Covering both the science behind transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and its uses for monitoring and diagnosis, Perrino and Reeves’ Practical Approach to Transesophageal Echocardiography, Fifth Edition, provides the information you need for all levels of transesophageal echocardiography usage and testing. Expertly edited by Drs. Albert C. Perrino, Jr, Scott T. Reeves, Joshua M. Zimmerman and Chirojit Mukherjee, this concisely written manual features numerous figures and review questions in every chapter, allowing you to quickly digest and apply critical information in actual clinical settings.
1. Cover - p. Cover 2. Title Page - p. iii 3. Copyright - p. iv 4. Dedication - p. v 5. Preface - p. vi 6. Contents - p. vii 7. Contributors - p. ix 8. SECTION I: ESSENTIALS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING - p. 1 9. 1. Principles and Technology of Two-Dimensional Echocardio - p. 1 10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOUND WAVES - p. 1 11. WHAT IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT ULTRASOUND? - p. 2 12. INTERACTIONS OF SOUND AND TISSUE - p. 3 13. TRANSDUCER DESIGN AND BEAM FORMATION - p. 7 14. SIGNAL RECEPTION AND PROCESSING - p. 13 15. DISPLAY FORMATS - p. 14 16. TWO-DIMENSIONAL SCAN SYSTEMS - p. 15 17. CREATING THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE - p. 16 18. ADVANCEMENTS - p. 17 19. TISSUE DOPPLER AND SPECKLE TRACKING - p. 17 20. SUMMARY - p. 19 21. Chapter 1: Interactive Quiz - p. 27 22. 2. Two-Dimensional Examination - p. 28 23. PROBE INSERTION - p. 28 24. PROBE MANIPULATION - p. 28 25. IMAGING PLANE ANGLE - p. 29 26. A STANDARDIZED APPROACH TO THE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY EXAM - p. 31 27. THE “BASIC EXAM” (FIGURE 2.4) - p. 32 28. ADDITIONAL VIEWS - p. 44 29. CONCLUSION - p. 63 30. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 63 31. Chapter 2: Interactive Quiz - p. 66 32. 3. Left Ventricular Systolic Performance and Pathology - p. 67 33. LEFT VENTRICULAR MEASUREMENTS - p. 67 34. QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC PERFORMANCE - p. 71 35. VENTRICULAR PATHOLOGY - p. 78 36. CONCLUSION - p. 86 37. Chapter 3: Interactive Quiz - p. 89 38. 4. Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia - p. 90 39. ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MYOCARDIAL BLOOD SUPPLY - p. 90 40. PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS FOR THE DETECTION OF ISCHEMIA - p. 95 41. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF ISCHEMIA - p. 97 42. COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA - p. 103 43. SUMMARY - p. 106 44. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 106 45. Chapter 4: Interactive Quiz - p. 110 46. SECTION II: ESSENTIALS OF DOPPLER ECHO - p. 111 47. 5. Doppler Technology and Technique - p. 111 48. DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFT - p. 111 49. DOPPLER ANALYSIS - p. 112 50. PRESENTATION OF DOPPLER DATA - p. 116 51. DOPPLER TECHNIQUES - p. 118 52. SUMMARY - p. 124 53. Chapter 5: Interactive Quiz - p. 133 54. 6. Quantitative Doppler and Hemodynamics - p. 134 55. VOLUMETRIC FLOW CALCULATIONS - p. 134 56. INTRACARDIAC PRESSURES AND PRESSURE GRADIENTS: THE BERNOULLI EQUATION - p. 139 57. SUMMARY - p. 144 58. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 145 59. Chapter 6: Interactive Quiz - p. 149 60. 7. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ventricular Diastolic Function - p. 150 61. BASICS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC PHYSIOLOGY - p. 150 62. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND PROGRESSION OF DISEASE - p. 152 63. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC FUNCTION - p. 152 64. A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO DIASTOLIC FUNCTION ASSESSMENT IN THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD - p. 166 65. SUMMARY - p. 167 66. Chapter 7: Interactive Quiz - p. 176 67. SECTION III: VALVULAR DISEASE - p. 177 68. 8. Mitral Regurgitation - p. 177 69. ANATOMY - p. 177 70. APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 179 71. SEVERITY OF MITRAL REGURGITATION—QUALITATIVE AND SEMIQUANTITATIVE (Table 8.3) - p. 181 72. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - p. 183 73. COLOR FLOW DOPPLER - p. 185 74. SPECTRAL DOPPLER MODALITIES - p. 187 75. PULSED-WAVE DOPPLER - p. 187 76. CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER - p. 188 77. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - p. 188 78. THREE-DIMENSIONAL COLOR FLOW DOPPLER - p. 190 79. SEVERITY OF MITRAL REGURGITATION—QUANTITATIVE METHODS - p. 192 80. CHALLENGES IN THE EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 193 81. CONCLUSIONS - p. 194 82. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 195 83. Chapter 8: Interactive Quiz - p. 197 84. 9. Mitral Valve Stenosis - p. 198 85. MITRAL VALVE ANATOMY - p. 198 86. ETIOLOGY OF MITRAL STENOSIS - p. 198 87. TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF MITRAL STENOSIS - p. 199 88. A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF MITRAL STENOSIS - p. 208 89. SUMMARY - p. 211 90. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 211 91. Chapter 9: Interactive Quiz - p. 217 92. 10. Mitral Valve Repair - p. 218 93. INDICATIONS - p. 218 94. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION - p. 220 95. MITRAL VALVE REPAIR TECHNIQUES - p. 242 96. SUMMARY - p. 248 97. Chapter 10: Interactive Quiz - p. 253 98. 11. Aortic Regurgitation - p. 254 99. ETIOLOGY AND MECHANISMS OF AORTIC REGURGITATION - p. 254 100. HEMODYNAMICS OF AORTIC REGURGITATION - p. 256 101. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE AORTIC VALVE - p. 257 102. RECOMMENDED VIEWS - p. 257 103. APPROACHES TO THE QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC REGURGITATION - p. 258 104. SUMMARY - p. 269 105. Chapter 11: Interactive Quiz - p. 275 106. 12. Aortic Stenosis - p. 276 107. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AORTIC STENOSIS - p. 276 108. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE AORTIC VALVE - p. 277 109. SUMMARY - p. 291 110. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 291 111. Chapter 12: Interactive Quiz - p. 295 112. 13. Prosthetic Valves - p. 296 113. ROLE OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF PROSTHETIC CARDIAC VALVES - p. 296 114. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PERFORMING TEE EXAMINATIONS OF PROSTHETIC VALVES - p. 297 115. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL PROSTHETIC CARDIAC VALVE TYPES - p. 298 116. CLINICAL CAVEATS FOR THE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF PROSTHETIC VALVE DYSFUNCTION - p. 313 117. CONCLUSION - p. 320 118. Chapter 13: Interactive Quiz - p. 324 119. 14. Right Ventricle, Right Atrium, Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valves - p. 325 120. RIGHT VENTRICLE - p. 325 121. RIGHT ATRIUM - p. 338 122. TRICUSPID VALVE - p. 340 123. PULMONIC VALVE - p. 346 124. REAL-TIME THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - p. 351 125. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 353 126. Chapter 14: Interactive Quiz - p. 360 127. SECTION IV: CLINICAL CHALLENGES - p. 361 128. 15. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Coronary Revascularization and Mechanical Support - p. 361 129. SAFETY AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 362 130. PREBYPASS EXAMINATION - p. 363 131. NEW REGIONAL WALL MOTION ABNORMALITY AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS - p. 366 132. ACUTE CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION: ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT - p. 367 133. SUMMARY - p. 384 134. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 385 135. Chapter 15: Interactive Quiz - p. 391 136. 16. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Transcatheter Interventions - p. 392 137. TRANSCATHETER EDGE-TO-EDGE REPAIR - p. 392 138. PREPROCEDURAL EVALUATION - p. 392 139. DEVICE SELECTION - p. 396 140. INTRAPROCEDURAL GUIDANCE - p. 397 141. POSTPROCEDURAL COMPLICATION - p. 402 142. TRANSAPICAL CHORD IMPLANTATION - p. 403 143. TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE IMPLANTATION - p. 404 144. SUMMARY - p. 408 145. ETIOLOGY OF TRICUSPID REGURGITATION - p. 409 146. TYPES OF DEVICES - p. 409 147. A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO IMPLANTATION - p. 410 148. SUMMARY - p. 423 149. Chapter 16: Interactive Quiz - p. 430 150. 17. Transesophageal Echocardiography of the Thoracic Aorta - p. 431 151. ANATOMY AND TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IMAGING - p. 431 152. ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROMES - p. 432 153. AORTIC ATHEROMA - p. 440 154. CONCLUSION - p. 442 155. Chapter 17: Interactive Quiz - p. 448 156. 18. Critical Care Echocardiography - p. 449 157. A PROPOSED APPROACH TO HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY - p. 449 158. HYPOXEMIA AND LUNG ULTRASOUND - p. 462 159. SPECIFIC CONSIDERATION: USE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION - p. 464 160. LIMITATIONS AND CAVEATS OF CRITICAL CARE ULTRASOUND - p. 465 161. CONCLUSION - p. 466 162. Chapter 18: Interactive Quiz - p. 475 163. 19. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult - p. 476 164. INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN THE ADULT POPULATION - p. 476 165. CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 480 166. GUIDELINES FOR TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 480 167. INDICATIONS FOR TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE ADULT WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 481 168. SELECTED CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS - p. 482 169. ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT - p. 484 170. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT - p. 491 171. PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS - p. 496 172. COARCTATION OF THE AORTA - p. 498 173. AORTIC STENOSIS - p. 500 174. PULMONARY VALVE (PULMONIC) STENOSIS - p. 503 175. TETRALOGY OF FALLOT - p. 504 176. TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES - p. 511 177. CONGENITALLY CORRECTED TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES - p. 515 178. EBSTEIN ANOMALY - p. 518 179. SINGLE-VENTRICLE LESIONS OR UNIVENTRICULAR HEART - p. 521 180. CONGENITAL CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES - p. 526 181. END-STAGE HEART DISEASE IN ADULT WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 529 182. TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR NONCARDIAC SURGERY IN ADULTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 530 183. LIMITATIONS OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 531 184. SUMMARY - p. 531 185. Chapter 19: Interactive Quiz - p. 535 186. 20. Cardiac Masses and Embolic Sources - p. 536 187. CARDIAC TUMORS - p. 537 188. INTRACARDIAC THROMBUS - p. 541 189. Chapter 20: Interactive Quiz - p. 552 190. 21. 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography Imaging - p. 553 191. THE SCIENCE OF 3D ULTRASOUND - p. 553 192. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS - p. 566 193. SHUNTS - p. 579 194. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 580 195. SUMMARY - p. 581 196. Chapter 21: Interactive Quiz - p. 584 197. 22. Common Artifacts and Pitfalls of Clinical Echocardiography - p. 585 198. NORMAL ANATOMIC VARIANTS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING - p. 585 199. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGING ARTIFACTS - p. 589 200. ARTIFACTS IN SPECTRAL AND COLOR FLOW DOPPLER - p. 595 201. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGING ARTIFACTS - p. 598 202. SUMMARY - p. 599 203. Chapter 22: Interactive Quiz - p. 603 204. 23. Techniques and Tricks for Optimizing Transesophageal Images - p. 604 205. TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING - p. 604 206. DOPPLER IMAGING - p. 609 207. THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING - p. 611 208. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - p. 612 209. SUMMARY - p. 612 210. Chapter 23: Interactive Quiz - p. 616 211. APPENDICES - p. 617 212. A. Cardiac Cross-Section Criteria - p. 618 213. B. Cardiac Dimensions - p. 622 214. C. Hemodynamic Calculations - p. 623 215. D. Valve Prostheses - p. 624 216. E. Classification of the Severity of Valvular Disease - p. 635 217. Index - p. 640
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Covering both the science behind transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and its uses for monitoring and diagnosis, Perrino and Reeves’ Practical Approach to Transesophageal Echocardiography, Fifth Edition, provides the information you need for all levels of transesophageal echocardiography usage and testing. Expertly edited by Drs. Albert C. Perrino, Jr, Scott T. Reeves, Joshua M. Zimmerman and Chirojit Mukherjee, this concisely written manual features numerous figures and review questions in every chapter, allowing you to quickly digest and apply critical information in actual clinical settings.
1. Cover - p. Cover 2. Title Page - p. iii 3. Copyright - p. iv 4. Dedication - p. v 5. Preface - p. vi 6. Contents - p. vii 7. Contributors - p. ix 8. SECTION I: ESSENTIALS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING - p. 1 9. 1. Principles and Technology of Two-Dimensional Echocardio - p. 1 10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOUND WAVES - p. 1 11. WHAT IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT ULTRASOUND? - p. 2 12. INTERACTIONS OF SOUND AND TISSUE - p. 3 13. TRANSDUCER DESIGN AND BEAM FORMATION - p. 7 14. SIGNAL RECEPTION AND PROCESSING - p. 13 15. DISPLAY FORMATS - p. 14 16. TWO-DIMENSIONAL SCAN SYSTEMS - p. 15 17. CREATING THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE - p. 16 18. ADVANCEMENTS - p. 17 19. TISSUE DOPPLER AND SPECKLE TRACKING - p. 17 20. SUMMARY - p. 19 21. Chapter 1: Interactive Quiz - p. 27 22. 2. Two-Dimensional Examination - p. 28 23. PROBE INSERTION - p. 28 24. PROBE MANIPULATION - p. 28 25. IMAGING PLANE ANGLE - p. 29 26. A STANDARDIZED APPROACH TO THE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY EXAM - p. 31 27. THE “BASIC EXAM” (FIGURE 2.4) - p. 32 28. ADDITIONAL VIEWS - p. 44 29. CONCLUSION - p. 63 30. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 63 31. Chapter 2: Interactive Quiz - p. 66 32. 3. Left Ventricular Systolic Performance and Pathology - p. 67 33. LEFT VENTRICULAR MEASUREMENTS - p. 67 34. QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC PERFORMANCE - p. 71 35. VENTRICULAR PATHOLOGY - p. 78 36. CONCLUSION - p. 86 37. Chapter 3: Interactive Quiz - p. 89 38. 4. Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia - p. 90 39. ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE MYOCARDIAL BLOOD SUPPLY - p. 90 40. PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS FOR THE DETECTION OF ISCHEMIA - p. 95 41. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF ISCHEMIA - p. 97 42. COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA - p. 103 43. SUMMARY - p. 106 44. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 106 45. Chapter 4: Interactive Quiz - p. 110 46. SECTION II: ESSENTIALS OF DOPPLER ECHO - p. 111 47. 5. Doppler Technology and Technique - p. 111 48. DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFT - p. 111 49. DOPPLER ANALYSIS - p. 112 50. PRESENTATION OF DOPPLER DATA - p. 116 51. DOPPLER TECHNIQUES - p. 118 52. SUMMARY - p. 124 53. Chapter 5: Interactive Quiz - p. 133 54. 6. Quantitative Doppler and Hemodynamics - p. 134 55. VOLUMETRIC FLOW CALCULATIONS - p. 134 56. INTRACARDIAC PRESSURES AND PRESSURE GRADIENTS: THE BERNOULLI EQUATION - p. 139 57. SUMMARY - p. 144 58. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 145 59. Chapter 6: Interactive Quiz - p. 149 60. 7. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ventricular Diastolic Function - p. 150 61. BASICS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC PHYSIOLOGY - p. 150 62. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND PROGRESSION OF DISEASE - p. 152 63. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC FUNCTION - p. 152 64. A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO DIASTOLIC FUNCTION ASSESSMENT IN THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD - p. 166 65. SUMMARY - p. 167 66. Chapter 7: Interactive Quiz - p. 176 67. SECTION III: VALVULAR DISEASE - p. 177 68. 8. Mitral Regurgitation - p. 177 69. ANATOMY - p. 177 70. APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 179 71. SEVERITY OF MITRAL REGURGITATION—QUALITATIVE AND SEMIQUANTITATIVE (Table 8.3) - p. 181 72. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - p. 183 73. COLOR FLOW DOPPLER - p. 185 74. SPECTRAL DOPPLER MODALITIES - p. 187 75. PULSED-WAVE DOPPLER - p. 187 76. CONTINUOUS WAVE DOPPLER - p. 188 77. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - p. 188 78. THREE-DIMENSIONAL COLOR FLOW DOPPLER - p. 190 79. SEVERITY OF MITRAL REGURGITATION—QUANTITATIVE METHODS - p. 192 80. CHALLENGES IN THE EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF MITRAL REGURGITATION - p. 193 81. CONCLUSIONS - p. 194 82. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 195 83. Chapter 8: Interactive Quiz - p. 197 84. 9. Mitral Valve Stenosis - p. 198 85. MITRAL VALVE ANATOMY - p. 198 86. ETIOLOGY OF MITRAL STENOSIS - p. 198 87. TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF MITRAL STENOSIS - p. 199 88. A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF MITRAL STENOSIS - p. 208 89. SUMMARY - p. 211 90. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 211 91. Chapter 9: Interactive Quiz - p. 217 92. 10. Mitral Valve Repair - p. 218 93. INDICATIONS - p. 218 94. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION - p. 220 95. MITRAL VALVE REPAIR TECHNIQUES - p. 242 96. SUMMARY - p. 248 97. Chapter 10: Interactive Quiz - p. 253 98. 11. Aortic Regurgitation - p. 254 99. ETIOLOGY AND MECHANISMS OF AORTIC REGURGITATION - p. 254 100. HEMODYNAMICS OF AORTIC REGURGITATION - p. 256 101. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE AORTIC VALVE - p. 257 102. RECOMMENDED VIEWS - p. 257 103. APPROACHES TO THE QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC REGURGITATION - p. 258 104. SUMMARY - p. 269 105. Chapter 11: Interactive Quiz - p. 275 106. 12. Aortic Stenosis - p. 276 107. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AORTIC STENOSIS - p. 276 108. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE AORTIC VALVE - p. 277 109. SUMMARY - p. 291 110. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 291 111. Chapter 12: Interactive Quiz - p. 295 112. 13. Prosthetic Valves - p. 296 113. ROLE OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF PROSTHETIC CARDIAC VALVES - p. 296 114. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PERFORMING TEE EXAMINATIONS OF PROSTHETIC VALVES - p. 297 115. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL PROSTHETIC CARDIAC VALVE TYPES - p. 298 116. CLINICAL CAVEATS FOR THE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF PROSTHETIC VALVE DYSFUNCTION - p. 313 117. CONCLUSION - p. 320 118. Chapter 13: Interactive Quiz - p. 324 119. 14. Right Ventricle, Right Atrium, Tricuspid and Pulmonic Valves - p. 325 120. RIGHT VENTRICLE - p. 325 121. RIGHT ATRIUM - p. 338 122. TRICUSPID VALVE - p. 340 123. PULMONIC VALVE - p. 346 124. REAL-TIME THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - p. 351 125. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - p. 353 126. Chapter 14: Interactive Quiz - p. 360 127. SECTION IV: CLINICAL CHALLENGES - p. 361 128. 15. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Coronary Revascularization and Mechanical Support - p. 361 129. SAFETY AND COMPLICATIONS - p. 362 130. PREBYPASS EXAMINATION - p. 363 131. NEW REGIONAL WALL MOTION ABNORMALITY AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS - p. 366 132. ACUTE CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION: ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT - p. 367 133. SUMMARY - p. 384 134. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - p. 385 135. Chapter 15: Interactive Quiz - p. 391 136. 16. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Transcatheter Interventions - p. 392 137. TRANSCATHETER EDGE-TO-EDGE REPAIR - p. 392 138. PREPROCEDURAL EVALUATION - p. 392 139. DEVICE SELECTION - p. 396 140. INTRAPROCEDURAL GUIDANCE - p. 397 141. POSTPROCEDURAL COMPLICATION - p. 402 142. TRANSAPICAL CHORD IMPLANTATION - p. 403 143. TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE IMPLANTATION - p. 404 144. SUMMARY - p. 408 145. ETIOLOGY OF TRICUSPID REGURGITATION - p. 409 146. TYPES OF DEVICES - p. 409 147. A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO IMPLANTATION - p. 410 148. SUMMARY - p. 423 149. Chapter 16: Interactive Quiz - p. 430 150. 17. Transesophageal Echocardiography of the Thoracic Aorta - p. 431 151. ANATOMY AND TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IMAGING - p. 431 152. ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROMES - p. 432 153. AORTIC ATHEROMA - p. 440 154. CONCLUSION - p. 442 155. Chapter 17: Interactive Quiz - p. 448 156. 18. Critical Care Echocardiography - p. 449 157. A PROPOSED APPROACH TO HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY - p. 449 158. HYPOXEMIA AND LUNG ULTRASOUND - p. 462 159. SPECIFIC CONSIDERATION: USE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION - p. 464 160. LIMITATIONS AND CAVEATS OF CRITICAL CARE ULTRASOUND - p. 465 161. CONCLUSION - p. 466 162. Chapter 18: Interactive Quiz - p. 475 163. 19. Transesophageal Echocardiography for Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult - p. 476 164. INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN THE ADULT POPULATION - p. 476 165. CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 480 166. GUIDELINES FOR TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 480 167. INDICATIONS FOR TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE ADULT WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 481 168. SELECTED CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS - p. 482 169. ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT - p. 484 170. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT - p. 491 171. PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS - p. 496 172. COARCTATION OF THE AORTA - p. 498 173. AORTIC STENOSIS - p. 500 174. PULMONARY VALVE (PULMONIC) STENOSIS - p. 503 175. TETRALOGY OF FALLOT - p. 504 176. TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES - p. 511 177. CONGENITALLY CORRECTED TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES - p. 515 178. EBSTEIN ANOMALY - p. 518 179. SINGLE-VENTRICLE LESIONS OR UNIVENTRICULAR HEART - p. 521 180. CONGENITAL CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES - p. 526 181. END-STAGE HEART DISEASE IN ADULT WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 529 182. TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR NONCARDIAC SURGERY IN ADULTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 530 183. LIMITATIONS OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 531 184. SUMMARY - p. 531 185. Chapter 19: Interactive Quiz - p. 535 186. 20. Cardiac Masses and Embolic Sources - p. 536 187. CARDIAC TUMORS - p. 537 188. INTRACARDIAC THROMBUS - p. 541 189. Chapter 20: Interactive Quiz - p. 552 190. 21. 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography Imaging - p. 553 191. THE SCIENCE OF 3D ULTRASOUND - p. 553 192. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS - p. 566 193. SHUNTS - p. 579 194. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 580 195. SUMMARY - p. 581 196. Chapter 21: Interactive Quiz - p. 584 197. 22. Common Artifacts and Pitfalls of Clinical Echocardiography - p. 585 198. NORMAL ANATOMIC VARIANTS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING - p. 585 199. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGING ARTIFACTS - p. 589 200. ARTIFACTS IN SPECTRAL AND COLOR FLOW DOPPLER - p. 595 201. THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC IMAGING ARTIFACTS - p. 598 202. SUMMARY - p. 599 203. Chapter 22: Interactive Quiz - p. 603 204. 23. Techniques and Tricks for Optimizing Transesophageal Images - p. 604 205. TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING - p. 604 206. DOPPLER IMAGING - p. 609 207. THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING - p. 611 208. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - p. 612 209. SUMMARY - p. 612 210. Chapter 23: Interactive Quiz - p. 616 211. APPENDICES - p. 617 212. A. Cardiac Cross-Section Criteria - p. 618 213. B. Cardiac Dimensions - p. 622 214. C. Hemodynamic Calculations - p. 623 215. D. Valve Prostheses - p. 624 216. E. Classification of the Severity of Valvular Disease - p. 635 217. Index - p. 640
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