Powdered Crude Drug Microscopy of Leaves and Barks investigates various microscopic techniques used in the examination of structural and cellular features in order to determine their botanical origin. These methods are useful in identifying species with similar morphological characters. Today, there is a variety of methods available to authenticate herbal drugs, ranging from simple morphological examination to physical and chemical analysis, and DNA molecular biology. Due to cost, powder microscopy is the most practical method for primary authentication. Botanical microscopy is a unique, valuable, rapid and cost-effective assessment tool, and plays an important role in the authentication and assessment of medicinal plants. This book is an essential resource for students and researchers involved in the study of plants and natural products, as well as professionals in industries manufacturing plant-based products for use during quality control and assurance steps.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction to powder microscopy - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Grinding of plant materials - p. 5 3. Chapter 3. Microscopic identifying features of barks and leaves - p. 21 4. Chapter 4. Processing and optimized method of preparation of slides - p. 31 5. Chapter 5. Microscopy/Monograph of powdered bark drugs - p. 33 6. Chapter 5.1. Aegle marmelos - p. 35 7. Chapter 5.2. Ailanthus excelsa - p. 39 8. Chapter 5.3. Alstonia scholaris - p. 43 9. Chapter 5.4. Anogeissus latifolia - p. 47 10. Chapter 5.5. Artocarpus heterophyllus - p. 51 11. Chapter 5.7. Buchanania lanzan - p. 61 12. Chapter 5.8. Butea monosperma - p. 65 13. Chapter 5.9. Calotropis procera - p. 69 14. Chapter 5.10. Carissa carandas - p. 73 15. Chapter 5.11. Cedrela toona - p. 79 16. Chapter 5.12. Crataeva nurvula - p. 83 17. Chapter 5.13. Litsea chinensis - p. 87 18. Chapter 5.14. Mangifera indica - p. 93 19. Chapter 5.15. Moringa oleifera - p. 97 20. Chapter 5.16. Pongamia pinnata - p. 103 21. Chapter 5.17. Spondias pinnata - p. 107 22. Chapter 5.18. Stereospermum chelonoides - p. 113 23. Chapter 5.19. Syzygium cumini - p. 119 24. Chapter 5.20. Zizyphus mauritiana - p. 123 25. Chapter 6. Microscopy/Monograph of powdered leaf drugs - p. 127 26. Chapter 6.1. Acacia pennata - p. 129 27. Chapter 6.2. Aloe barbadensis - p. 133 28. Chapter 6.3. Aristolochia bracteata - p. 137 29. Chapter 6.4. Cannabis sativa - p. 141 30. Chapter 6.5. Chrysanthemum indicum - p. 147 31. Chapter 6.6. Cinnamomum tamala - p. 151 32. Chapter 6.7. Citrullus colocynthis - p. 155 33. Chapter 6.8. Coccinia grandis - p. 159 34. Chapter 6.9. Nerium indicum - p. 163 35. Chapter 6.10. Gymnema sylvestre - p. 167 36. Chapter 6.11. Jasminum officinale - p. 171 37. Chapter 6.12. Murraya koenigii - p. 175 38. Chapter 6.13. Piper betle - p. 179 39. Chapter 6.14. Plantago lanceolata - p. 183 40. Chapter 6.15. Pongamia pinnata - p. 187 41. Chapter 6.16. Prosopis cineraria - p. 191 42. Chapter 6.17. Punica granatum - p. 195 43. Chapter 6.18. Ricinus communis - p. 199 44. Chapter 6.19. Sesbania sesban - p. 203 45. Chapter 6.20. Sphaeranthus indicus - p. 207 46. Chapter 7. Microscopy/Monograph of adulterants and substitutes of powdered bark and leaf drugs - p. 213 47. Bark drugs - p. 213 48. Chapter 7.1. Albizzia lebbeck – Albizzia odoratissima and Albizzia marginata - p. 217 49. Chapter 7.2. Bauhinia variegata – Bauhinia racemosa and Bauhinia malabarica - p. 225 50. Chapter 7.3. Dalbergia sissoo and Dalbergia latifolia - p. 235 51. Chapter 7.4. Holarrhena antidysentrica and Wrightia tinctoria - p. 241 52. Chapter 7.5. Saraca asoca and Polyalthia longifolia - p. 247 53. Chapter 7.6. Terminalia arjuna – Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia calamansi, Terminalia chebula - p. 255 54. Leaf drugs - p. 263 55. Chapter 7.7. Adhatoda vasica – Ailanthus excelsa and Adenanthera pavonina - p. 267 56. Chapter 7.8. Azadirachta indica and Melia azadirach - p. 275 57. Chapter 7.10. Indigofera tinctoria and Indigofera arrecta - p. 289 58. Chapter 7.11. Phyllanthus fraternus and Phyllanthus amarus - p. 293 59. Chapter 7.12. Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia - p. 297 60. Appendix. Mountants, clearing and histochemical reagents - p. 303 61. Bibliography - p. 305 62. Botanical name index - p. 307 63. Names of other languages - p. 309 64. Common name index - p. 315
Powdered Crude Drug Microscopy of Leaves and Barks investigates various microscopic techniques used in the examination of structural and cellular features in order to determine their botanical origin. These methods are useful in identifying species with similar morphological characters. Today, there is a variety of methods available to authenticate herbal drugs, ranging from simple morphological examination to physical and chemical analysis, and DNA molecular biology. Due to cost, powder microscopy is the most practical method for primary authentication. Botanical microscopy is a unique, valuable, rapid and cost-effective assessment tool, and plays an important role in the authentication and assessment of medicinal plants. This book is an essential resource for students and researchers involved in the study of plants and natural products, as well as professionals in industries manufacturing plant-based products for use during quality control and assurance steps.
1. Chapter 1. Introduction to powder microscopy - p. 1 2. Chapter 2. Grinding of plant materials - p. 5 3. Chapter 3. Microscopic identifying features of barks and leaves - p. 21 4. Chapter 4. Processing and optimized method of preparation of slides - p. 31 5. Chapter 5. Microscopy/Monograph of powdered bark drugs - p. 33 6. Chapter 5.1. Aegle marmelos - p. 35 7. Chapter 5.2. Ailanthus excelsa - p. 39 8. Chapter 5.3. Alstonia scholaris - p. 43 9. Chapter 5.4. Anogeissus latifolia - p. 47 10. Chapter 5.5. Artocarpus heterophyllus - p. 51 11. Chapter 5.7. Buchanania lanzan - p. 61 12. Chapter 5.8. Butea monosperma - p. 65 13. Chapter 5.9. Calotropis procera - p. 69 14. Chapter 5.10. Carissa carandas - p. 73 15. Chapter 5.11. Cedrela toona - p. 79 16. Chapter 5.12. Crataeva nurvula - p. 83 17. Chapter 5.13. Litsea chinensis - p. 87 18. Chapter 5.14. Mangifera indica - p. 93 19. Chapter 5.15. Moringa oleifera - p. 97 20. Chapter 5.16. Pongamia pinnata - p. 103 21. Chapter 5.17. Spondias pinnata - p. 107 22. Chapter 5.18. Stereospermum chelonoides - p. 113 23. Chapter 5.19. Syzygium cumini - p. 119 24. Chapter 5.20. Zizyphus mauritiana - p. 123 25. Chapter 6. Microscopy/Monograph of powdered leaf drugs - p. 127 26. Chapter 6.1. Acacia pennata - p. 129 27. Chapter 6.2. Aloe barbadensis - p. 133 28. Chapter 6.3. Aristolochia bracteata - p. 137 29. Chapter 6.4. Cannabis sativa - p. 141 30. Chapter 6.5. Chrysanthemum indicum - p. 147 31. Chapter 6.6. Cinnamomum tamala - p. 151 32. Chapter 6.7. Citrullus colocynthis - p. 155 33. Chapter 6.8. Coccinia grandis - p. 159 34. Chapter 6.9. Nerium indicum - p. 163 35. Chapter 6.10. Gymnema sylvestre - p. 167 36. Chapter 6.11. Jasminum officinale - p. 171 37. Chapter 6.12. Murraya koenigii - p. 175 38. Chapter 6.13. Piper betle - p. 179 39. Chapter 6.14. Plantago lanceolata - p. 183 40. Chapter 6.15. Pongamia pinnata - p. 187 41. Chapter 6.16. Prosopis cineraria - p. 191 42. Chapter 6.17. Punica granatum - p. 195 43. Chapter 6.18. Ricinus communis - p. 199 44. Chapter 6.19. Sesbania sesban - p. 203 45. Chapter 6.20. Sphaeranthus indicus - p. 207 46. Chapter 7. Microscopy/Monograph of adulterants and substitutes of powdered bark and leaf drugs - p. 213 47. Bark drugs - p. 213 48. Chapter 7.1. Albizzia lebbeck – Albizzia odoratissima and Albizzia marginata - p. 217 49. Chapter 7.2. Bauhinia variegata – Bauhinia racemosa and Bauhinia malabarica - p. 225 50. Chapter 7.3. Dalbergia sissoo and Dalbergia latifolia - p. 235 51. Chapter 7.4. Holarrhena antidysentrica and Wrightia tinctoria - p. 241 52. Chapter 7.5. Saraca asoca and Polyalthia longifolia - p. 247 53. Chapter 7.6. Terminalia arjuna – Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia calamansi, Terminalia chebula - p. 255 54. Leaf drugs - p. 263 55. Chapter 7.7. Adhatoda vasica – Ailanthus excelsa and Adenanthera pavonina - p. 267 56. Chapter 7.8. Azadirachta indica and Melia azadirach - p. 275 57. Chapter 7.10. Indigofera tinctoria and Indigofera arrecta - p. 289 58. Chapter 7.11. Phyllanthus fraternus and Phyllanthus amarus - p. 293 59. Chapter 7.12. Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia - p. 297 60. Appendix. Mountants, clearing and histochemical reagents - p. 303 61. Bibliography - p. 305 62. Botanical name index - p. 307 63. Names of other languages - p. 309 64. Common name index - p. 315
