Plastics Engineering, Fourth Edition, presents basic essentials on the properties and processing behaviour of plastics and composites. The book gives engineers and technologists a sound understanding of basic principles without the introduction of unduly complex levels of mathematics or chemistry. Early chapters discuss the types of plastics currently available and describe how designers select a plastic for a particular application. Later chapters guide the reader through the mechanical behaviour of materials, along with a detailed analysis of their major processing techniques and principles. All techniques are illustrated with numerous worked examples within each chapter, with further problems provided at the end.This updated edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect major changes in plastic materials and their processing techniques that have occurred since the previous edition. The plastics and processing techniques addressed within the book have been comprehensively updated to reflect current materials and technologies, with new worked examples and problems also included.
1. 2.1. Introduction - p. 59 2. 2.2. Viscoelastic behaviour of plastics - p. 60 3. 2.3. Short-term testing of plastics - p. 61 4. 2.4. Long-term testing of plastics - p. 64 5. 2.5. Design methods for plastics using deformation data - p. 66 6. 2.6. Thermal stresses and strains - p. 81 7. 2.7. Multi-layer mouldings - p. 85 8. 2.8. Design of snap fits - p. 90 9. 2.9. Design of ribbed sections - p. 94 10. 2.10. Stiffening mechanisms in other moulding situations - p. 101 11. 2.11. Mathematical models of viscoelastic behaviour - p. 103 12. 2.12. Intermittent loading - p. 116 13. 2.13. Dynamic loading of plastics - p. 131 14. 2.14. Time–temperature superposition - p. 138 15. 2.15. Fracture behaviour of unreinforced plastics - p. 141 16. 2.16. The concept of stress concentration - p. 142 17. 2.17. Energy approach to fracture - p. 143 18. 2.18. Stress intensity factor approach to fracture - p. 148 19. 2.19. General fracture behaviour of plastics - p. 153 20. 2.20. Creep failure of plastics - p. 156 21. 2.21. Fatigue of plastics - p. 160 22. 2.22. Impact behaviour of plastics - p. 170 23. Questions - p. 180 24. Chapter 3. Mechanical behaviour of composites - p. 195 25. 3.1. Deformation behaviour of reinforced plastics - p. 195 26. 3.2. Types of reinforcement - p. 195 27. 3.3. Types of matrix - p. 198 28. 3.4. Forms of fibre reinforcement in composites - p. 199 29. 3.5. Analysis of continuous fibre composites - p. 200 30. 3.6. Deformation behaviour of a single ply or lamina - p. 209 31. 3.7. Summary of approach to analysis of unidirectional composites - p. 217 32. 3.8. General deformation behaviour of a single ply - p. 224 33. 3.9. Deformation behaviour of laminates - p. 232 34. 3.10. Summary of steps to predict stiffness of symmetric laminates - p. 235 35. 3.11. General deformation behaviour of laminates - p. 237 36. 3.12. Analysis of multi-layer isotropic materials - p. 248 37. 3.13. Analysis of non-symmetric laminates - p. 253 38. 3.14. Analysis of short fibre composites - p. 256 39. 3.15. Creep behaviour of fibre reinforced plastics - p. 263 40. 3.16. Strength of fibre composites - p. 263 41. 3.17. Fatigue behaviour of reinforced plastics - p. 269 42. 3.18. Impact behaviour of reinforced plastics - p. 271 43. Questions - p. 271 44. Chapter 4. Processing of plastics - p. 279 45. 4.1. Introduction - p. 279 46. 4.2. Extrusion - p. 280 47. 4.3. Injection moulding - p. 321 48. 4.4. Thermoforming - p. 357 49. 4.5. Calendering - p. 372 50. 4.6. Rotational moulding - p. 376 51. 4.7. Compression moulding - p. 383 52. 4.8. Transfer moulding - p. 386 53. 4.9. Additive manufacturing techniques - p. 387 54. 4.10. Processing reinforced thermoplastics - p. 392 55. 4.11. Processing reinforced thermosets - p. 394 56. Questions - p. 405 57. Chapter 5. Analysis of polymer melt flow - p. 411 58. 5.1. Introduction - p. 411 59. 5.2. General behaviour of polymer melts - p. 412 60. 5.3. Isothermal flow in channels: Newtonian fluids - p. 414 61. 5.4. Rheological models for polymer melt flow - p. 419 62. 5.5. Isothermal flow in channels: Non-Newtonian fluids - p. 423 63. 5.6. Isothermal flow in non-uniform channels - p. 426 64. 5.7. Elastic behaviour of polymer melts - p. 432 65. 5.8. Residence and relaxation times - p. 437 66. 5.9. Temperature rise in die - p. 438 67. 5.10. Experimental methods used to obtain flow data - p. 439 68. 5.11. Analysis of flow in some processing operations - p. 447 69. 5.12. Analysis of heat transfer during polymer processing - p. 463 70. 5.13. Calculation of clamping force - p. 475 71. Questions - p. 481 72. Solutions to questions - p. 489 73. Appendix A. Structure of plastics - p. 585 74. Appendix B. Solution of differential equations - p. 595 75. Appendix C. Stress/strain relationships - p. 597 76. Appendix D. Stresses in cylindrical shapes - p. 601 77. Appendix E. Introduction to matrix algebra - p. 603 78. Appendix F. Abbreviations for some common polymers - p. 607 79. Index - p. 609
Plastics Engineering, Fourth Edition, presents basic essentials on the properties and processing behaviour of plastics and composites. The book gives engineers and technologists a sound understanding of basic principles without the introduction of unduly complex levels of mathematics or chemistry. Early chapters discuss the types of plastics currently available and describe how designers select a plastic for a particular application. Later chapters guide the reader through the mechanical behaviour of materials, along with a detailed analysis of their major processing techniques and principles. All techniques are illustrated with numerous worked examples within each chapter, with further problems provided at the end.This updated edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect major changes in plastic materials and their processing techniques that have occurred since the previous edition. The plastics and processing techniques addressed within the book have been comprehensively updated to reflect current materials and technologies, with new worked examples and problems also included.
1. 2.1. Introduction - p. 59 2. 2.2. Viscoelastic behaviour of plastics - p. 60 3. 2.3. Short-term testing of plastics - p. 61 4. 2.4. Long-term testing of plastics - p. 64 5. 2.5. Design methods for plastics using deformation data - p. 66 6. 2.6. Thermal stresses and strains - p. 81 7. 2.7. Multi-layer mouldings - p. 85 8. 2.8. Design of snap fits - p. 90 9. 2.9. Design of ribbed sections - p. 94 10. 2.10. Stiffening mechanisms in other moulding situations - p. 101 11. 2.11. Mathematical models of viscoelastic behaviour - p. 103 12. 2.12. Intermittent loading - p. 116 13. 2.13. Dynamic loading of plastics - p. 131 14. 2.14. Time–temperature superposition - p. 138 15. 2.15. Fracture behaviour of unreinforced plastics - p. 141 16. 2.16. The concept of stress concentration - p. 142 17. 2.17. Energy approach to fracture - p. 143 18. 2.18. Stress intensity factor approach to fracture - p. 148 19. 2.19. General fracture behaviour of plastics - p. 153 20. 2.20. Creep failure of plastics - p. 156 21. 2.21. Fatigue of plastics - p. 160 22. 2.22. Impact behaviour of plastics - p. 170 23. Questions - p. 180 24. Chapter 3. Mechanical behaviour of composites - p. 195 25. 3.1. Deformation behaviour of reinforced plastics - p. 195 26. 3.2. Types of reinforcement - p. 195 27. 3.3. Types of matrix - p. 198 28. 3.4. Forms of fibre reinforcement in composites - p. 199 29. 3.5. Analysis of continuous fibre composites - p. 200 30. 3.6. Deformation behaviour of a single ply or lamina - p. 209 31. 3.7. Summary of approach to analysis of unidirectional composites - p. 217 32. 3.8. General deformation behaviour of a single ply - p. 224 33. 3.9. Deformation behaviour of laminates - p. 232 34. 3.10. Summary of steps to predict stiffness of symmetric laminates - p. 235 35. 3.11. General deformation behaviour of laminates - p. 237 36. 3.12. Analysis of multi-layer isotropic materials - p. 248 37. 3.13. Analysis of non-symmetric laminates - p. 253 38. 3.14. Analysis of short fibre composites - p. 256 39. 3.15. Creep behaviour of fibre reinforced plastics - p. 263 40. 3.16. Strength of fibre composites - p. 263 41. 3.17. Fatigue behaviour of reinforced plastics - p. 269 42. 3.18. Impact behaviour of reinforced plastics - p. 271 43. Questions - p. 271 44. Chapter 4. Processing of plastics - p. 279 45. 4.1. Introduction - p. 279 46. 4.2. Extrusion - p. 280 47. 4.3. Injection moulding - p. 321 48. 4.4. Thermoforming - p. 357 49. 4.5. Calendering - p. 372 50. 4.6. Rotational moulding - p. 376 51. 4.7. Compression moulding - p. 383 52. 4.8. Transfer moulding - p. 386 53. 4.9. Additive manufacturing techniques - p. 387 54. 4.10. Processing reinforced thermoplastics - p. 392 55. 4.11. Processing reinforced thermosets - p. 394 56. Questions - p. 405 57. Chapter 5. Analysis of polymer melt flow - p. 411 58. 5.1. Introduction - p. 411 59. 5.2. General behaviour of polymer melts - p. 412 60. 5.3. Isothermal flow in channels: Newtonian fluids - p. 414 61. 5.4. Rheological models for polymer melt flow - p. 419 62. 5.5. Isothermal flow in channels: Non-Newtonian fluids - p. 423 63. 5.6. Isothermal flow in non-uniform channels - p. 426 64. 5.7. Elastic behaviour of polymer melts - p. 432 65. 5.8. Residence and relaxation times - p. 437 66. 5.9. Temperature rise in die - p. 438 67. 5.10. Experimental methods used to obtain flow data - p. 439 68. 5.11. Analysis of flow in some processing operations - p. 447 69. 5.12. Analysis of heat transfer during polymer processing - p. 463 70. 5.13. Calculation of clamping force - p. 475 71. Questions - p. 481 72. Solutions to questions - p. 489 73. Appendix A. Structure of plastics - p. 585 74. Appendix B. Solution of differential equations - p. 595 75. Appendix C. Stress/strain relationships - p. 597 76. Appendix D. Stresses in cylindrical shapes - p. 601 77. Appendix E. Introduction to matrix algebra - p. 603 78. Appendix F. Abbreviations for some common polymers - p. 607 79. Index - p. 609
