This book addresses the possibilities provided by scattering techniques in the study of soft matter. It fills the gap between the fundamental scattering processes, which are described by the general theoretical framework of elastic and quasi-elastic interaction of radiation with matter, and state-of-the-art applications to specific soft matter systems.
Three probes are discussed in detail: neutrons, X-ray photons, and visible light. The first part of the book is dedicated to the use of general principles for the measurement and analysis of scattered intensity: elementary scattering process, data reduction, general theorems, the concept of reciprocal space, and its link to structural and dynamical information in direct space. In the second part, methods and techniques are further discussed, including resolution effects, contrast variation, static and dynamic light scattering, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, and reflectometry and grazing incidence techniques. Part three deals with the state of the art of scattering studies of typical soft matter systems (polymers, self-assembled surfactant systems, microemulsions, liquid crystals, colloids, aggregates, biological systems) with dedicated chapters for particle interactions, and modelling. Part four highlights special applications, from turbid media to scattering under external constraints, and industrial applications.
This new edition, written by the lecturers of the Bombannes Summer School, will be most useful as a learning tool for masters and PhD students, post-docs, and young researchers moving into the field. As with the previous edition, it will also be a reference for any scientist working in soft matter, where scattering techniques are ubiquitous, used both in small laboratories and at large-scale research facilities.
• Provides an understandable and thorough introduction to the fundamentals of scattering in a way that is accessible for students/PhDs.• Offers a comprehensive overview of the main scattering techniques associated with neutrons, X-rays, and light.• Includes chapters on virtually all soft matter systems.• Presents both standard analyses and recent advances in scattering techniques1. Chapter 1 General Introduction to Soft Matter and Scattering Experiments - p. 3 2. Chapter 2 General Theorems, Differential Scattering Cross-Section, and Initial Data Treatment - p. 19 3. Abstract - p. 19 4. Acknowledgments - p. 19 5. 1 Introduction - p. 19 6. 2 General theorems - p. 19 7. 2.4 Scattering at high q - p. 39 8. 3 Differential scattering cross-section and initial data treatment - p. 44 9. 3.1 Definition of differential scattering cross-section - p. 44 10. 3.2 Scattering experiment in practice - p. 46 11. 3.3 Initial reduction of scattering data - p. 55 12. References - p. 56 13. Chapter 3 The Inverse Scattering Problem - p. 61 14. Chapter 4 Indirect Fourier Transformation, Deconvolution, and Generalized Indirect Fourier Transformation - p. 91 15. Part II: Methods - p. 123 16. Chapter 5 Instrumentation and Resolution Effects for Small-Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering - p. 125 17. Chapter 6 Contrast and Contrast Variation in Neutron, X-ray, and Light Scattering - p. 151 18. Chapter 7 Static Light Scattering - p. 183 19. Chapter 8 Dynamic Light Scattering - p. 211 20. Abstract - p. 211 21. Acknowledgment - p. 211 22. 1 Introduction - p. 211 23. 2 Speckle and correlation functions - p. 213 24. 3 Sizing of spherical particles by DLS - p. 219 25. 4 Concentrated systems - p. 225 26. 5 Suppression of multiple-scattering - p. 228 27. 6 Non-ergodic samples - p. 229 28. 7 Equipment for light scattering - p. 230 29. 8 X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy - p. 232 30. 9 Other topics - p. 233 31. 9.1 Non-spherical particles - p. 233 32. 9.2 Depolarized scattering - p. 233 33. 9.3 Scattering in the heterodyne mode - p. 234 34. Appendix: Simple derivation of Eqs. (31) and (34) - p. 235 35. References - p. 237 36. Chapter 9 Inelastic Neutron Scattering - p. 239 37. Chapter 10 Neutron and X-ray Reflectometry and Grazing Incidence Scattering - p. 255 38. Part III: Revealing microstructures and dynamics of soft condensed matter - p. 283 39. Chapter 11 Introduction to Polymers: Static Scattering - p. 285 40. Chapter 12 Self-assembled Aggregates: Form and Structure Factors in Surfactant Systems and Lyotropic Liquid Crystals - p. 311 41. Chapter 13 Small-Angle Scattering by Microemulsions - p. 335 42. Chapter 14 Interacting Colloidal Systems, Gels, Glasses - p. 361 43. Abstract - p. 361 44. 1 Introduction - p. 361 45. 2 Effective interactions - p. 361 46. 3 Predictions of structure of interacting colloidal systems - p. 365 47. 4 Predictions of dynamical properties of interacting colloidal systems: Mode-coupling theory and other approaches - p. 373 48. 5 Experimental challenges - p. 377 49. 6 Scattering studies of interacting colloids - p. 387 50. 6.1 Hard and soft repulsive glasses - p. 388 51. 6.2 Attractive glasses - p. 390 52. 6.3 Gels - p. 391 53. 7 Concluding remarks - p. 393 54. References - p. 395 55. Chapter 15 Model Fitting and Simulation Techniques in Small-Angle Scattering Data Analysis - p. 401 56. Abstract - p. 401 57. Acknowledgments - p. 401 58. 1 Introduction - p. 401 59. 2 Least-squares fitting - p. 403 60. 3 Models - p. 404 61. 3.2 Structure factors - p. 425 62. 3.3 Structure factors of oligomers, aggregates, and clusters - p. 431 63. 4 Application of Monte Carlo methods for the calculation of form factors - p. 432 64. 4.1 MC methods for solid particle form factors - p. 432 65. 4.2 MC and simulation for polymer form factors - p. 433 66. 5 Example of analysis on absolute scale: Block copolymer micelles - p. 439 67. 6 Summary and conclusions - p. 442 68. References - p. 443 69. Chapter 16 Polymer Dynamics - p. 453 70. Chapter 17 Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering Data of Complex Biological Systems - p. 475 71. Chapter 18 Macromolecular and Supramolecular Assemblies - p. 497 72. Part IV: Special applications - p. 527 73. Chapter 19 Soft Matter Studies Under Non-equilibrium Conditions - p. 529 74. Chapter 20 Polymer Processing: Application of Scattering Methods to Polyurethane Materials - p. 559 75. Chapter 21 Light Scattering and Propagation in Turbid Media - p. 581 76. Abstract - p. 581 77. 1 Introduction - p. 581 78. 2 Multiple light scattering and photon diffusion - p. 583 79. 3 DWS - p. 598 80. 3.3 Backscattering DWS and particle sizing - p. 604 81. 3.4 DWS-based optical microrheology - p. 606 82. 4 Summary and conclusion - p. 609 83. References - p. 610 84. Chapter 22 From Real to Reciprocal Space_ Scattering Information From Real Space Images - p. 615 85. Chapter 23 Use of Scattering Techniques in Industry - p. 649 86. Chapter 24 Applications of Neutron Reflectometry to Soft Matter and Biological Systems - p. 669 87. Chapter 25 Using Weak Aggregation for Solubilization and Separation - p. 701 88. Chapter 26 Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy: Characterization of Relaxation Modes at the Molecular Scale - p. 741 89. List of Most Used Abbreviations - p. 767 90. List of Most Used Variables - p. 769 91. Index - p. 771
This book addresses the possibilities provided by scattering techniques in the study of soft matter. It fills the gap between the fundamental scattering processes, which are described by the general theoretical framework of elastic and quasi-elastic interaction of radiation with matter, and state-of-the-art applications to specific soft matter systems.
Three probes are discussed in detail: neutrons, X-ray photons, and visible light. The first part of the book is dedicated to the use of general principles for the measurement and analysis of scattered intensity: elementary scattering process, data reduction, general theorems, the concept of reciprocal space, and its link to structural and dynamical information in direct space. In the second part, methods and techniques are further discussed, including resolution effects, contrast variation, static and dynamic light scattering, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, and reflectometry and grazing incidence techniques. Part three deals with the state of the art of scattering studies of typical soft matter systems (polymers, self-assembled surfactant systems, microemulsions, liquid crystals, colloids, aggregates, biological systems) with dedicated chapters for particle interactions, and modelling. Part four highlights special applications, from turbid media to scattering under external constraints, and industrial applications.
This new edition, written by the lecturers of the Bombannes Summer School, will be most useful as a learning tool for masters and PhD students, post-docs, and young researchers moving into the field. As with the previous edition, it will also be a reference for any scientist working in soft matter, where scattering techniques are ubiquitous, used both in small laboratories and at large-scale research facilities.
• Provides an understandable and thorough introduction to the fundamentals of scattering in a way that is accessible for students/PhDs.• Offers a comprehensive overview of the main scattering techniques associated with neutrons, X-rays, and light.• Includes chapters on virtually all soft matter systems.• Presents both standard analyses and recent advances in scattering techniques1. Chapter 1 General Introduction to Soft Matter and Scattering Experiments - p. 3 2. Chapter 2 General Theorems, Differential Scattering Cross-Section, and Initial Data Treatment - p. 19 3. Abstract - p. 19 4. Acknowledgments - p. 19 5. 1 Introduction - p. 19 6. 2 General theorems - p. 19 7. 2.4 Scattering at high q - p. 39 8. 3 Differential scattering cross-section and initial data treatment - p. 44 9. 3.1 Definition of differential scattering cross-section - p. 44 10. 3.2 Scattering experiment in practice - p. 46 11. 3.3 Initial reduction of scattering data - p. 55 12. References - p. 56 13. Chapter 3 The Inverse Scattering Problem - p. 61 14. Chapter 4 Indirect Fourier Transformation, Deconvolution, and Generalized Indirect Fourier Transformation - p. 91 15. Part II: Methods - p. 123 16. Chapter 5 Instrumentation and Resolution Effects for Small-Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering - p. 125 17. Chapter 6 Contrast and Contrast Variation in Neutron, X-ray, and Light Scattering - p. 151 18. Chapter 7 Static Light Scattering - p. 183 19. Chapter 8 Dynamic Light Scattering - p. 211 20. Abstract - p. 211 21. Acknowledgment - p. 211 22. 1 Introduction - p. 211 23. 2 Speckle and correlation functions - p. 213 24. 3 Sizing of spherical particles by DLS - p. 219 25. 4 Concentrated systems - p. 225 26. 5 Suppression of multiple-scattering - p. 228 27. 6 Non-ergodic samples - p. 229 28. 7 Equipment for light scattering - p. 230 29. 8 X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy - p. 232 30. 9 Other topics - p. 233 31. 9.1 Non-spherical particles - p. 233 32. 9.2 Depolarized scattering - p. 233 33. 9.3 Scattering in the heterodyne mode - p. 234 34. Appendix: Simple derivation of Eqs. (31) and (34) - p. 235 35. References - p. 237 36. Chapter 9 Inelastic Neutron Scattering - p. 239 37. Chapter 10 Neutron and X-ray Reflectometry and Grazing Incidence Scattering - p. 255 38. Part III: Revealing microstructures and dynamics of soft condensed matter - p. 283 39. Chapter 11 Introduction to Polymers: Static Scattering - p. 285 40. Chapter 12 Self-assembled Aggregates: Form and Structure Factors in Surfactant Systems and Lyotropic Liquid Crystals - p. 311 41. Chapter 13 Small-Angle Scattering by Microemulsions - p. 335 42. Chapter 14 Interacting Colloidal Systems, Gels, Glasses - p. 361 43. Abstract - p. 361 44. 1 Introduction - p. 361 45. 2 Effective interactions - p. 361 46. 3 Predictions of structure of interacting colloidal systems - p. 365 47. 4 Predictions of dynamical properties of interacting colloidal systems: Mode-coupling theory and other approaches - p. 373 48. 5 Experimental challenges - p. 377 49. 6 Scattering studies of interacting colloids - p. 387 50. 6.1 Hard and soft repulsive glasses - p. 388 51. 6.2 Attractive glasses - p. 390 52. 6.3 Gels - p. 391 53. 7 Concluding remarks - p. 393 54. References - p. 395 55. Chapter 15 Model Fitting and Simulation Techniques in Small-Angle Scattering Data Analysis - p. 401 56. Abstract - p. 401 57. Acknowledgments - p. 401 58. 1 Introduction - p. 401 59. 2 Least-squares fitting - p. 403 60. 3 Models - p. 404 61. 3.2 Structure factors - p. 425 62. 3.3 Structure factors of oligomers, aggregates, and clusters - p. 431 63. 4 Application of Monte Carlo methods for the calculation of form factors - p. 432 64. 4.1 MC methods for solid particle form factors - p. 432 65. 4.2 MC and simulation for polymer form factors - p. 433 66. 5 Example of analysis on absolute scale: Block copolymer micelles - p. 439 67. 6 Summary and conclusions - p. 442 68. References - p. 443 69. Chapter 16 Polymer Dynamics - p. 453 70. Chapter 17 Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering Data of Complex Biological Systems - p. 475 71. Chapter 18 Macromolecular and Supramolecular Assemblies - p. 497 72. Part IV: Special applications - p. 527 73. Chapter 19 Soft Matter Studies Under Non-equilibrium Conditions - p. 529 74. Chapter 20 Polymer Processing: Application of Scattering Methods to Polyurethane Materials - p. 559 75. Chapter 21 Light Scattering and Propagation in Turbid Media - p. 581 76. Abstract - p. 581 77. 1 Introduction - p. 581 78. 2 Multiple light scattering and photon diffusion - p. 583 79. 3 DWS - p. 598 80. 3.3 Backscattering DWS and particle sizing - p. 604 81. 3.4 DWS-based optical microrheology - p. 606 82. 4 Summary and conclusion - p. 609 83. References - p. 610 84. Chapter 22 From Real to Reciprocal Space_ Scattering Information From Real Space Images - p. 615 85. Chapter 23 Use of Scattering Techniques in Industry - p. 649 86. Chapter 24 Applications of Neutron Reflectometry to Soft Matter and Biological Systems - p. 669 87. Chapter 25 Using Weak Aggregation for Solubilization and Separation - p. 701 88. Chapter 26 Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy: Characterization of Relaxation Modes at the Molecular Scale - p. 741 89. List of Most Used Abbreviations - p. 767 90. List of Most Used Variables - p. 769 91. Index - p. 771
