Numerous sources of ionizing radiation can lead to human exposure: natural sources, nuclear explosions, nuclear power generation, use of radiation in medical, industrial and research purposes, and radiation emitting consumer products. Before assessing the radiation dose to a population one requires a precise knowledge of the activity of a number of radionuclides. The basis for the assessment of the dose to a population from a release of radioactivity to the environment, the estimation of the potential clinical heath effects due to the dose received and, ultimately, the implementation of countermeasures to protect the population, is the measurement of radioactive contamination in the environment after the release.
It is the purpose of this book to present the facts about the presence of radionuclides in the environment, natural and man made. There is no aspect of radioactivity, which has marked the passing century, not mentioned or discussed in this book.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction - p. xi 2. Chapter 2: Radioactive Nuclides in Nature - p. 3 3. Chapter 3: Technologically Modified Exposure to Natural Radiation - p. 32 4. Chapter 4: Man-made Radioactivity - p. 59 5. Chapter 5: Measurements of Radioactivity - p. 116 6. 5.1 RADIATION INTERACTION WITH MATTER - p. 116 7. 5.2 RADIATION DETECTORS - p. 136 8. 5.3 RADIOMETRIC METHODS - p. 160 9. 5.4 NON-RADIOMETRIC METHODS - p. 207 10. 5.5 QA/QC PROCEDURES - p. 231 11. Chapter 6: Radiation Safety - p. 258 12. Chapter 7: The Nuclear Fuel Cycle - p. 303 13. Chapter 8: The Bomb - p. 349 14. Chapter 9: Monitoring Accidentally Released Radionuclides in the Environment - p. 376 15. 9.1 INTRODUCTION - p. 376 16. 9.2 PATHWAYS AND SAMPLES OF INTEREST - p. 379 17. 9.3 GUIDELINES FOR RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE ENVIRONMENT - p. 388 18. 9.4 EARLY WARNING AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMS - p. 402 19. 9.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION - p. 408 20. 9.6 MEASUREMENTS OF AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY - p. 416 21. 9.7 MONITORING FOOD - p. 449 22. 9.8 MOBILE RADIOLOGICAL UNIT - p. 452 23. 9.9 MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY IN WATER - p. 454 24. 9.10 THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT - p. 459 25. 9.11 CONVENTION ON EARLY NOTIFICATION OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT - p. 476 26. Chapter 10: Bomb Test Sites - p. 487 27. Chapter 11: International Safeguards - p. 559 28. Chapter 12: Environmental Monitoring for Safeguards - p. 612 29. Chapter 13: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) - p. 639 30. INDEX - p. 674
Numerous sources of ionizing radiation can lead to human exposure: natural sources, nuclear explosions, nuclear power generation, use of radiation in medical, industrial and research purposes, and radiation emitting consumer products. Before assessing the radiation dose to a population one requires a precise knowledge of the activity of a number of radionuclides. The basis for the assessment of the dose to a population from a release of radioactivity to the environment, the estimation of the potential clinical heath effects due to the dose received and, ultimately, the implementation of countermeasures to protect the population, is the measurement of radioactive contamination in the environment after the release.
It is the purpose of this book to present the facts about the presence of radionuclides in the environment, natural and man made. There is no aspect of radioactivity, which has marked the passing century, not mentioned or discussed in this book.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction - p. xi 2. Chapter 2: Radioactive Nuclides in Nature - p. 3 3. Chapter 3: Technologically Modified Exposure to Natural Radiation - p. 32 4. Chapter 4: Man-made Radioactivity - p. 59 5. Chapter 5: Measurements of Radioactivity - p. 116 6. 5.1 RADIATION INTERACTION WITH MATTER - p. 116 7. 5.2 RADIATION DETECTORS - p. 136 8. 5.3 RADIOMETRIC METHODS - p. 160 9. 5.4 NON-RADIOMETRIC METHODS - p. 207 10. 5.5 QA/QC PROCEDURES - p. 231 11. Chapter 6: Radiation Safety - p. 258 12. Chapter 7: The Nuclear Fuel Cycle - p. 303 13. Chapter 8: The Bomb - p. 349 14. Chapter 9: Monitoring Accidentally Released Radionuclides in the Environment - p. 376 15. 9.1 INTRODUCTION - p. 376 16. 9.2 PATHWAYS AND SAMPLES OF INTEREST - p. 379 17. 9.3 GUIDELINES FOR RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE ENVIRONMENT - p. 388 18. 9.4 EARLY WARNING AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMS - p. 402 19. 9.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION - p. 408 20. 9.6 MEASUREMENTS OF AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY - p. 416 21. 9.7 MONITORING FOOD - p. 449 22. 9.8 MOBILE RADIOLOGICAL UNIT - p. 452 23. 9.9 MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY IN WATER - p. 454 24. 9.10 THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT - p. 459 25. 9.11 CONVENTION ON EARLY NOTIFICATION OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT - p. 476 26. Chapter 10: Bomb Test Sites - p. 487 27. Chapter 11: International Safeguards - p. 559 28. Chapter 12: Environmental Monitoring for Safeguards - p. 612 29. Chapter 13: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) - p. 639 30. INDEX - p. 674
