Process Safety Calculations is an essential guide for process safety engineers involved in calculating and predicting risks and consequences. The book focuses on calculation procedures based on basic chemistry, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, conservation equations, kinetics and practical models. This book provides helpful calculations to demonstrate compliance with regulations and standards. Standards such as Seveso directive(s)/COMAH, CLP regulation, ATEX directives, PED directives, REACH regulation, OSHA/NIOSH and UK ALARP are covered, along with risk and consequence assessment, stoichiometry, thermodynamics, stress analysis and fluid-dynamics.
1. Cover image - p. iv 2. Title page - p. iv 3. Table of Contents - p. iv 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Preface - p. xix 7. Acknowledgements - p. xxiii 8. Part 1: Fundamentals - p. xxiii 9. Chapter 1: Chemistry of Process Safety - p. xxiii 10. Chapter 2: Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry of Process Safety - p. 48 11. Abstract - p. 49 12. 2.1 Ideal Gases - p. 49 13. 2.2 Real Gases - p. 53 14. 2.3 Polytropic Transformations - p. 59 15. 2.4 State Functions - p. 60 16. 2.5 Thermodynamic Properties - p. 62 17. 2.6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms - p. 68 18. 2.7 Applications - p. 87 19. Chapter 3: Reaction Engineering for Process Safety - p. 107 20. Chapter 4: Fluid-Dynamics for Process Safety - p. 141 21. Abstract - p. 143 22. 4.1 Equations of Conservation - p. 143 23. 4.2 Joule–Thomson Expansion in Process Safety - p. 153 24. 4.3 Turbulent and Laminar Flows - p. 158 25. 4.4 Liquid Elasticity (Bulk Modulus) - p. 159 26. 4.5 Fluid Hammer (Surge) - p. 161 27. 4.6 Theory of Jets - p. 164 28. 4.7 Buoyancy - p. 186 29. 4.8 Flashing Liquids - p. 187 30. 4.9 Spray Release and Droplet Dynamics - p. 193 31. 4.10 Pool Evaporation - p. 196 32. 4.11 Hydrogen Sulphide Release From Free Surfaces - p. 197 33. Chapter 5: Loads and Stress Analysis for Process Safety - p. 200 34. Chapter 6: Statistics and Reliability for Process Safety - p. 225 35. Part 2: Consequence Assessment - p. 249 36. Chapter 7: Source Models - p. 249 37. Abstract - p. 253 38. 7.1 Summary of Scenarios - p. 253 39. 7.2 Subcooled Liquids - p. 253 40. 7.3 Boiling Liquids - p. 271 41. 7.4 Rainout and Flashing – Liquid Droplets Formation - p. 281 42. 7.5 Carbon Dioxide: Liquid to Solid Transition - p. 285 43. 7.6 Gases and Vapours - p. 292 44. 7.7 Pool Formation and Liquid Evaporation - p. 300 45. 7.8 U.S. EPA Offsite Consequence Analysis (OCA) Models - p. 303 46. 7.9 Simplified Formulas - p. 310 47. Chapter 8: Dispersion Models - p. 312 48. Chapter 9: Fire - p. 349 49. Abstract - p. 351 50. 9.1 Summary of Scenarios - p. 351 51. 9.2 Ignition Sources - p. 351 52. 9.3 Pyrophoric Materials - p. 352 53. 9.4 Relevance and Effects of Ignition Sources - p. 352 54. 9.5 Analysis of Ignition Sources - p. 353 55. 9.6 Ignition Probability - p. 363 56. 9.7 Fire Scenarios - p. 368 57. 9.8 Fire Damage to People - p. 429 58. Chapter 10: Explosions - p. 432 59. Abstract - p. 433 60. 10.1 Summary of Scenarios - p. 433 61. 10.2 The Explosion - p. 433 62. 10.3 Laminar Burning Velocity - p. 435 63. 10.4 Flame Speed and Turbulent Velocity - p. 436 64. 10.5 Explosion With Oxidizers Other Than Oxygen - p. 436 65. 10.6 Confined Explosion: Deflagration and Detonation - p. 437 66. 10.7 Detonation in Pipes - p. 446 67. 10.8 Reflected Shock Wave and Pressure Temporal-Spatial Distribution - p. 447 68. 10.9 Semiconfined Explosion - p. 448 69. 10.10 Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion - p. 453 70. 10.11 Vessels Burst - p. 486 71. 10.12 Boiling Liquid Expansion Vapour Explosion - p. 490 72. 10.13 Rapid Phase Transition - p. 497 73. 10.14 Thermal Runway - p. 500 74. 10.15 Design and Operational Issues: Hot Spots - p. 511 75. 10.16 Pressure Piling - p. 512 76. 10.17 Drag Loads - p. 516 77. 10.18 Loads on Buildings - p. 518 78. 10.19 Blast Resistant Structures in the QRA Framework - p. 520 79. 10.20 Hazardous Area Classification - p. 530 80. 10.21 Inerting - p. 534 81. Chapter 11: Dust Explosions - p. 541 82. Part 3: Quantitative Risk Assessment - p. 604 83. Chapter 12: Quantitative Risk Assessment - p. 604 84. Index - p. 629
Process Safety Calculations is an essential guide for process safety engineers involved in calculating and predicting risks and consequences. The book focuses on calculation procedures based on basic chemistry, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, conservation equations, kinetics and practical models. This book provides helpful calculations to demonstrate compliance with regulations and standards. Standards such as Seveso directive(s)/COMAH, CLP regulation, ATEX directives, PED directives, REACH regulation, OSHA/NIOSH and UK ALARP are covered, along with risk and consequence assessment, stoichiometry, thermodynamics, stress analysis and fluid-dynamics.
1. Cover image - p. iv 2. Title page - p. iv 3. Table of Contents - p. iv 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Preface - p. xix 7. Acknowledgements - p. xxiii 8. Part 1: Fundamentals - p. xxiii 9. Chapter 1: Chemistry of Process Safety - p. xxiii 10. Chapter 2: Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry of Process Safety - p. 48 11. Abstract - p. 49 12. 2.1 Ideal Gases - p. 49 13. 2.2 Real Gases - p. 53 14. 2.3 Polytropic Transformations - p. 59 15. 2.4 State Functions - p. 60 16. 2.5 Thermodynamic Properties - p. 62 17. 2.6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms - p. 68 18. 2.7 Applications - p. 87 19. Chapter 3: Reaction Engineering for Process Safety - p. 107 20. Chapter 4: Fluid-Dynamics for Process Safety - p. 141 21. Abstract - p. 143 22. 4.1 Equations of Conservation - p. 143 23. 4.2 Joule–Thomson Expansion in Process Safety - p. 153 24. 4.3 Turbulent and Laminar Flows - p. 158 25. 4.4 Liquid Elasticity (Bulk Modulus) - p. 159 26. 4.5 Fluid Hammer (Surge) - p. 161 27. 4.6 Theory of Jets - p. 164 28. 4.7 Buoyancy - p. 186 29. 4.8 Flashing Liquids - p. 187 30. 4.9 Spray Release and Droplet Dynamics - p. 193 31. 4.10 Pool Evaporation - p. 196 32. 4.11 Hydrogen Sulphide Release From Free Surfaces - p. 197 33. Chapter 5: Loads and Stress Analysis for Process Safety - p. 200 34. Chapter 6: Statistics and Reliability for Process Safety - p. 225 35. Part 2: Consequence Assessment - p. 249 36. Chapter 7: Source Models - p. 249 37. Abstract - p. 253 38. 7.1 Summary of Scenarios - p. 253 39. 7.2 Subcooled Liquids - p. 253 40. 7.3 Boiling Liquids - p. 271 41. 7.4 Rainout and Flashing – Liquid Droplets Formation - p. 281 42. 7.5 Carbon Dioxide: Liquid to Solid Transition - p. 285 43. 7.6 Gases and Vapours - p. 292 44. 7.7 Pool Formation and Liquid Evaporation - p. 300 45. 7.8 U.S. EPA Offsite Consequence Analysis (OCA) Models - p. 303 46. 7.9 Simplified Formulas - p. 310 47. Chapter 8: Dispersion Models - p. 312 48. Chapter 9: Fire - p. 349 49. Abstract - p. 351 50. 9.1 Summary of Scenarios - p. 351 51. 9.2 Ignition Sources - p. 351 52. 9.3 Pyrophoric Materials - p. 352 53. 9.4 Relevance and Effects of Ignition Sources - p. 352 54. 9.5 Analysis of Ignition Sources - p. 353 55. 9.6 Ignition Probability - p. 363 56. 9.7 Fire Scenarios - p. 368 57. 9.8 Fire Damage to People - p. 429 58. Chapter 10: Explosions - p. 432 59. Abstract - p. 433 60. 10.1 Summary of Scenarios - p. 433 61. 10.2 The Explosion - p. 433 62. 10.3 Laminar Burning Velocity - p. 435 63. 10.4 Flame Speed and Turbulent Velocity - p. 436 64. 10.5 Explosion With Oxidizers Other Than Oxygen - p. 436 65. 10.6 Confined Explosion: Deflagration and Detonation - p. 437 66. 10.7 Detonation in Pipes - p. 446 67. 10.8 Reflected Shock Wave and Pressure Temporal-Spatial Distribution - p. 447 68. 10.9 Semiconfined Explosion - p. 448 69. 10.10 Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion - p. 453 70. 10.11 Vessels Burst - p. 486 71. 10.12 Boiling Liquid Expansion Vapour Explosion - p. 490 72. 10.13 Rapid Phase Transition - p. 497 73. 10.14 Thermal Runway - p. 500 74. 10.15 Design and Operational Issues: Hot Spots - p. 511 75. 10.16 Pressure Piling - p. 512 76. 10.17 Drag Loads - p. 516 77. 10.18 Loads on Buildings - p. 518 78. 10.19 Blast Resistant Structures in the QRA Framework - p. 520 79. 10.20 Hazardous Area Classification - p. 530 80. 10.21 Inerting - p. 534 81. Chapter 11: Dust Explosions - p. 541 82. Part 3: Quantitative Risk Assessment - p. 604 83. Chapter 12: Quantitative Risk Assessment - p. 604 84. Index - p. 629
