter 92 Cortical Stimulation for Depression - p. 1120 106. Chapter 93 The History of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation—The Evolution of Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation and Future Directions - p. 1132 107. Chapter 94 Functional Electrical Stimulation for Return of Function After Stroke - p. 1138 108. Chapter 95 Invasive Neurostimulation for Poststroke Motor Recovery - p. 1148 109. Chapter 96 Stimulation for Return of Upper-Extremity Function - p. 1160 110. Chapter 97 Lower Extremity Motor System Neuroprostheses - p. 1172 111. Chapter 98 Neuromodulation of the Spinal Cord for Movement Restoration - p. 1184 112. Chapter 99 A Brief History of the Cochlear Implant and Related Treatments - p. 1198 113. Chapter 100 Stimulation for the Return of Hearing - p. 1210 114. Chapter 101 The Development of Visual Prosthetic Devices to Restore Vision to the Blind - p. 1224 115. Chapter 102 Neuromodulation for Treatment of Dry Eye - p. 1236 116. Chapter 103 Neuroprostheses for Restoring Sensation - p. 1250 117. Chapter 104 Autonomic Control of the Heart - p. 1266 118. Chapter 105 Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Vascular Disorders - p. 1274 119. Chapter 106 Neuromodulation for Refractory Angina and Heart Failure - p. 1281 120. Chapter 107 Baroreceptor Activation for Hypertension and Heart Failure - p. 1294 121. Chapter 108 Upper Airway Neurostimulation to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea - p. 1309 122. Chapter 109 A Neural Prosthesis for Obstructive Sleep Apnea - p. 1322 123. Chapter 110 Transvenous Phrenic Nerve Stimulation for Central Sleep Apnea - p. 1332 124. Chapter 111 Neurostimulation for Asthma - p. 1340 125. Chapter 112 Stimulation for Inspiration - p. 1348 126. Chapter 113 Restoration of Cough via Functional Electrical Stimulation - p. 1356 127. Chapter 114 Neural Control of the Gastrointestinal System - p. 1374 128. Chapter 115 Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Abdominal Pain - p. 1380 129. Chapter 116 Emerging Gastric Stimulation for Dysmotility Disorder and Obesity - p. 1388 130. Chapter 117 Intestinal Electrical Stimulation - p. 1398 131. Chapter 118 Neuromodulation for Nausea and Vomiting in Adult Patients - p. 1408 132. Chapter 119 Neuromodulation for Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in Pediatric Patients - p. 1420 133. Chapter 120 Colonic Electrical Stimulation for Constipation - p. 1428 134. Chapter 121 Neurophysiology and Neuroanatomy of the Genitourinary Organs - p. 1438 135. Chapter 122 Sacral Nerve Neuromodulation - p. 1452 136. Chapter 123 Sacral Nerve Root Stimulation for Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis - p. 1456 137. Chapter 124 Restoration of Bladder and Bowel Control After Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1472 138. Chapter 125 Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Regulation of Inflammation - p. 1484 139. Chapter 126 Activation of the Inflammatory Reflex in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Preclinical Evidence - p. 1494 140. Chapter 127 Bioelectronic Therapy for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease - p. 1504 141. Chapter 128 Vagal Nerve Stimulation Versus Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Control of Inflammation - p. 1514 142. Chapter 129 Neuromodulation Therapies for Cardiac Disease - p. 1520 143. Chapter 130 The Neural Tourniquet - p. 1532 144. Chapter 131 Sensing and Decoding Neural Signals for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation and Advanced Diagnostics in Chronic Disease and Injury - p. 1542 145. Chapter 132 The Role of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Central and Peripheral Pain Disorders and Related Comorbid Somatoform Conditions - p. 1552 146. Chapter 133 Insulin Resistance, Glucose Metabolism, Inflammation, and the Role of Neuromodulation as a Therapy for Type-2 Diabetes - p. 1566 147. Chapter 134 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - p. 1578 148. Chapter 135 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) - p. 1590 149. Chapter 136 Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation - p. 1612 150. Chapter 137 Novel Methods of Transcranial Stimulation - p. 1620 151. Chapter 138 Optimization of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Clinical Trials - p. 1628 152. Chapter 139 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Fatigue and Attentional Disorders - p. 1638 153. Chapter 140 Perspectives on the Issues and Barriers to Starting a New Neuromodulation Company From New Start-Ups in Neuromodulation - p. 1652 154. Chapter 141 The Birth of an Industry - p. 1666 155. Chapter 142 Neuromodulation - p. 1676 156. Chapter 143 Reimbursement for Neuromodulation Therapies and Technologies - p. 1689 157. Chapter 144 Perspective on How to Build a Neuromodulation Practice∗ - p. 1704 158. Index - p. 1711
Neuromodulation: Comprehensive Textbook of Principles, Technologies, and Therapies, Second Edition, serves as a comprehensive and in-depth reference textbook covering all aspects of the rapidly growing field of neuromodulation. Since the publication of the first edition seven years ago, there has been an explosion of knowledge in neuromodulation, optogenetics, bioelectronics medicine and brain computer interfacing. Users will find unique discussions of the fundamental principles of neuromodulation and therapies, and how they are applied to the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves and various organs.
The book focuses on comprehensive coverage of spinal cord stimulation, non-interventional and interventional brain stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and the emerging fields of neuromodulation, including optogenetics and bioelectronics medicine.
1. Neuromodulation - p. i 2. Cover - p. i 3. Title Page Volume 1 - p. i 4. Title Page Volume 2 - p. i 5. Title Page Volume 3 - p. iii 6. Copyright - p. iv 7. Dedication - p. v 8. List of Contributors of Volume 1 - p. ix 9. List of Contributors of Volume 2 - p. x 10. List of Contributors of Volume 3 - p. x 11. Foreword of Volume 1 - p. xi 12. Foreword of Volume 2 - p. xv 13. Foreword of Volume 3 - p. xxvi 14. Chapter 1 Perspectives on the History of Neuromodulation-Relevant Societies - p. 4 15. Chapter 2 Psychological Issues and Evaluation for Patients Undergoing Implantable Technology - p. 16 16. Chapter 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System - p. 26 17. Chapter 4 Clinical Study Designs for Neuromodulation - p. 42 18. Chapter 5 The Brain Initiative—Implications for a Revolutionary Change in Clinical Medicine via Neuromodulation Technology - p. 57 19. Chapter 6 Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation - p. 72 20. Chapter 7 The Safe Delivery of Electrical Currents and Neuromodulation - p. 84 21. Chapter 8 Waveforms for Neural Stimulation - p. 96 22. Chapter 9 Neuromodulation and Neuronal Plasticity - p. 104 23. Chapter 10 Fundamentals of Kilohertz Frequency Alternating Current Nerve Conduction Block of the Peripheral Nervous System - p. 112 24. Chapter 11 MRI and fMRI for Neuromodulation - p. 122 25. Chapter 12 Patient-Specific Modeling of Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 130 26. Chapter 13 Big Data and Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 138 27. Chapter 14 Fundamentals of Burst Stimulation of the Spinal Cord and Brain - p. 148 28. Chapter 15 Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 163 29. Chapter 16 Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation - p. 180 30. Chapter 17 Mechanisms of Action of Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 194 31. Chapter 18 Vagus Nerve Stimulation - p. 212 32. Chapter 19 Mechanisms of Action of Sacral Nerve and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Disorders of the Bladder and Bowel - p. 222 33. Chapter 20 Electrodes for the Neural Interface - p. 241 34. Chapter 21 Implantable Neural Stimulators - p. 276 35. Chapter 22 Microstimulators - p. 290 36. Chapter 23 Designing Neuromodulation Devices for Feedback Control - p. 306 37. Chapter 24 MRI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems - p. 317 38. Chapter 25 Brain–Computer Interfaces - p. 342 39. Chapter 26 Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces - p. 358 40. Chapter 27 Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Functional Restoration - p. 380 41. Chapter 28 Prospects for a Robust Cortical Recording Interface - p. 394 42. Chapter 29 Advances in Invasive Brain–Computer Interface Technology and Decoding Methods for Restoring Movement and Future Applications - p. 416 43. Chapter 30 Gene-Based Neuromodulation - p. 430 44. Chapter 31 Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurological Disorders - p. 444 45. Chapter 32 Implanted Sensors in Neuromodulation via Electrical Stimulation - p. 452 46. Chapter 33 Gaming for the Brain - p. 466 47. Chapter 34 The Use of New Surgical Technologies for Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 478 48. Chapter 35 Neuromodulation Using Optogenetics and Related Technologies - p. 488 49. Chapter 36 Deep Brain Stimulation - p. 504 50. Chapter 37 Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 514 51. Chapter 38 Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain - p. 524 52. Chapter 39 Surgical Placement of Leads for Occipital Nerve Stimulation - p. 530 53. Chapter 40 Surgical Technique: Intrathecal Medication Delivery System Implantation - p. 538 54. Chapter 41 Neuroprosthetic Surgical Strategies for Neuromuscular Stimulation - p. 544 55. Chapter 42 The Surgical Technique of Vagus Nerve Stimulator Implantation - p. 552 56. Chapter 43 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain - p. 566 57. Chapter 44 Management Strategies for Chronic Pain - p. 576 58. Chapter 45 History of Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 588 59. Chapter 46 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Neuromodulation of Pain - p. 598 60. Chapter 47 The Development of Algorithms for Pain Care Including Neuromodulation Therapies - p. 610 61. Chapter 48 Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - p. 618 62. Chapter 49 Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Neuropathic Pain - p. 634 63. Chapter 50 Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Low Back Pain - p. 648 64. Chapter 51 Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 658 65. Chapter 52 Clinical Aspects of Burst Stimulation for Pain Control - p. 670 66. Chapter 53 Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Pain Control - p. 684 67. Chapter 54 Ten Kilohertz (10 kHz) High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation - p. 694 68. Chapter 55 A Review of Spinal Cord Stimulation Cost Studies - p. 703 69. Chapter 56 Anatomy and Physiology Related to Peripheral Nerve Stimulation - p. 724 70. Chapter 57 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Suppression - p. 730 71. Chapter 58 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Facial Pain - p. 742 72. Chapter 59 Combined Spinal Cord Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Neck Pain - p. 748 73. Chapter 60 Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Management of Postoperative Pain - p. 754 74. Chapter 61 Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain - p. 764 75. Chapter 62 Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Intractable Headache Syndromes - p. 774 76. Chapter 63 Neuromodulation for Headaches—Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation - p. 784 77. Chapter 64 Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Drug Delivery - p. 794 78. Chapter 65 Evolution of the Spinal Delivery of Opiate Analgesics - p. 804 79. Chapter 66 Pharmacology of Intrathecal Therapy - p. 820 80. Chapter 67 Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Intrathecal Delivery - p. 830 81. Chapter 68 Exploring Nonopioid Analgesic Agents for Intrathecal Use - p. 848 82. Chapter 69 Potent Neurotoxins for Cancer Pain Treatment - p. 862 83. Chapter 70 The Development of Guidelines for Intrathecal Therapies for Pain Control. History and Present Guidelines - p. 870 84. Chapter 71 Compounding for Intrathecal Analgesic Agents - p. 880 85. Chapter 72 Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for the Control of Spasticity - p. 890 86. Chapter 73 Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain - p. 904 87. Chapter 74 Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease - p. 912 88. Chapter 75 Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor - p. 920 89. Chapter 76 Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia - p. 932 90. Chapter 77 Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome - p. 946 91. Chapter 78 Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm and Meige Syndrome - p. 954 92. Chapter 79 Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s Disease - p. 968 93. Chapter 80 Infusion Therapy for Movement Disorders - p. 978 94. Chapter 81 Epilepsy - p. 988 95. Chapter 82 Vagal Nerve Simulation - p. 1000 96. Chapter 83 Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy - p. 1012 97. Chapter 84 Closed-Loop Responsive Stimulation for Epilepsy - p. 1024 98. Chapter 85 Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - p. 1034 99. Chapter 86 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Surgery for the Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - p. 1046 100. Chapter 87 Deep Brain Stimulation for Highly Refractory Depression - p. 1058 101. Chapter 88 Neuromodulation in Anorexia Nervosa - p. 1074 102. Chapter 89 Deep Brain Stimulation for Alcoholism - p. 1082 103. Chapter 90 Surgical Treatment for Refractory Drug Addiction - p. 1090 104. Chapter 91 Subgenual Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression - p. 1100 105. Chapter 92 Cortical Stimulation for Depression - p. 1120 106. Chapter 93 The History of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation—The Evolution of Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation and Future Directions - p. 1132 107. Chapter 94 Functional Electrical Stimulation for Return of Function After Stroke - p. 1138 108. Chapter 95 Invasive Neurostimulation for Poststroke Motor Recovery - p. 1148 109. Chapter 96 Stimulation for Return of Upper-Extremity Function - p. 1160 110. Chapter 97 Lower Extremity Motor System Neuroprostheses - p. 1172 111. Chapter 98 Neuromodulation of the Spinal Cord for Movement Restoration - p. 1184 112. Chapter 99 A Brief History of the Cochlear Implant and Related Treatments - p. 1198 113. Chapter 100 Stimulation for the Return of Hearing - p. 1210 114. Chapter 101 The Development of Visual Prosthetic Devices to Restore Vision to the Blind - p. 1224 115. Chapter 102 Neuromodulation for Treatment of Dry Eye - p. 1236 116. Chapter 103 Neuroprostheses for Restoring Sensation - p. 1250 117. Chapter 104 Autonomic Control of the Heart - p. 1266 118. Chapter 105 Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Vascular Disorders - p. 1274 119. Chapter 106 Neuromodulation for Refractory Angina and Heart Failure - p. 1281 120. Chapter 107 Baroreceptor Activation for Hypertension and Heart Failure - p. 1294 121. Chapter 108 Upper Airway Neurostimulation to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea - p. 1309 122. Chapter 109 A Neural Prosthesis for Obstructive Sleep Apnea - p. 1322 123. Chapter 110 Transvenous Phrenic Nerve Stimulation for Central Sleep Apnea - p. 1332 124. Chapter 111 Neurostimulation for Asthma - p. 1340 125. Chapter 112 Stimulation for Inspiration - p. 1348 126. Chapter 113 Restoration of Cough via Functional Electrical Stimulation - p. 1356 127. Chapter 114 Neural Control of the Gastrointestinal System - p. 1374 128. Chapter 115 Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Abdominal Pain - p. 1380 129. Chapter 116 Emerging Gastric Stimulation for Dysmotility Disorder and Obesity - p. 1388 130. Chapter 117 Intestinal Electrical Stimulation - p. 1398 131. Chapter 118 Neuromodulation for Nausea and Vomiting in Adult Patients - p. 1408 132. Chapter 119 Neuromodulation for Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in Pediatric Patients - p. 1420 133. Chapter 120 Colonic Electrical Stimulation for Constipation - p. 1428 134. Chapter 121 Neurophysiology and Neuroanatomy of the Genitourinary Organs - p. 1438 135. Chapter 122 Sacral Nerve Neuromodulation - p. 1452 136. Chapter 123 Sacral Nerve Root Stimulation for Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis - p. 1456 137. Chapter 124 Restoration of Bladder and Bowel Control After Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1472 138. Chapter 125 Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Regulation of Inflammation - p. 1484 139. Chapter 126 Activation of the Inflammatory Reflex in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Preclinical Evidence - p. 1494 140. Chapter 127 Bioelectronic Therapy for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease - p. 1504 141. Chapter 128 Vagal Nerve Stimulation Versus Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Control of Inflammation - p. 1514 142. Chapter 129 Neuromodulation Therapies for Cardiac Disease - p. 1520 143. Chapter 130 The Neural Tourniquet - p. 1532 144. Chapter 131 Sensing and Decoding Neural Signals for Closed-Loop Neuromodulation and Advanced Diagnostics in Chronic Disease and Injury - p. 1542 145. Chapter 132 The Role of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Central and Peripheral Pain Disorders and Related Comorbid Somatoform Conditions - p. 1552 146. Chapter 133 Insulin Resistance, Glucose Metabolism, Inflammation, and the Role of Neuromodulation as a Therapy for Type-2 Diabetes - p. 1566 147. Chapter 134 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - p. 1578 148. Chapter 135 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) - p. 1590 149. Chapter 136 Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation - p. 1612 150. Chapter 137 Novel Methods of Transcranial Stimulation - p. 1620 151. Chapter 138 Optimization of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Clinical Trials - p. 1628 152. Chapter 139 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Fatigue and Attentional Disorders - p. 1638 153. Chapter 140 Perspectives on the Issues and Barriers to Starting a New Neuromodulation Company From New Start-Ups in Neuromodulation - p. 1652 154. Chapter 141 The Birth of an Industry - p. 1666 155. Chapter 142 Neuromodulation - p. 1676 156. Chapter 143 Reimbursement for Neuromodulation Therapies and Technologies - p. 1689 157. Chapter 144 Perspective on How to Build a Neuromodulation Practice∗ - p. 1704 158. Index - p. 1711
