Schmidek and Sweet: Operative Neurosurgical Techniques

1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. i 3. Table of Contents - p. i 4. Copyright - p. ii 5. Dedication - p. iii 6. In Memoriam - p. v 7. About The Author/Editor - p. vii 8. Video and Content Associate Editor - p. viii 9. Section Editors - p. ix 10. Contributors - p. xi 11. Preface - p. xxxix 12. Videos - p. xlvii 13. Videos - p. xlvii 14. 6th Edition Video Library - p. l 15. Chapter 1. Ensuring Patient Safety in Surgery: First Do No Harm and Applying a Systems-Engineering Approach - p. 1 16. Chapter 2. Surgical Navigation With Intraoperative Imaging: Special Operating Room Concepts - p. 14 17. Surgical Management of Brain and Skull Base Tumors - p. 23.e3 18. Part One. Intra-Axial Tumors - p. 23.e3 19. CHAPTER 3. Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional Tractography - p. 27 20. Chapter 4. Intraoperative Neurophysiology: A Tool to Prevent and/or Document Intraoperative Injury to the Nervous System - p. 34 21. Chapter 5. Cortical and Subcortical Brain Mapping - p. 50 22. Chapter 6. Chemotherapy for Brain Tumors - p. 64 23. Chapter 7. Current Surgical Management of High-Grade Gliomas: New and Recurrent - p. 76 24. Chapter 8. Low(er) Grade Gliomas: Surgical Treatment - p. 85 25. Chapter 9. Management of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma - p. 98 26. Chapter 10. Cerebellar Tumors in Adults - p. 104 27. Chapter 11. Surgical Management of Cerebral Metastases - p. 114 28. Part Two. Sellar and Parasellar Lesions - p. 130.e4 29. Chapter 12. Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Sellar, Parasellar, and Suprasellar Surgery - p. 131 30. Chapter 13. Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Lateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions - p. 140 31. Chapter 14. Medical Management of Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors - p. 148 32. Chapter 15. Endoscopic Endonasal Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery - p. 164 33. Chapter 16. Transcranial Surgery for Pituitary Macroadenomas - p. 182 34. Chapter 17. The Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas - p. 194 35. Part Three. Intraventricular Tumors & Deep-Seated Lesions - p. 202.e2 36. Chapter 18. Minimally Invasive Surgeries for Deep-Seated Brain Lesions - p. 203 37. Chapter 19. Surgical Approaches to Lateral and Third Ventricular Tumors - p. 209 38. Chapter 20. Transcallosal and Endoscopic Approach to Intraventricular Brain Tumors - p. 218 39. Chapter 21. Management of Pineal Region Tumors - p. 226 40. Chapter 22. Management of Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle - p. 239 41. Part Four. Extra-Axial and Posterior Tumors - p. 265.e4 42. Chapter 23. Surgical Management of Parasagittal and Convexity Meningiomas - p. 267 43. Chapter 24. Surgical Approach to Falcine Meningiomas - p. 278 44. Chapter 25. Surgical Management of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas - p. 287 45. Chapter 26. Supraorbital Approach Variants for Intracranial Tumors - p. 301 46. Chapter 27. Surgical Management of Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas - p. 309 47. Chapter 28. Surgical Management of Cavernous Lesions - p. 318 48. Chapter 29. Surgical Management of Lesions of the Clivus - p. 327 49. Chapter 30. Surgical Management of Posterior Fossa Meningiomas - p. 347 50. Chapter 31. Surgical Management of Tumors of the Foramen Magnum - p. 355 51. Chapter 32.1. Multimodal Treatment of Orbital Tumors - p. 370 52. Chapter 33. Surgical Management of Parasellar Meningiomas - p. 386 53. Chapter 34. The OZ Chapter: Original OZ, Modified for Parietal, Modified for Frontal, Cosmetic Results of the OZ - p. 391 54. Part Five. Cerebellopontine and Angle Tumors - p. 395.e1 55. Chapter 35. Suboccipital Retrosigmoid Surgical Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma) - p. 397 56. Chapter 36. Translabyrinthine and Transtemporal Approaches to Posterior Cranial Fossa Lesions - p. 408 57. Chapter 37. Hearing Prosthetics: Surgical Techniques - p. 428 58. Vascular Diseases - p. 435.e2 59. Part One. Open Treatment - p. 435.e2 60. Chapter 38. Bypass Techniques - p. 439 61. Chapter 39. Previously Coiled Aneurysms - p. 449 62. Chapter 40. Surgical Management of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease - p. 457 63. Chapter 41. Management of Dissections of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries - p. 471 64. Chapter 42. Management of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms - p. 478 65. Chapter 43. Surgical Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage - p. 493 66. Chapter 44. Surgical Management of Cerebellar Stroke—Hemorrhage and Infarction - p. 506 67. Chapter 45. Surgical Treatment of Moyamoya Disease in Adults - p. 513 68. Chapter 46. Surgical Treatment of Paraclinoid Aneurysms - p. 527 69. Chapter 47. Surgical Management of Posterior Communicating, Anterior Choroidal, and Carotid Bifurcation Aneurysms - p. 545 70. Chapter 48. Surgical Management of Anterior Communicating and Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms - p. 555 71. Chapter 49. Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery - p. 570 72. Chapter 50. Surgical Management of Terminal Basilar and Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms - p. 583 73. Chapter 51. Surgical Management of Midbasilar and Lower Basilar Aneurysms - p. 593 74. Chapter 52. Surgical Management of Aneurysms of the Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Complex - p. 602 75. Chapter 53. Far-Lateral Approach for Vertebral and Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms - p. 616 76. Chapter 54. Surgical Management of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas - p. 627 77. Chapter 55. Surgical Management of Cavernous Malformations of the Nervous System - p. 648 78. Chapter 56. Surgical Management of Brainstem and Cerebellar Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 667 79. Chapter 57. Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 674 80. Chapter 58. Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms - p. 693 81. Part Two. Endovascular Treatment - p. 702.e3 82. Chapter 59. Endovascular Treatment of Stroke - p. 703 83. Chapter 60. Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 714 84. Chapter 61. Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Occlusive Disease - p. 723 85. Chapter 62. Endovascular Treatment of Extracranial Occlusive Disease - p. 734 86. Chapter 63. Embolization of Tumors: Brain, Head, Neck, and Spine - p. 739 87. Chapter 64. Endovascular Management of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas - p. 755 88. Chapter 65. Endovascular Management of Spinal Vascular Malformations - p. 767 89. Chapter 66. Endovascular Treatment of Head and Neck Bleeding - p. 784 90. Chapter 67. Imaging Evaluation and Endovascular Treatment of Vasospasm - p. 796 91. Section Three. Operative Techniques in Pediatric Neurosurgery - p. 805.e2 92. Chapter 68. Posterior Fossa Tumors in the Pediatric Population: Multidisciplinary Management - p. 809 93. Chapter 69. Supratentorial Tumors in the Pediatric Population: Multidisciplinary Management - p. 820 94. Chapter 70. Pediatric Brain Stem Tumors - p. 842 95. Chapter 71. Mapping, Disconnection, and Resective Surgery in Pediatric Epilepsy - p. 849 96. CHAPTER 72. Surgical Decision-Making and Treatment Options for Chiari Malformations in Children - p. 861 97. Chapter 73. Fetal Surgery for Open Neural Tube Defects - p. 868 98. Chapter 74. Surgical Management of Spinal Dysraphism - p. 872 99. Chapter 75. Revascularization Techniques in Pediatric Cerebrovascular Disorders - p. 902 100. Chapter 76. Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 911 101. Chapter 77. Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy Surgery for the Treatment of Pediatric Spastic Cerebral Palsy - p. 925 102. Chapter 78. Instrumentation and Stabilization of the Pediatric Spine: Technical Nuances and Age-Specific Considerations - p. 931 103. Chapter 79. Methods of Cranial Vault Reconstruction for Craniosynostosis - p. 940 104. Chapter 80. Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures in the Pediatric Population - p. 964 105. Section Four. Abnormalities of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics - p. 981.e3 106. Chapter 81. Surgical Management of Hydrocephalus in the Adult - p. 985 107. Chapter 82. Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion Procedures: Ventriculo-Atrial, Ventriculo-Peritoneal, Ventriculo-Pleural, and Lumbo-Peritoneal Shunts - p. 993 108. Chapter 83. Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy, Cerebral Aqueductoplasty, and Septum Pellucidotomy - p. 1000 109. Chapter 84. Surgical Management of Cysts: Intraventricular Cysts, Intraventricular Septations, and Extraventricular Arachnoid Cysts - p. 1011 110. Chapter 85. Management of Shunt Infections - p. 1020 111. Chapter 86. Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks - p. 1024 112. Chapter 87. A Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension - p. 1037 113. Section Five. Stereotactic Radiosurgery - p. 1043.e2 114. Chapter 88. Radiosurgery for Metastatic Brain Tumors - p. 1047 115. Chapter 89. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia - p. 1055 116. Chapter 90. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastases - p. 1062 117. Chapter 91. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Adenomas - p. 1071 118. Chapter 92. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cavernous Sinus Tumors - p. 1077 119. Chapter 93. Radiation Treatments in the Management of Craniopharyngiomas - p. 1084 120. Chapter 94. Vestibular Schwannomas: The Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery - p. 1091 121. Chapter 95. Stereotactic Radiosurgery Meningiomas - p. 1100 122. Chapter 96. Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 1125 123. Chapter 97. Radiosurgery for Functional Disorders and Epilepsy - p. 1134 124. Functional Neurosurgery - p. 1147.e5 125. Part One. Surgical Management of Medically Intractable Epilepsy - p. 1147.e5 126. Chapter 98. Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Epilepsy - p. 1151 127. Chapter 99. Multidisciplinary Presurgical Evaluation for Epilepsy Surgery - p. 1160 128. Chapter 100. Temporal Lobe Operations in Intractable Epilepsy - p. 1173 129. Chapter 101. Surgical Management of Extratemporal Lobe Epilepsy - p. 1183 130. Chapter 102. Multilobar Resection and Hemispherectomy in Epilepsy Surgery - p. 1192 131. Chapter 103. Corpus Callosotomy: Indications and Techniques - p. 1210 132. Chapter 104. Extratemporal Epilepsy and Neuromodulation - p. 1215 133. Part Two. Surgical Management of Psychiatric and Movement Disorders - p. 1222.e2 134. Chapter 105. Implantation of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Under General Anesthesia for Parkinson Disease and Essential Tremor - p. 1223 135. Chapter 106. Cervical Dystonia and Spasmodic Torticollis: Indications and Techniques - p. 1229 136. Chapter 107. Novel Targets and Techniques in Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders - p. 1236 137. Chapter 108. Molecular Therapies for Movement Disorders - p. 1244 138. Chapter 109. Lesion Procedures for Psychiatric Disorders - p. 1253 139. Chapter 110. Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Psychiatric Illness - p. 1262 140. Chapter 111. Brain-Computer Interfacing: Prospects and Technical Aspects of Functional Cranial Implants - p. 1272 141. Chapter 112. Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy for Hyperhidrosis - p. 1283 142. Chapter 113. Surgery for Intractable Spasticity - p. 1288 143. Part Three. Surgical Management of Intractable Pain - p. 1305.e1 144. Chapter 114. Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizolysis in Trigeminal Neuralgia - p. 1307 145. Chapter 115. Percutaneous Stereotactic Rhizotomy in the Treatment of Intractable Facial Pain - p. 1323 146. Chapter 116. Neurovascular Decompression in Cranial Nerves V, VII, IX, and X - p. 1333 147. Chapter 117. Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain - p. 1344 148. Chapter 118. Mesencephalic Tractotomy and Anterolateral Cordotomy for Intractable Pain - p. 1348 149. Chapter 119. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain - p. 1359 150. Chapter 120. Spinal Cord Stimulation and Intraspinal Infusions for Pain - p. 1378 151. Section Seven. Trauma - p. 1389.e2 152. Chapter 121. Surgical Management of Severe Closed Head Injury in Adults - p. 1391 153. Epidemiology - p. 1391 154. Classification Schemes for Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1394 155. Biomechanics of Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1396 156. Neuropathology of Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1397 157. Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhages - p. 1398 158. Diffuse Axonal Injury: Basic Concepts - p. 1400 159. Neuroradiologic Diagnostic Methods in Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1401 160. Non-Radiologic Diagnostic Methods in Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1402 161. Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: Indications and Methods - p. 1403 162. Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1403 163. Acute Epidural Hematomas - p. 1407 164. Acute Subdural Hematomas - p. 1409 165. Traumatic Parenchymal Lesions - p. 1411 166. Posterior Fossa Hematomas - p. 1414 167. Decompressive Craniectomy - p. 1415 168. Prognosis of Severe Head Injury - p. 1416 169. Neuroscience of Traumatic Brain Injury: Structural and Functional Properties of Brain Tissue Determining the Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1418 170. Chapter 122. Perioperative Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults - p. 1419 171. Chapter 123. Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1438 172. Chapter 124. Management of Skull Base Trauma - p. 1445 173. Chapter 125. Surgical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Adults - p. 1458 174. Chapter 126. Principles of Neuroplastic Surgery: Management of Scalp Defects and Neurocranial Reconstruction - p. 1465 175. Chapter 127. Management of Penetrating and Blast Injuries of the Nervous System - p. 1478 176. Section Eight. Surgical Management of Nervous System Infections - p. 1496.e6 177. Chapter 128. Management of Suppurative Intracranial and After Craniotomy Infections - p. 1499 178. Chapter 129. Spinal Infections: Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess - p. 1512 179. Chapter 130. Neurosurgical Management of HIV-Related Focal Brain Lesions - p. 1521 180. Chapter 131. Management of Neurocysticercosis - p. 1534 181. Chapter 132. Management of Tuberculous and Fungal Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1547 182. Management of Tuberculous Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1547 183. Tuberculomas - p. 1553 184. Medical Treatment - p. 1557 185. Tuberculous Spinal Arachnoiditis - p. 1562 186. Management of Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System - p. 1563 187. Historical Perspective - p. 1563 188. Classification and Epidemiology - p. 1563 189. Routes of Dissemination - p. 1564 190. Host Susceptibility and Fungal Virulence - p. 1564 191. Pathogenesis - p. 1565 192. Pseudomycetes Causing Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1569 193. Septate Hyphae Causing Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1576 194. Nonseptate Hyphae Causing Infections of the Nervous System (Phycomycosis, Zygomycosis, Mucormycosis) - p. 1582 195. Management of Central Nervous System Fungal Infections - p. 1584 196. Management of Clinical Syndromes Caused Due to Central Nervous System Fungal Infections - p. 1585 197. Surgical Management238 - p. 1586 198. Antifungal Chemotherapy - p. 1587 199. Summary - p. 1589 200. Neurosurgical Management of Spinal Disorders - p. 1591.e10 201. Part One. Degenerative Spine Disorder - p. 1591.e10 202. Chapter 133. Treatment Evolution in Management of Cervical Disc Disease - p. 1595 203. Chapter 134. Anterior Cervical Foraminotomy (Jho Procedure): Microscopic or Endoscopic - p. 1605 204. Chapter 135. Anterior Approaches for Multilevel Cervical Spondylosis - p. 1618 205. Chapter 136. Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Microdiscectomy - p. 1631 206. Chapter 137. Disc Replacement Technologies in the Cervical and Lumbar Spine - p. 1638 207. Chapter 138. Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy - p. 1650 208. Chapter 139. Cervical Laminoplasty: Indications and Techniques - p. 1664 209. Chapter 140. Circumferential Cervical Spinal Fusion - p. 1672 210. Chapter 141. Surgical Techniques in the Management of Thoracic Disc Herniations - p. 1681 211. Chapter 142. Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Discectomy: Indications and Techniques - p. 1691 212. Chapter 143. Posterior and Posterior Lateral Techniques for Thoracic Disc Herniations - p. 1700 213. Chapter 144. Anterior and Lateral Approaches for Thoracic Discectomy: Endoscopic and Mini-Open Techniques - p. 1705 214. Chapter 145. Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Indications and Techniques - p. 1717 215. Chapter 146. Minimally Invasive Lumbar Discectomy: Indications and Techniques - p. 1730 216. Chapter 147. Management of Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniations - p. 1735 217. Chapter 148. Lumbar Spinal Arthroplasty: Clinical Experiences of Motion Preservation - p. 1747 218. Chapter 149. Management of Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis and Spondylolisthesis - p. 1757 219. Chapter 150. Posterior Lumbar Fusion by Open Technique: Indications and Techniques - p. 1765 220. Chapter 151. Percutaneous Placement of Lumbar Pedicle Screws: Indications and Techniques - p. 1788 221. Chapter 152. Dynamic Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine: Indications and Techniques - p. 1795 222. Chapter 153. Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. 1804 223. Chapter 154. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques - p. 1809 224. Chapter 155. Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. 1813 225. Chapter 156. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Indications and Techniques - p. 1828 226. Chapter 157. Lateral Transpsoas and Anteropsoas Interbody Fusion Indications and Techniques - p. 1835 227. Chapter 158. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty - p. 1847 228. Part Two. Spine Trauma - p. 1858.e2 229. Chapter 159. Management of Injuries of the Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord - p. 1859 230. Chapter 160. Transoral Approaches to the Cervical Spine - p. 1868 231. Chapter 161. Atlantoaxial Instability and Stabilization - p. 1877 232. Chapter 162. Stabilization of the Subaxial Cervical Spine - p. 1887 233. Chapter 163. Thoracolumbar Anterolateral and Posterior Stabilization - p. 1901 234. Chapter 164. Management of Sacral Fractures - p. 1910 235. Chapter 165. Management of Penetrating Injuries to the Spine - p. 1925 236. Part Three. Congenital and Developmental Spinal Abnormalities - p. 1934.e2 237. Chapter 166. Craniovertebral Abnormalities and Their Neurosurgical Management - p. 1935 238. Chapter 167. Management of Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia - p. 1953 239. Chapter 168. Management of Occult Spinal Dysraphism in Adults - p. 1963 240. CHAPTER 169. Neurologic Problems of the Spine in Achondroplasia - p. 1973 241. Part Four. Spinal Deformity - p. 1982.e2 242. Chapter 170. Management of Degenerative Scoliosis - p. 1983 243. CHAPTER 171. Cervical Spinal Deformity - p. 1994 244. Chapter 172. Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Deformity - p. 2004 245. Part Five. Spine Tumors and Infections - p. 2014.e2 246. Chapter 173. Surgical Management of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults - p. 2015 247. Chapter 174. Surgical Management of Intradural Extramedullary Tumors - p. 2031 248. Chapter 175. Management of Spinal Cord Tumors and Arteriovenous Malformations - p. 2038 249. Chapter 176. Management of Cauda Equina Tumors - p. 2055 250. Chapter 177. Management of Primary Malignant Tumors of the Osseous Spine - p. 2064 251. Chapter 178. Surgical Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction - p. 2072 252. Chapter 179. Surgery for Metastatic Spine Disease - p. 2087 253. Chapter 180. Surgical Resection of Sacral Tumors - p. 2097 254. Part Six. Specific Complications of Spine Surgery - p. 2112.e2 255. Chapter 181. Surgical Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage After Spinal Surgery - p. 2113 256. Section Ten. Surgical Management of the Peripheral Nervous System - p. 2118.e1 257. Chapter 182. Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. 2121 258. Chapter 183. Imaging for Peripheral Nerve Disorders - p. 2131 259. Chapter 184. Management of Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries - p. 2139 260. Chapter 185. Nerve Transfers: Indications and Techniques - p. 2152 261. Chapter 186. Management of Median Nerve Compression - p. 2163 262. Chapter 187. Management of Ulnar Nerve Compression - p. 2176 263. Chapter 188. Management of Entrapment Neuropathies - p. 2187 264. Chapter 189. Nerve Sheath Tumors Involving the Spine - p. 2196 265. Chapter 190. Peripheral Nerve Tumors of the Extremities - p. 2205 266. Chapter 191. Management of Cranial Nerve Injuries - p. 2215 267. Chapter 192. Management of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - p. 2225 268. Chapter 193. Nerve Reconstruction in Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries - p. 2235 269. Chapter 194. Robotics in Neurosurgery: Applications, Techniques, and Clinical Benefits - p. 2249 270. Index - p. I1