Railways are an environmentally friendly means of transport well suited to modern society. However, noise and vibration are key obstacles to further development of the railway networks for high-speed intercity traffic, for freight and for suburban metros and light-rail. All too often noise problems are dealt with inefficiently due to lack of understanding of the problem.
This book brings together coverage of the theory of railway noise and vibration with practical applications of noise control technology at source to solve noise and vibration problems from railways. Each source of noise and vibration is described in a systematic way: rolling noise, curve squeal, bridge noise, aerodynamic noise, ground vibration and ground-borne noise, and vehicle interior noise.
• Theoretical modelling approaches are introduced for each source in a tutorial fashion
• Practical applications of noise control technology are presented using the theoretical models
• Extensive examples of application to noise reduction techniques are included
Railway Noise and Vibration is a hard-working reference and will be invaluable to all who have to deal with noise and vibration from railways, whether working in the industry or in consultancy or academic research.
David Thompson is Professor of Railway Noise and Vibration at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton. He has worked in the field of railway noise since 1980, with British Rail Research in Derby, UK, and TNO Institute of Applied Physics in the Netherlands before moving to Southampton in 1996. He was responsible for developing the TWINS software for predicting rolling noise.
* Discusses fully the theoretical background and practical workings of railway noise
* Includes the latest research findings, brought together in one place
* Forms an extended case study in the application of noise control techniques
1. CHAPTER 1. Introduction 2. 1.1. The need for noise and vibration control in railways 3. 1.2. The need for a systematic approach to noise control 4. 1.3. Sources of railway noise and vibration 5. 1.4. Structure of the book 6. CHAPTER 2. Introduction to Rolling Noise 7. 2.1. The source of rolling noise 8. 2.2. Speed and roughness dependence 9. 2.3. Frequency content 10. 2.4. Is it the wheel or is it the rail? 11. 2.5. Overview of the generation mechanism 12. CHAPTER 3. Track Vibration 13. 3.1. Introduction 14. 3.2. Simple beam models 15. 3.3. Beam on two-layer support 16. 3.4. Timoshenko beam model 17. 3.5. Discretely supported track models 18. 3.6. Rail cross-section deformation 19. 3.7. Sleeper vibration 20. 3.8. Rail pad stiffness 21. CHAPTER 4. Wheel Vibration 22. 4.1. Introduction 23. 4.2. Wheel modes of vibration 24. 4.3. Frequency response 25. 4.4. Simple models for wheel mobility 26. 4.5. Effects of wheel rotation 27. 4.6. Experimental results 28. 4.7. Noise from bogie and vehicle superstructure 29. Chapter 5. Wheel/Rail Interaction and Excitation by Roughness 30. 5.1. Introduction 31. 5.2. Wheel/rail interaction model 32. 5.3. Contact zone mobilities 33. 5.4. Contact filter effect 34. 5.5. Measurement of roughness 35. 5.6. Processing of roughness data 36. 5.7. Other excitation mechanisms 37. CHAPTER 6. Sound Radiation from Wheels and Track 38. 6.1. Introduction 39. 6.2. Simple models for sound radiation 40. 6.3. Wheel radiation 41. 6.4. Rail radiation 42. 6.5. Sleeper radiation 43. 6.6. Sound pressure levels during train passage 44. 6.7. Validation measurements 45. CHAPTER 7. Mitigation Measures for Rolling Noise 46. 7.1. Introduction 47. 7.2. Reduction of roughness 48. 7.3. Wheel shape and damping 49. 7.4. Track response and radiation 50. 7.5. Shielding measures 51. 7.6. Combinations of measures 52. Chapter 8. Aerodynamic Noise 53. 8.1. Introduction 54. 8.2. Basic principles 55. 8.3. Experimental techniques 56. 8.4. Numerical techniques 57. 8.5. Reduction of aerodynamic noise 58. 8.6. Concluding remarks 59. Chapter 9. Curve Squeal Noise 60. 9.1. Introduction 61. 9.2. Curving behaviour 62. 9.3. Creep forces 63. 9.4. Models for frictional excitation 64. 9.5. Models for squeal 65. 9.6. Mitigation measures for curve squeal noise 66. 9.7. Case study: UK Sprinter fleet 67. Chapter 10. Impact Noise 68. 10.1. Introduction 69. 10.2. The effect of non-linearities on rolling noise 70. 10.3. Impact noise due to wheel flats 71. 10.4. Impact noise due to rail joints 72. 10.5. Discussion 73. Chapter 11. Bridge Noise 74. 11.1. Introduction 75. 11.2. The excitation of bridge noise 76. 11.3. Power input to the bridge 77. 11.4. Vibration transmission and radiation of sound 78. 11.5. Reducing bridge noise 79. 11.6. Case studies 80. Chapter 12. Low Frequency Ground Vibration 81. 12.1. Different types of railway-induced vibration 82. 12.2. Assessment of vibration 83. 12.3. Surface vibration propagation 84. 12.4. Excitation of vibration by a train 85. 12.5. Examples of calculated vibration from trains 86. 12.6. Mitigation measures 87. Chapter 13. Ground-borne Noise 88. 13.1. Introduction 89. 13.2. Assessment criteria 90. 13.3. Vibration propagation from a tunnel 91. 13.4. Models for ground-borne noise 92. 13.5. Predicting ground-borne noise for environmental assessments 93. 13.6. Mitigation measures: track designs for vibration isolation 94. Chapter 14. Vehicle Interior Noise 95. 14.1. Introduction 96. 14.2. Characterizing interior noise 97. 14.3. Sources of interior noise 98. 14.4. Transmission paths 99. 14.5. Prediction of interior noise 100. 14.6. Model assessment and results 101. 14.7. Concluding remarks 102. APPENDIX A. Measurement of Train Pass-by Noise 103. APPENDIX B. Short Glossary of Railway Terminology 104. List of Symbols 105. Index
Railways are an environmentally friendly means of transport well suited to modern society. However, noise and vibration are key obstacles to further development of the railway networks for high-speed intercity traffic, for freight and for suburban metros and light-rail. All too often noise problems are dealt with inefficiently due to lack of understanding of the problem.
This book brings together coverage of the theory of railway noise and vibration with practical applications of noise control technology at source to solve noise and vibration problems from railways. Each source of noise and vibration is described in a systematic way: rolling noise, curve squeal, bridge noise, aerodynamic noise, ground vibration and ground-borne noise, and vehicle interior noise.
• Theoretical modelling approaches are introduced for each source in a tutorial fashion
• Practical applications of noise control technology are presented using the theoretical models
• Extensive examples of application to noise reduction techniques are included
Railway Noise and Vibration is a hard-working reference and will be invaluable to all who have to deal with noise and vibration from railways, whether working in the industry or in consultancy or academic research.
David Thompson is Professor of Railway Noise and Vibration at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton. He has worked in the field of railway noise since 1980, with British Rail Research in Derby, UK, and TNO Institute of Applied Physics in the Netherlands before moving to Southampton in 1996. He was responsible for developing the TWINS software for predicting rolling noise.
* Discusses fully the theoretical background and practical workings of railway noise
* Includes the latest research findings, brought together in one place
* Forms an extended case study in the application of noise control techniques
1. CHAPTER 1. Introduction 2. 1.1. The need for noise and vibration control in railways 3. 1.2. The need for a systematic approach to noise control 4. 1.3. Sources of railway noise and vibration 5. 1.4. Structure of the book 6. CHAPTER 2. Introduction to Rolling Noise 7. 2.1. The source of rolling noise 8. 2.2. Speed and roughness dependence 9. 2.3. Frequency content 10. 2.4. Is it the wheel or is it the rail? 11. 2.5. Overview of the generation mechanism 12. CHAPTER 3. Track Vibration 13. 3.1. Introduction 14. 3.2. Simple beam models 15. 3.3. Beam on two-layer support 16. 3.4. Timoshenko beam model 17. 3.5. Discretely supported track models 18. 3.6. Rail cross-section deformation 19. 3.7. Sleeper vibration 20. 3.8. Rail pad stiffness 21. CHAPTER 4. Wheel Vibration 22. 4.1. Introduction 23. 4.2. Wheel modes of vibration 24. 4.3. Frequency response 25. 4.4. Simple models for wheel mobility 26. 4.5. Effects of wheel rotation 27. 4.6. Experimental results 28. 4.7. Noise from bogie and vehicle superstructure 29. Chapter 5. Wheel/Rail Interaction and Excitation by Roughness 30. 5.1. Introduction 31. 5.2. Wheel/rail interaction model 32. 5.3. Contact zone mobilities 33. 5.4. Contact filter effect 34. 5.5. Measurement of roughness 35. 5.6. Processing of roughness data 36. 5.7. Other excitation mechanisms 37. CHAPTER 6. Sound Radiation from Wheels and Track 38. 6.1. Introduction 39. 6.2. Simple models for sound radiation 40. 6.3. Wheel radiation 41. 6.4. Rail radiation 42. 6.5. Sleeper radiation 43. 6.6. Sound pressure levels during train passage 44. 6.7. Validation measurements 45. CHAPTER 7. Mitigation Measures for Rolling Noise 46. 7.1. Introduction 47. 7.2. Reduction of roughness 48. 7.3. Wheel shape and damping 49. 7.4. Track response and radiation 50. 7.5. Shielding measures 51. 7.6. Combinations of measures 52. Chapter 8. Aerodynamic Noise 53. 8.1. Introduction 54. 8.2. Basic principles 55. 8.3. Experimental techniques 56. 8.4. Numerical techniques 57. 8.5. Reduction of aerodynamic noise 58. 8.6. Concluding remarks 59. Chapter 9. Curve Squeal Noise 60. 9.1. Introduction 61. 9.2. Curving behaviour 62. 9.3. Creep forces 63. 9.4. Models for frictional excitation 64. 9.5. Models for squeal 65. 9.6. Mitigation measures for curve squeal noise 66. 9.7. Case study: UK Sprinter fleet 67. Chapter 10. Impact Noise 68. 10.1. Introduction 69. 10.2. The effect of non-linearities on rolling noise 70. 10.3. Impact noise due to wheel flats 71. 10.4. Impact noise due to rail joints 72. 10.5. Discussion 73. Chapter 11. Bridge Noise 74. 11.1. Introduction 75. 11.2. The excitation of bridge noise 76. 11.3. Power input to the bridge 77. 11.4. Vibration transmission and radiation of sound 78. 11.5. Reducing bridge noise 79. 11.6. Case studies 80. Chapter 12. Low Frequency Ground Vibration 81. 12.1. Different types of railway-induced vibration 82. 12.2. Assessment of vibration 83. 12.3. Surface vibration propagation 84. 12.4. Excitation of vibration by a train 85. 12.5. Examples of calculated vibration from trains 86. 12.6. Mitigation measures 87. Chapter 13. Ground-borne Noise 88. 13.1. Introduction 89. 13.2. Assessment criteria 90. 13.3. Vibration propagation from a tunnel 91. 13.4. Models for ground-borne noise 92. 13.5. Predicting ground-borne noise for environmental assessments 93. 13.6. Mitigation measures: track designs for vibration isolation 94. Chapter 14. Vehicle Interior Noise 95. 14.1. Introduction 96. 14.2. Characterizing interior noise 97. 14.3. Sources of interior noise 98. 14.4. Transmission paths 99. 14.5. Prediction of interior noise 100. 14.6. Model assessment and results 101. 14.7. Concluding remarks 102. APPENDIX A. Measurement of Train Pass-by Noise 103. APPENDIX B. Short Glossary of Railway Terminology 104. List of Symbols 105. Index
