SCAI Interventional Cardiology Review

1. INTRODUCTION - p. 1 2. MEDICAL THERAPY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS - p. 8 3. CONCLUSIONS - p. 9 4. Chapter 1: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 11 5. Chapter 1: Interactive Quiz - p. 11 6. Chapter 2: Restenosis - p. 12 7. DEFINITIONS AND CLINICAL SEQUELAE OF RESTENOSIS - p. 12 8. RISK FACTORS FOR RESTENOSIS - p. 12 9. PATTERNS OF IN-STENT RESTENOSIS - p. 13 10. PATHOGENESIS OF RESTENOSIS - p. 13 11. NEGATIVE REMODELING - p. 15 12. VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION - p. 16 13. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BALLOON AND STENT INJURY - p. 16 14. NEOATHEROSCLEROSIS - p. 16 15. EARLY ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT RESTENOSIS - p. 18 16. EARLY MECHANICAL STRATEGIES - p. 18 17. BARE-METAL STENTS - p. 18 18. ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPY - p. 18 19. CILOSTAZOL - p. 18 20. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS - p. 18 21. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS - p. 18 22. FIRST-GENERATION DESS - p. 19 23. NEWER-GENERATION DESS - p. 20 24. TREATMENT OF RESTENOSIS - p. 22 25. CONCLUSION - p. 22 26. Chapter 3: Platelet Inhibitor Agents - p. 28 27. ANTIPLATELET THERAPY - p. 29 28. ASPIRIN - p. 29 29. P2Y12 INHIBITORS - p. 30 30. GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/IIIA INHIBITORS - p. 36 31. CONCLUSIONS - p. 37 32. Chapter 3: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 39 33. Chapter 3: Interactive Quiz - p. 39 34. Chapter 4: Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Agents for NSTE-ACS, PCI, and STEMI - p. 40 35. OVERVIEW OF ACC/AHA/SCAI GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NSTE-ACS - p. 40 36. SPECIFIC ANTICOAGULANTS - p. 42 37. OVERVIEW OF ACC/AHA/SCAI GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STEMI - p. 49 38. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 53 39. Chapter 5: Vasoactive and Antiarrhythmic Drugs in the Catheterization Laboratory - p. 56 40. VASOACTIVE DRUGS - p. 56 41. ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS - p. 60 42. Chapter 6: Secondary Prevention: Lipid Management, SGLT2 Inhibition - p. 64 43. THERAPEUTIC LIFESTYLE CHANGES AND CARDIAC REHABILITATION - p. 64 44. SECONDARY PREVENTION OF ASCVD VIA LIPID MANAGEMENT - p. 64 45. MODULATION OF LIPID SUBFRACTIONS OTHER THAN LDL-C - p. 67 46. SGLT2 INHIBITION FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION - p. 68 47. SECTION II. Fundamentals of Interventions - p. 74 48. Chapter 7: Fundamentals of X-Ray Imaging, Radiation Safety, and Contrast Media - p. 74 49. FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGING - p. 74 50. RADIATION SAFETY - p. 77 51. RADIATION DOSE MANAGEMENT IN THE CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY - p. 82 52. CONTRAST MEDIA - p. 83 53. COMPLICATIONS FROM THE USE OF CONTRAST AGENTS - p. 85 54. CONCLUSIONS - p. 89 55. Chapter 8: Coronary Angiography for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - p. 92 56. COMMON ANGIOGRAPHIC VIEWS FOR PCI - p. 92 57. Chapter 9: Intravascular Ultrasound - p. 106 58. INTRODUCTION - p. 106 59. CLINICAL BENEFIT OF IVUS-GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS WITH DRUG-ELUTING STENTS - p. 106 60. IVUS DEVICES - p. 106 61. TECHNIQUE AND SAFETY OF IVUS - p. 106 62. IVUS IMAGE INTERPRETATION - p. 106 63. ARTIFACTS AND LIMITATIONS - p. 115 64. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF IVUS - p. 116 65. ROLE OF IVUS IN SPECIAL CLINICAL SCENARIOS - p. 119 66. FUTURE DIRECTIONS - p. 120 67. SUMMARY - p. 120 68. Chapter 9: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 122 69. Chapter 9: Interactive Quiz - p. 122 70. Chapter 10: Intracoronary Optical Coherence Tomography123 - p. 123 71. INTRODUCTION - p. 123 72. OCT IN PCI - p. 123 73. CONCLUSION - p. 127 74. Chapter 10: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 128 75. Chapter 10: Interactive Quiz - p. 128 76. Chapter 11: Vulnerable Plaque Imaging - p. 129 77. DETECTING VULNERABLE PLAQUE - p. 129 78. VULNERABLE PLAQUE HISTOPATHOLOGY - p. 129 79. INTRAVASCULAR STRUCTURAL IMAGING OF VULNERABLE PLAQUE - p. 130 80. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY - p. 132 81. NIR SPECTROSCOPY - p. 136 82. FLUORESCENCE - p. 138 83. GUIDELINES FOR INTRAVASCULAR PLAQUE IMAGING - p. 140 84. CONCLUSIONS - p. 141 85. Chapter 11: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 143 86. Chapter 11: Interactive Quiz - p. 143 87. Chapter 12: Coronary Hemodynamics: Pressure and Flow - p. 144 88. CORONARY BLOOD FLOW AND RESISTANCE - p. 144 89. CORONARY FLOW RESERVE - p. 148 90. CFR TECHNIQUES - p. 158 91. Chapter 13: Hemodynamics for Interventional Cardiologists - p. 166 92. THE CARDIAC CYCLE - p. 166 93. NORMAL PRESSURE WAVE FORMS - p. 166 94. RIGHT HEMODYNAMICS - p. 166 95. FUNDAMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOPS - p. 167 96. SECTION III. Equipment - p. 191 97. Chapter 14: Percutaneous Coronary Equipment Guide - p. 191 98. INTRODUCTION - p. 191 99. CORONARY GUIDE CATHETERS - p. 191 100. ANGIOPLASTY BALLOON - p. 194 101. CORONARY MICROCATHETER SELECTION - p. 195 102. CORONARY GUIDE EXTENSION - p. 195 103. ATHERECTOMY DEVICES - p. 196 104. INTRAVASCULAR IMAGING - p. 196 105. SUMMARY - p. 197 106. Chapter 15: Calcified Lesion Management—Atherectomy, Specialty Balloons, Laser, and Intravascular Lithotripsy - p. 198 107. ROTATIONAL ATHERECTOMY - p. 198 108. ORBITAL ATHERECTOMY - p. 202 109. CUTTING BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY - p. 203 110. SCORING BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY - p. 204 111. LASERS - p. 206 112. INTRAVASCULAR LITHOTRIPSY - p. 207 113. SECTION IV. Stable and ACS PCI with Emphasis on Guidelines - p. 212 114. Chapter 16: Coronary Stents - p. 212 115. MEASURES OF DEVICE AND PROCEDURAL SUCCESS - p. 212 116. OVERVIEW OF STENT DESIGN - p. 212 117. FIRST-GENERATION DRUG-ELUTING STENTS - p. 215 118. SECOND-GENERATION DRUG-ELUTING STENTS - p. 215 119. CONCLUSIONS - p. 217 120. Chapter 16: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 220 121. Chapter 16: Interactive Quiz - p. 220 122. Chapter 17: Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Coronary Disease - p. 221 123. DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC CORONARY DISEASE - p. 221 124. MANAGEMENT OF CCD - p. 221 125. PCI VERSUS OMT - p. 221 126. CONCLUSION - p. 228 127. Chapter 18: Acute Coronary Syndromes - p. 230 128. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 230 129. PATHOLOGY - p. 230 130. CLINICAL PRESENTATION - p. 231 131. INITIAL DIAGNOSIS - p. 231 132. IS IT ACS? - p. 231 133. INITIAL MEDICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 233 134. EARLY INVASIVE VERSUS CONSERVATIVE APPROACH - p. 234 135. TIMING OF PCI - p. 234 136. CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY (CABG) - p. 235 137. ANTIPLATELET THERAPIES - p. 235 138. GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/IIIA INHIBITORS - p. 236 139. ANTITHROMBOTIC THERAPIES - p. 236 140. CONCLUSIONS - p. 237 141. Chapter 19: STEMI Intervention: Emphasis on Guidelines - p. 240 142. PRIMARY INTERVENTIONS - p. 240 143. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME OF ISCHEMIA, MYOCARDIAL SALVAGE, AND SURVIVAL - p. 241 144. INDICATIONS FOR PRIMARY PCI OF THE INFARCT ARTERY - p. 243 145. INDICATIONS FOR PRIMARY PCI: NON-INFARCT ARTERY AND IN MULTIVESSEL DISEASE - p. 244 146. SURGICAL AND NONSURGICAL HOSPITALS FOR PRIMARY PCI - p. 245 147. PCI FOLLOWING FIBRINOLYSIS - p. 248 148. PCI FOR LATE-ARRIVING STEMI PATIENTS - p. 249 149. PCI VS CABG REVASCULARIZATION AND CABG IN STEMI - p. 251 150. BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY VERSUS STENTING IN PRIMARY PCI - p. 251 151. COMPARISON BETWEEN DES AND BARE-METAL STENTS IN PRIMARY PCI - p. 251 152. ADJUNCTIVE THERAPIES FOR PRIMARY PCI IN PATIENTS WITH STEMI - p. 254 153. ADJUNCTIVE ANTITHROMBOTICS TO SUPPORT REPERFUSION WITH FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY - p. 262 154. Chapter 20: Cardiogenic Shock and Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices - p. 268 155. HIGH-RISK PCI - p. 268 156. DEFINING RISK - p. 268 157. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK - p. 269 158. CAUSES OF CS - p. 269 159. HEMODYNAMICS OF CS - p. 271 160. MANAGEMENT OF CS - p. 272 161. CONCLUSIONS - p. 276 162. SECTION V. PCI for Complex Interventions - p. 279 163. Chapter 21: Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - p. 279 164. INDICATIONS AND EVIDENCE FOR MULTIVESSEL PCI - p. 279 165. COMPLEXITY GRADING AND RISK STRATIFICATION - p. 284 166. PATIENT COMORBIDITIES AND MULTIVESSEL PCI - p. 286 167. DIABETES - p. 286 168. ANATOMICAL FACTORS AND MULTIVESSEL PCI - p. 287 169. PROCEDURAL FACTORS AND MULTIVESSEL PCI - p. 287 170. SUMMARY - p. 287 171. Chapter 22: Bifurcation and Left Main Lesions - p. 289 172. INTRODUCTION - p. 289 173. BIFURCATION DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION - p. 289 174. PCI TECHNIQUES - p. 290 175. LEFT MAIN OSTIUM AND MIDSHAFT - p. 295 176. IMAGING AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 296 177. ANTIPLATELETS - p. 296 178. PCI VERSUS CABG - p. 297 179. CURRENT GUIDELINES - p. 298 180. CONCLUSIONS - p. 298 181. Chapter 22: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 300 182. Chapter 22: Interactive Quiz - p. 300 183. Chapter 23: Small Vessel and Diffuse Disease - p. 301 184. DEFINITION - p. 301 185. IMAGING & FUNCTIONAL TESTING OF SVS - p. 301 186. INTRACORONARY FUNCTIONAL TESTING OF SV DISEASE - p. 302 187. DIFFUSE DISEASE - p. 305 188. SV CAD IN WOMEN AND DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS - p. 306 189. Chapter 24: Bypass Graft Intervention and Embolic Protection - p. 311 190. EPIDEMIOLOGY - p. 311 191. PATENCY OF BYPASS GRAFTS - p. 311 192. INDICATIONS FOR BYPASS GRAFT INTERVENTIONS - p. 311 193. BYPASS GRAFT ANATOMY AND ENGAGEMENT - p. 311 194. ADJUNCTIVE PHARMACOTHERAPY - p. 312 195. CHOICE OF STENTS IN SVGS - p. 312 196. EMBOLIC PROTECTION DEVICES - p. 313 197. SPECIAL LESION SUBSETS - p. 315 198. ARTERIAL GRAFTS - p. 316 199. INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND - p. 316 200. SVG ANEURYSMS - p. 316 201. Chapter 24: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 319 202. Chapter 24: Interactive Quiz - p. 319 203. Chapter 25: Complications of Coronary Intervention - p. 320 204. MORTALITY - p. 320 205. COMPLICATIONS OF VASCULAR ACCESS/BLEEDING - p. 321 206. COMPLICATIONS OF ATHEROEMBOLISM (STROKE, PERIPROCEDURAL MI, CHOLESTEROL EMBOLIZATION) - p. 321 207. CONTRAST MEDIA REACTIONS - p. 321 208. AIR EMBOLISM - p. 322 209. ARTERIAL DISSECTION - p. 322 210. ARRHYTHMIA - p. 323 211. NO-REFLOW PHENOMENON - p. 323 212. CORONARY PERFORATION - p. 323 213. RETAINED PCI EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS - p. 324 214. STENT THROMBOSIS - p. 324 215. Chapter 26: Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (CTO PCI) - p. 327 216. DEFINITION & INCIDENCE - p. 327 217. INDICATIONS FOR REVASCULARIZATION - p. 327 218. EVIDENCE DEFINING THE ROLE OF CTO PCI - p. 327 219. PLANNING & TECHNIQUE - p. 329 220. EQUIPMENT - p. 329 221. COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT - p. 334 222. CONCLUSIONS - p. 335 223. SECTION VI. Vascular Access and Hemostasis - p. 337 224. Chapter 27: Contemporary Techniques for Forearm Arterial Access: Radial, Distal Radial, and Ulnar Approach - p. 337 225. RADIAL ARTERY ACCESS - p. 337 226. CONCLUSIONS - p. 345 227. Chapter 27: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 346 228. Chapter 27: Interactive Quiz - p. 346 229. Chapter 28: Femoral Approaches - p. 347 230. ANATOMY OF THE COMMON FEMORAL ARTERY - p. 347 231. CONCLUSION - p. 353 232. Chapter 28: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 354 233. Chapter 28: Interactive Quiz - p. 354 234. Chapter 29: Alternative Large Bore Access: Axillary, Transcaval - p. 355 235. TRANSAXILLARY ACCESS - p. 355 236. TRANSCAVAL ACCESS - p. 359 237. Chapter 29: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 362 238. Chapter 29: Interactive Quiz - p. 362 239. Chapter 30: Vascular Access Site Management (Closure Devices and Complications) - p. 363 240. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VCD USE - p. 363 241. LIMITATIONS TO VCD USE - p. 364 242. LEARNING CURVE FOR VCDS - p. 364 243. CLASSIFICATION OF VCDS - p. 364 244. SPECIFIC VCDS—ACTIVE APPROXIMATION - p. 366 245. PASSIVE APPROXIMATION DEVICES - p. 367 246. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF VCDS - p. 367 247. CLINICAL UTILITY OF VCDS - p. 370 248. COMPLICATIONS OF FEMORAL ACCESS AND VCDS - p. 370 249. CONCLUSIONS - p. 373 250. Chapter 30: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 374 251. Chapter 30: Interactive Quiz - p. 374 252. SECTION VII. Women, Prevention, and Guidelines - p. 375 253. Chapter 31: Women and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - p. 375 254. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE - p. 375 255. REVASCULARIZATION FOR NON-ST-ELEVATION MI - p. 378 256. REVASCULARIZATION FOR ST-ELEVATION MI - p. 378 257. DEVICE CONSIDERATIONS DURING PERCUTANEOUS REVASCULARIZATION IN WOMEN - p. 380 258. LESION CONSIDERATIONS DURING PERCUTANEOUS REVASCULARIZATION IN WOMEN - p. 380 259. VASCULAR ACCESS IN WOMEN - p. 381 260. CONCLUSIONS - p. 384 261. Chapter 32: Primary and Secondary Coronary Prevention Guidelines - p. 388 262. ESTIMATION OF CV RISK - p. 388 263. AHA/ACC GUIDELINES - p. 388 264. GENERAL CV RISK FACTOR INFORMATION - p. 388 265. HYPERTENSION - p. 388 266. LIPID INTERVENTION - p. 389 267. METABOLIC SYNDROME - p. 390 268. NUTRITION - p. 390 269. OBESITY - p. 390 270. DIABETES MELLITUS - p. 391 271. INFLAMMATION AND C-REACTIVE PROTEIN - p. 391 272. SMOKING - p. 391 273. CR PROGRAMS, EXERCISE, AND FITNESS - p. 391 274. OTHER PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES - p. 392 275. Chapter 33: PCI Guidelines for the Interventional Cardiology Boards - p. 394 276. IMPROVING EQUITY IN CARE AND EMPHASIZING SHARED DECISION MAKING - p. 394 277. HEART TEAM APPROACH TO REVASCULARIZATION DECISIONS - p. 394 278. ASSESSING LESION SIGNIFICANCE - p. 395 279. REVASCULARIZATION IN STEMI - p. 395 280. REVASCULARIZATION IN CCD - p. 397 281. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHOICE OF REVASCULARIZATION - p. 398 282. SPECIAL POPULATIONS - p. 399 283. PROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PCI - p. 400 284. INTRAVASCULAR IMAGING - p. 400 285. TREATMENT OF SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFTS - p. 401 286. MEDICAL THERAPIES - p. 402 287. POSTPROCEDURAL MANAGEMENT - p. 403 288. ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOMES AFTER PCI - p. 403 289. SUMMARY - p. 403 290. Chapter 33: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 406 291. Chapter 33: Interactive Quiz - p. 406 292. SECTION VIII. Peripheral Vascular Disease and Interventions - p. 407 293. Chapter 34: Thoracic Aortic, Abdominal Aortic, and Lower Extremity Interventions - p. 407 294. THORACIC AORTA - p. 407 295. ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROMES - p. 408 296. THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM - p. 408 297. ABDOMINAL AORTA - p. 408 298. LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 409 299. SURGICAL BYPASS VERSUS ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY IN CLTI - p. 413 300. CONCLUSION - p. 414 301. Chapter 34: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 416 302. Chapter 34: Interactive Quiz - p. 416 303. Chapter 35: Carotid, Cerebrovascular, & Acute Stroke Intervention - p. 417 304. EXTRACRANIAL CAROTID INTERVENTIONS - p. 417 305. VERTEBRAL ARTERY INTERVENTIONS - p. 429 306. ACUTE STROKE INTERVENTIONS - p. 429 307. CONCLUSION - p. 435 308. Chapter 36: Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Disease - p. 439 309. PREVALENCE AND NATURAL HISTORY - p. 439 310. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RAS - p. 439 311. CLINICAL ENDPOINTS AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION - p. 439 312. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING - p. 440 313. RENAL ARTERY ANGIOGRAPHY IN THE CATH LAB - p. 441 314. TREATMENT - p. 442 315. MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 442 316. ENDOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION - p. 443 317. SURGICAL REVASCULARIZATION - p. 443 318. INDICATIONS FOR REVASCULARIZATION - p. 443 319. PERCUTANEOUS RENAL ARTERY STENTING - p. 444 320. TECHNIQUE FOR RA REVASCULARIZATION - p. 445 321. IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENTS WHO MAY BENEFIT FROM REVASCULARIZATION - p. 446 322. CONCLUSION - p. 447 323. Chapter 37: Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism - p. 449 324. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS - p. 449 325. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT - p. 450 326. CATHETER-DIRECTED MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE DVT - p. 450 327. PULMONARY EMBOLISM - p. 451 328. RISK STRATIFICATION - p. 451 329. SECTION IX. Structural Heart Disease and Interventions - p. 457 330. Chapter 38: Introduction to Structural Imaging - p. 457 331. INTRODUCTION - p. 457 332. LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE OCCLUSION - p. 457 333. INTRAPROCEDURAL GUIDANCE - p. 457 334. MV TRANSCATHETER EDGE-TO-EDGE REPAIR - p. 461 335. INTRAPROCEDURAL GUIDANCE - p. 466 336. TRANSCATHETER MV REPLACEMENT - p. 468 337. INTRAPROCEDURAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC GUIDANCE - p. 470 338. TRANSCUTANEOUS AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT - p. 472 339. TRICUSPID VALVE IMAGING - p. 474 340. PATENT FORAMEN OVALE/ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT CLOSURE - p. 480 341. SUMMARY - p. 481 342. Chapter 39: Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale - p. 483 343. EMBRYOLOGY OF THE ATRIAL SEPTUM - p. 483 344. PATENT FO - p. 486 345. Chapter 40: Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion - p. 495 346. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND THE LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE - p. 495 347. LAA OCCLUSION - p. 496 348. PROTECT-AF - p. 496 349. PREVAIL - p. 497 350. PRAGUE-17 - p. 498 351. SWISS-APERO - p. 498 352. AMULET US-IDE - p. 499 353. LAAO DEVICES AND PROCEDURES - p. 499 354. LAAO PROCEDURE - p. 499 355. PERIPROCEDURAL IMAGING - p. 501 356. COMPLICATIONS - p. 502 357. Chapter 40: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 503 358. Chapter 40: Interactive Quiz - p. 503 359. Chapter 41: Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement - p. 504 360. INTRODUCTION - p. 504 361. TRANSCATHETER MV REPAIR - p. 504 362. TRANSCATHETER MV REPLACEMENT - p. 516 363. CONCLUSIONS - p. 528 364. Chapter 41: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 531 365. Chapter 41: Interactive Quiz - p. 531 366. Chapter 42: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement - p. 532 367. CLINICAL DATA - p. 532 368. PARTNER TRIALS - p. 532 369. WHO SHOULD STILL BE GETTING SAVR? - p. 536 370. SUMMARY - p. 538 371. TRANSCATHETER VALVE DELIVERY, POSITIONING, AND DEPLOYMENT - p. 539 372. TAVR PROCEDURAL RISKS - p. 540 373. CONCLUSIONS - p. 542 374. Chapter 43: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - p. 545 375. INTRODUCTION - p. 545 376. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - p. 545 377. MEDICAL THERAPY - p. 545 378. SURGICAL MYECTOMY - p. 546 379. ALCOHOL SEPTAL ABLATION - p. 547 380. Chapter 44: Paravalvular Leaks - p. 554 381. CLINICAL EVALUATION AND PATIENT SELECTION - p. 554 382. PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUES - p. 555 383. CLINICAL OUTCOMES - p. 558 384. Chapter 45: Pericardial Disease Interventions - p. 561 385. DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC TAMPONADE - p. 561 386. PERICARDIOCENTESIS - p. 561 387. SUB-XIPHOID - p. 563 388. PARA-APICAL - p. 564 389. PARASTERNAL - p. 564 390. POSTERIOR - p. 564 391. Chapter 45: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 566 392. Chapter 45: Interactive Quiz - p. 566 393. Chapter 46: Interventional Procedures in Adult Congenital Heart Disease - p. 567 394. SHUNT-CENTERED INTERVENTIONS - p. 568 395. VALVE INTERVENTIONS - p. 569 396. GREAT ARTERIES–RELATED INTERVENTIONS - p. 571 397. VENOUS-RELATED INTERVENTIONS - p. 572 398. ATRIAL SWITCH-RELATED INTERVENTIONS - p. 572 399. SINGLE VENTRICLE-RELATED INTERVENTIONS - p. 573 400. CONCLUSION - p. 573 401. Chapter 46: Multiple Choice Questions - p. 575 402. Chapter 46: Interactive Quiz - p. 575 403. Chapter 47: Introduction to Statistics in Clinical Research for Interventional Cardiology - p. 576 404. CARDIOVASCULAR EVIDENCE AND GUIDELINES - p. 576 405. INTERPRETING STUDY RESULTS - p. 576 406. INCORPORATING CARDIOVASCULAR EVIDENCE INTO PRACTICE - p. 578 407. TYPES OF STUDY DESIGNS - p. 578 408. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES - p. 578 409. MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION - p. 579 410. MATCHING OR WEIGHTING - p. 580 411. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES - p. 580 412. COMPOSITE ENDPOINTS - p. 581 413. TRIAL SAMPLE SIZE - p. 581 414. TRIAL DESIGN - p. 581 415. TRIAL ANALYTIC STRATEGY - p. 583 416. CONCLUSION - p. 583 417. Index - p. 585