1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Contributors - p. vi 7. Foreword - p. xvi 8. The Sleisenger and Fordtran Editors - p. xvii 9. Preface - p. xviii 10. Acknowledgments - p. xix 11. Abbreviation List - p. xxv 12. Videos - p. xxvi 13. Part I. Biology of the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 1 14. 1. Cellular Growth and Neoplasia - p. 1 15. 2. Mucosal Immunology and Inflammation - p. 13 16. 3. The Enteric Microbiota - p. 24 17. 4. Gut Sensory Transduction - p. 34 18. Part II. Nutrition in Gastroenterology - p. 51.e4 19. 5. Nutritional Principles and Assessment of the Gastroenterology Patient - p. 52 20. 6. Nutritional Management - p. 74 21. 7. Obesity - p. 92 22. 8. Surgical and Endoscopic Treatment of Obesity - p. 101 23. 9. Feeding and Eating Disorders - p. 117 24. 10. Food Allergies - p. 133 25. Part III. Symptoms, Signs, and Biopsychosocial Issues - p. 143.e2 26. 11. Acute Abdominal Pain - p. 144 27. 12. Chronic Abdominal Pain - p. 158 28. 13. Symptoms of Esophageal Disease - p. 168 29. 14. Dyspepsia - p. 177 30. 15. Nausea and Vomiting - p. 191 31. 16. Diarrhea - p. 204 32. 17. Intestinal Gas - p. 224 33. 18. Fecal Incontinence - p. 232 34. 19. Constipation - p. 250 35. Definition and Presenting Symptoms - p. 250 36. Epidemiology - p. 251 37. Risk Factors - p. 251 38. Colonic Function - p. 253 39. Classification - p. 254 40. Pathophysiology - p. 254 41. Causes - p. 256 42. Clinical Assessment - p. 261 43. Diagnostic Tests - p. 261 44. Treatment - p. 265 45. 20. Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 276 46. Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 276 47. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 283 48. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 299 49. Obscure Overt Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 306 50. Obscure Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Iron Deficiency Anemia - p. 311 51. 21. Jaundice - p. 313 52. 22. Biopsychosocial Issues in Gastroenterology - p. 324 53. 23. Factitious Gastrointestinal Disease - p. 340 54. Part IV. Topics Involving Multiple Organs - p. 349.e2 55. 24. Oral Diseases and Oral Manifestations of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases - p. 350 56. 25. Cutaneous Manifestations of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases - p. 359 57. 26. Diverticula of the Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine - p. 372 58. 27. Abdominal Hernias and Gastric Volvulus - p. 381 59. 28. Foreign Bodies, Bezoars, and Caustic Ingestions - p. 399 60. 29. Abdominal Abscesses and Gastrointestinal Fistulas - p. 411 61. 30. Eosinophilic Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 424 62. 31. Protein-Losing Gastroenteropathy - p. 435 63. 32. Gastrointestinal Lymphomas - p. 442 64. 33. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors - p. 458 65. 34. Neuroendocrine Tumors - p. 472 66. Historical Aspects - p. 472 67. Epidemiology - p. 472 68. Origin and Histochemical Features - p. 473 69. Classification - p. 474 70. Molecular Pathogenesis - p. 475 71. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia and Other Inherited Syndromes - p. 475 72. Functional Tumors - p. 476 73. Gastrinomas - p. 478 74. Glucagonomas - p. 482 75. Vipomas - p. 484 76. Other Functional Pnets - p. 485 77. Nonfunctional Pnets - p. 485 78. Gi-Nets (Carcinoids) - p. 485 79. Carcinoid Syndrome - p. 491 80. Tumor Localization - p. 493 81. Treatment of Metastatic Disease - p. 494 82. 35. Gastrointestinal Consequences of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus - p. 498 83. 36. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications of Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation - p. 510 84. 37. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of Systemic Diseases - p. 532 85. Collagen Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases (Table 37.1) - p. 532 86. Oncologic and Hematologic Diseases - p. 541 87. Endocrine Diseases - p. 547 88. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism - p. 550 89. Renal Diseases - p. 551 90. Neurologic Diseases - p. 551 91. Pulmonary Disease - p. 554 92. Critical Illness - p. 554 93. Sepsis - p. 554 94. Cardiovascular Diseases - p. 555 95. Infiltrative Diseases - p. 555 96. 38. Vascular Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 561 97. 39. Surgical Peritonitis and Other Diseases of the Peritoneum, Mesentery, Omentum, and Diaphragm - p. 580 98. 40. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders in the Pregnant Patient - p. 593 99. 41. Acute and Chronic Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Radiation Therapy - p. 606 100. 42. Preparation for and Complications of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy - p. 619 101. Part V. Esophagus - p. 626.e4 102. 43. Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Esophagus - p. 627 103. 44. Esophageal Neuromuscular Function and Motility Disorders - p. 638 104. 45. Esophageal Disorders Caused by Medications, Trauma, and Infection - p. 661 105. 46. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - p. 670 106. 47. Barrett Esophagus - p. 691 107. 48. Esophageal Tumors - p. 700 108. Part VI. Stomach and Duodenum - p. 719.e9 109. 49. Anatomy, Histology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Stomach and Duodenum - p. 720 110. 50. Gastric Neuromuscular Function and Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 735 111. 51. Gastric Secretion - p. 764 112. 52. Gastritis and Gastropathy - p. 781 113. 53. Peptic Ulcer Disease - p. 806 114. 54. Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach and Other Gastric Tumors - p. 820 115. Epidemiology - p. 820 116. Etiology and Pathogenesis - p. 820 117. Tumor Genetics - p. 827 118. Premalignant Conditions - p. 829 119. Screening and Surveillance - p. 832 120. Prevention - p. 832 121. Clinical Features - p. 834 122. Diagnosis - p. 834 123. Classification and Staging - p. 835 124. Prognosis and Treatment - p. 837 125. Miscellaneous Gastric Tumors - p. 841 126. Part VII. Pancreas - p. 841.e13 127. 55. Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Pancreas - p. 842 128. 56. Pancreatic Secretion - p. 853 129. 57. Genetic Disorders of the Pancreas and Pancreatic Disorders in Childhood - p. 862 130. Background - p. 862 131. Definitions and Terminology - p. 863 132. Genes that Modify Inflammation, Progression to Chronic Pancreatitis and Modifier Phenotypes - p. 876 133. Integration of Genetics And Patient Management - p. 878 134. Pancreatitis in Children - p. 879 135. Clinical Management of Mendelian Disorders of the Pancreas - p. 881 136. Rare Genetic Syndromes With Pancreatic Pathology - p. 891 137. Familial Metabolic Syndromes Associated With Recurrent Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis - p. 892 138. 58. Acute Pancreatitis - p. 893 139. 59. Chronic Pancreatitis - p. 917 140. Epidemiology - p. 917 141. Pathology - p. 918 142. Pathophysiology - p. 918 143. Etiology - p. 920 144. Clinical features - p. 927 145. Physical examination - p. 930 146. Diagnosis - p. 930 147. Diagnostic strategy - p. 936 148. Treatment - p. 936 149. Complications - p. 942 150. 60. Pancreatic Cancer, Cystic Pancreatic Neoplasms, and Other Nonendocrine Pancreatic Tumors - p. 947 151. 61. Endoscopic Treatment of Pancreatic Disease - p. 965 152. Part VIII. Biliary Tract - p. 972.e3 153. 62. Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Developmental Anomalies, and Pediatric Disorders of the Biliary Tract - p. 973 154. 63. Biliary Tract Motor Function and Dysfunction - p. 995 155. 64. Bile Secretion and the Enterohepatic Circulation - p. 1001 156. 65. Gallstone Disease - p. 1016 157. Types of Gallstones - p. 1016 158. Epidemiology - p. 1016 159. Composition and Abnormalities of Bile - p. 1020 160. Pathophysiology - p. 1024 161. Genetics - p. 1028 162. Pigment Stones - p. 1030 163. Natural History - p. 1034 164. Diagnosis - p. 1034 165. Clinical Disorders - p. 1040 166. Uncommon Complications - p. 1045 167. 66. Treatment of Gallstone Disease - p. 1047 168. 67. Acalculous Biliary Pain, Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis, Cholesterolosis, Adenomyomatosis, and Gallbladder Polyps - p. 1064 169. 68. Primary and Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 1077 170. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 1077 171. Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 1093 172. 69. Tumors of the Bile Ducts, Gallbladder, and Ampulla - p. 1096 173. 70. Endoscopic and Radiologic Treatment of Biliary Disease - p. 1113 174. Part IX. Liver - p. 1128.e6 175. 71. Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Liver - p. 1129 176. 72. Liver Physiology and Energy Metabolism - p. 1135 177. 73. Liver Chemistry and Function Tests - p. 1154 178. 74. Overview of Cirrhosis - p. 1164 179. 75. Hemochromatosis - p. 1172 180. 76. Wilson Disease - p. 1180 181. 77. Other Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the Liver - p. 1189 182. 78. Hepatitis A - p. 1210 183. 79. Hepatitis B - p. 1216 184. 80. Hepatitis C - p. 1243 185. Virology - p. 1243 186. Epidemiology - p. 1246 187. Pathogenesis - p. 1248 188. Clinical features - p. 1249 189. Diagnosis - p. 1250 190. Liver Biopsy and Noninvasive Assessment of Fibrosis - p. 1251 191. Natural History - p. 1253 192. Treatment - p. 1254 193. 81. Hepatitis D - p. 1283 194. 82. Hepatitis E - p. 1292 195. 83. Hepatitis Caused by Other Viruses - p. 1298 196. 84. Bacterial, Parasitic, and Fungal Infections of the Liver, Including Liver Abscesses - p. 1303 197. 85. Vascular Diseases of the Liver - p. 1321 198. 86. Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease - p. 1336 199. 87. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - p. 1354 200. 88. Liver Disease Caused by Drugs - p. 1367 201. Hepatic Drug Metabolism - p. 1367 202. Liver Disease Caused by Drugs - p. 1369 203. Dose-Dependent Hepatotoxicity - p. 1380 204. Drug-Induced Acute Hepatitis - p. 1384 205. Drug-Induced Granulomatous Hepatitis - p. 1390 206. Drug-Induced Chronic Hepatitis - p. 1390 207. Drug-Induced Acute Cholestasis - p. 1392 208. Drug-Induced Chronic Cholestasis - p. 1393 209. Drug-Induced Steatohepatitis and Hepatic Fibrosis - p. 1394 210. Drug-Induced Vascular Toxicity - p. 1397 211. Liver Tumors - p. 1398 212. 89. Liver Disease Caused by Anesthetics, Chemicals, Toxins, and Herbal and Dietary Supplements - p. 1399 213. 90. Autoimmune Hepatitis - p. 1415 214. 91. Primary Biliary Cholangitis - p. 1433 215. 92. Portal Hypertension and Variceal Bleeding - p. 1443 216. Normal Portal Circulation - p. 1443 217. Hemodynamic Principles of Portal Hypertension - p. 1444 218. Measurement of Portal Pressure - p. 1448 219. Detection of Varices - p. 1449 220. Causes of Portal Hypertension - p. 1451 221. Clinical Assessment - p. 1454 222. Treatment - p. 1455 223. TIPS - p. 1458 224. Management of Specific Causes of Portal Hypertension-Related Bleeding - p. 1462 225. 93. Ascites and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - p. 1471 226. 94. Hepatic Encephalopathy, Hepatorenal Syndrome, Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, and Other Systemic Complications of Liver Disease - p. 1486 227. 95. Acute Liver Failure - p. 1499 228. 96. Hepatic Tumors and Cysts - p. 1509 229. Malignant Tumors - p. 1509 230. Benign Tumors - p. 1524 231. Tumor-Like Hepatic Lesions - p. 1528 232. Hepatic Cysts - p. 1529 233. Approach to the Patient with AN Hepatic Mass - p. 1531 234. 97. Liver Transplantation - p. 1533 235. Part X. Small and Large Intestine - p. 1550.e4 236. 98. Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Small and Large Intestine - p. 1551 237. 99. Small Intestinal Motor and Sensory Function and Dysfunction - p. 1580 238. 100. Colonic Motor and Sensory Function and Dysfunction - p. 1595 239. 101. Intestinal Electrolyte Absorption and Secretion - p. 1611 240. 102. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat - p. 1636 241. 103. Digestion and Absorption of Micronutrients - p. 1657 242. 104. Maldigestion and Malabsorption - p. 1677 243. Etiology and Pathophysiology - p. 1678 244. Fats - p. 1679 245. Proteins and Amino Acids - p. 1680 246. Carbohydrates - p. 1680 247. Vitamins - p. 1680 248. Minerals - p. 1681 249. Mechanisms that Compensate for Malabsorption - p. 1682 250. Clinical Features and Evaluation - p. 1683 251. Malabsorption in Specific Situations and Disease States - p. 1696 252. General Approach to Management - p. 1709 253. 105. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth - p. 1711 254. 106. Short Bowel Syndrome - p. 1720 255. 107. Celiac Disease - p. 1736 256. 108. Tropical Diarrhea and Malabsorption - p. 1756 257. 109. Whipple Disease - p. 1769 258. 110. Infectious Enteritis and Proctocolitis - p. 1779 259. Susceptibility to Intestinal Infection - p. 1779 260. General Principles of Infectious Enteritis and Proctocolitis - p. 1781 261. Enterotoxigenic Pathogens - p. 1784 262. Invasive Pathogens - p. 1792 263. Sexually Transmitted Infectious Proctitis - p. 1802 264. Viral Pathogens - p. 1802 265. Travelers’ Diarrhea - p. 1804 266. Tuberculosis of the Intestinal Tract - p. 1806 267. Overview of Treatment - p. 1808 268. 111. Food Poisoning - p. 1810 269. 112. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Clostridioides difficile Infection - p. 1818 270. 113. Intestinal Protozoa - p. 1834 271. 114. Intestinal Worms - p. 1847 272. 115. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - p. 1868 273. 116. Management of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - p. 1898 274. Medical Therapy - p. 1898 275. Surgical Therapy - p. 1918 276. Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease –Related Complications - p. 1922 277. Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Special Situations - p. 1928 278. 117. Ileostomies, Colostomies, Pouches, and Anastomoses - p. 1930 279. 118. Intestinal Ischemia - p. 1944 280. 119. Intestinal Ulcerations - p. 1970 281. 120. Appendicitis - p. 1983 282. 121. Diverticular Disease of the Colon - p. 1993 283. 122. Irritable Bowel Syndrome - p. 2008 284. 123. Intestinal Obstruction - p. 2021 285. 124. Ileus and Pseudo-Obstruction Syndromes - p. 2039 286. 125. Tumors of the Small Intestine - p. 2059 287. 126. Colonic Polyps and Polyposis Syndromes - p. 2076 288. Conventional Adenomas - p. 2076 289. Pathology - p. 2077 290. Sessile Serrasted Adenomas and Hyperplastic Polyps - p. 2090 291. Non-Neoplastic Polyps and Polypoid Lesions - p. 2095 292. Gastrointestinal Polyposis Syndromes - p. 2097 293. 127. Colorectal Cancer - p. 2108 294. Epidemiology - p. 2108 295. Etiology - p. 2110 296. Biology - p. 2116 297. Familial colorectal cancer - p. 2123 298. Predisposing factors - p. 2124 299. Pathology - p. 2128 300. Natural history and staging - p. 2130 301. Prognosis - p. 2131 302. Clinical features - p. 2134 303. Diagnosis and screening - p. 2135 304. Treatment - p. 2144 305. Other malignant colonic tumors - p. 2152 306. 128. Other Diseases of the Colon - p. 2153 307. 129. Anal Diseases - p. 2169 308. Part XI. Additional Treatments for Patients with Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease - p. 2186.e4 309. 130. Probiotics - p. 2187 310. 131. Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine - p. 2192 311. 132. Palliative Care Medicine in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disease - p. 2206 312. Index - p. I1
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. Contributors - p. vi 7. Foreword - p. xvi 8. The Sleisenger and Fordtran Editors - p. xvii 9. Preface - p. xviii 10. Acknowledgments - p. xix 11. Abbreviation List - p. xxv 12. Videos - p. xxvi 13. Part I. Biology of the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 1 14. 1. Cellular Growth and Neoplasia - p. 1 15. 2. Mucosal Immunology and Inflammation - p. 13 16. 3. The Enteric Microbiota - p. 24 17. 4. Gut Sensory Transduction - p. 34 18. Part II. Nutrition in Gastroenterology - p. 51.e4 19. 5. Nutritional Principles and Assessment of the Gastroenterology Patient - p. 52 20. 6. Nutritional Management - p. 74 21. 7. Obesity - p. 92 22. 8. Surgical and Endoscopic Treatment of Obesity - p. 101 23. 9. Feeding and Eating Disorders - p. 117 24. 10. Food Allergies - p. 133 25. Part III. Symptoms, Signs, and Biopsychosocial Issues - p. 143.e2 26. 11. Acute Abdominal Pain - p. 144 27. 12. Chronic Abdominal Pain - p. 158 28. 13. Symptoms of Esophageal Disease - p. 168 29. 14. Dyspepsia - p. 177 30. 15. Nausea and Vomiting - p. 191 31. 16. Diarrhea - p. 204 32. 17. Intestinal Gas - p. 224 33. 18. Fecal Incontinence - p. 232 34. 19. Constipation - p. 250 35. Definition and Presenting Symptoms - p. 250 36. Epidemiology - p. 251 37. Risk Factors - p. 251 38. Colonic Function - p. 253 39. Classification - p. 254 40. Pathophysiology - p. 254 41. Causes - p. 256 42. Clinical Assessment - p. 261 43. Diagnostic Tests - p. 261 44. Treatment - p. 265 45. 20. Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 276 46. Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 276 47. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 283 48. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 299 49. Obscure Overt Gastrointestinal Bleeding - p. 306 50. Obscure Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Iron Deficiency Anemia - p. 311 51. 21. Jaundice - p. 313 52. 22. Biopsychosocial Issues in Gastroenterology - p. 324 53. 23. Factitious Gastrointestinal Disease - p. 340 54. Part IV. Topics Involving Multiple Organs - p. 349.e2 55. 24. Oral Diseases and Oral Manifestations of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases - p. 350 56. 25. Cutaneous Manifestations of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases - p. 359 57. 26. Diverticula of the Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine - p. 372 58. 27. Abdominal Hernias and Gastric Volvulus - p. 381 59. 28. Foreign Bodies, Bezoars, and Caustic Ingestions - p. 399 60. 29. Abdominal Abscesses and Gastrointestinal Fistulas - p. 411 61. 30. Eosinophilic Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 424 62. 31. Protein-Losing Gastroenteropathy - p. 435 63. 32. Gastrointestinal Lymphomas - p. 442 64. 33. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors - p. 458 65. 34. Neuroendocrine Tumors - p. 472 66. Historical Aspects - p. 472 67. Epidemiology - p. 472 68. Origin and Histochemical Features - p. 473 69. Classification - p. 474 70. Molecular Pathogenesis - p. 475 71. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia and Other Inherited Syndromes - p. 475 72. Functional Tumors - p. 476 73. Gastrinomas - p. 478 74. Glucagonomas - p. 482 75. Vipomas - p. 484 76. Other Functional Pnets - p. 485 77. Nonfunctional Pnets - p. 485 78. Gi-Nets (Carcinoids) - p. 485 79. Carcinoid Syndrome - p. 491 80. Tumor Localization - p. 493 81. Treatment of Metastatic Disease - p. 494 82. 35. Gastrointestinal Consequences of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus - p. 498 83. 36. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications of Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation - p. 510 84. 37. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of Systemic Diseases - p. 532 85. Collagen Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases (Table 37.1) - p. 532 86. Oncologic and Hematologic Diseases - p. 541 87. Endocrine Diseases - p. 547 88. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism - p. 550 89. Renal Diseases - p. 551 90. Neurologic Diseases - p. 551 91. Pulmonary Disease - p. 554 92. Critical Illness - p. 554 93. Sepsis - p. 554 94. Cardiovascular Diseases - p. 555 95. Infiltrative Diseases - p. 555 96. 38. Vascular Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract - p. 561 97. 39. Surgical Peritonitis and Other Diseases of the Peritoneum, Mesentery, Omentum, and Diaphragm - p. 580 98. 40. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders in the Pregnant Patient - p. 593 99. 41. Acute and Chronic Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Radiation Therapy - p. 606 100. 42. Preparation for and Complications of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy - p. 619 101. Part V. Esophagus - p. 626.e4 102. 43. Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Esophagus - p. 627 103. 44. Esophageal Neuromuscular Function and Motility Disorders - p. 638 104. 45. Esophageal Disorders Caused by Medications, Trauma, and Infection - p. 661 105. 46. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - p. 670 106. 47. Barrett Esophagus - p. 691 107. 48. Esophageal Tumors - p. 700 108. Part VI. Stomach and Duodenum - p. 719.e9 109. 49. Anatomy, Histology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Stomach and Duodenum - p. 720 110. 50. Gastric Neuromuscular Function and Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 735 111. 51. Gastric Secretion - p. 764 112. 52. Gastritis and Gastropathy - p. 781 113. 53. Peptic Ulcer Disease - p. 806 114. 54. Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach and Other Gastric Tumors - p. 820 115. Epidemiology - p. 820 116. Etiology and Pathogenesis - p. 820 117. Tumor Genetics - p. 827 118. Premalignant Conditions - p. 829 119. Screening and Surveillance - p. 832 120. Prevention - p. 832 121. Clinical Features - p. 834 122. Diagnosis - p. 834 123. Classification and Staging - p. 835 124. Prognosis and Treatment - p. 837 125. Miscellaneous Gastric Tumors - p. 841 126. Part VII. Pancreas - p. 841.e13 127. 55. Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Pancreas - p. 842 128. 56. Pancreatic Secretion - p. 853 129. 57. Genetic Disorders of the Pancreas and Pancreatic Disorders in Childhood - p. 862 130. Background - p. 862 131. Definitions and Terminology - p. 863 132. Genes that Modify Inflammation, Progression to Chronic Pancreatitis and Modifier Phenotypes - p. 876 133. Integration of Genetics And Patient Management - p. 878 134. Pancreatitis in Children - p. 879 135. Clinical Management of Mendelian Disorders of the Pancreas - p. 881 136. Rare Genetic Syndromes With Pancreatic Pathology - p. 891 137. Familial Metabolic Syndromes Associated With Recurrent Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis - p. 892 138. 58. Acute Pancreatitis - p. 893 139. 59. Chronic Pancreatitis - p. 917 140. Epidemiology - p. 917 141. Pathology - p. 918 142. Pathophysiology - p. 918 143. Etiology - p. 920 144. Clinical features - p. 927 145. Physical examination - p. 930 146. Diagnosis - p. 930 147. Diagnostic strategy - p. 936 148. Treatment - p. 936 149. Complications - p. 942 150. 60. Pancreatic Cancer, Cystic Pancreatic Neoplasms, and Other Nonendocrine Pancreatic Tumors - p. 947 151. 61. Endoscopic Treatment of Pancreatic Disease - p. 965 152. Part VIII. Biliary Tract - p. 972.e3 153. 62. Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Developmental Anomalies, and Pediatric Disorders of the Biliary Tract - p. 973 154. 63. Biliary Tract Motor Function and Dysfunction - p. 995 155. 64. Bile Secretion and the Enterohepatic Circulation - p. 1001 156. 65. Gallstone Disease - p. 1016 157. Types of Gallstones - p. 1016 158. Epidemiology - p. 1016 159. Composition and Abnormalities of Bile - p. 1020 160. Pathophysiology - p. 1024 161. Genetics - p. 1028 162. Pigment Stones - p. 1030 163. Natural History - p. 1034 164. Diagnosis - p. 1034 165. Clinical Disorders - p. 1040 166. Uncommon Complications - p. 1045 167. 66. Treatment of Gallstone Disease - p. 1047 168. 67. Acalculous Biliary Pain, Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis, Cholesterolosis, Adenomyomatosis, and Gallbladder Polyps - p. 1064 169. 68. Primary and Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 1077 170. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 1077 171. Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis - p. 1093 172. 69. Tumors of the Bile Ducts, Gallbladder, and Ampulla - p. 1096 173. 70. Endoscopic and Radiologic Treatment of Biliary Disease - p. 1113 174. Part IX. Liver - p. 1128.e6 175. 71. Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Liver - p. 1129 176. 72. Liver Physiology and Energy Metabolism - p. 1135 177. 73. Liver Chemistry and Function Tests - p. 1154 178. 74. Overview of Cirrhosis - p. 1164 179. 75. Hemochromatosis - p. 1172 180. 76. Wilson Disease - p. 1180 181. 77. Other Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the Liver - p. 1189 182. 78. Hepatitis A - p. 1210 183. 79. Hepatitis B - p. 1216 184. 80. Hepatitis C - p. 1243 185. Virology - p. 1243 186. Epidemiology - p. 1246 187. Pathogenesis - p. 1248 188. Clinical features - p. 1249 189. Diagnosis - p. 1250 190. Liver Biopsy and Noninvasive Assessment of Fibrosis - p. 1251 191. Natural History - p. 1253 192. Treatment - p. 1254 193. 81. Hepatitis D - p. 1283 194. 82. Hepatitis E - p. 1292 195. 83. Hepatitis Caused by Other Viruses - p. 1298 196. 84. Bacterial, Parasitic, and Fungal Infections of the Liver, Including Liver Abscesses - p. 1303 197. 85. Vascular Diseases of the Liver - p. 1321 198. 86. Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease - p. 1336 199. 87. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - p. 1354 200. 88. Liver Disease Caused by Drugs - p. 1367 201. Hepatic Drug Metabolism - p. 1367 202. Liver Disease Caused by Drugs - p. 1369 203. Dose-Dependent Hepatotoxicity - p. 1380 204. Drug-Induced Acute Hepatitis - p. 1384 205. Drug-Induced Granulomatous Hepatitis - p. 1390 206. Drug-Induced Chronic Hepatitis - p. 1390 207. Drug-Induced Acute Cholestasis - p. 1392 208. Drug-Induced Chronic Cholestasis - p. 1393 209. Drug-Induced Steatohepatitis and Hepatic Fibrosis - p. 1394 210. Drug-Induced Vascular Toxicity - p. 1397 211. Liver Tumors - p. 1398 212. 89. Liver Disease Caused by Anesthetics, Chemicals, Toxins, and Herbal and Dietary Supplements - p. 1399 213. 90. Autoimmune Hepatitis - p. 1415 214. 91. Primary Biliary Cholangitis - p. 1433 215. 92. Portal Hypertension and Variceal Bleeding - p. 1443 216. Normal Portal Circulation - p. 1443 217. Hemodynamic Principles of Portal Hypertension - p. 1444 218. Measurement of Portal Pressure - p. 1448 219. Detection of Varices - p. 1449 220. Causes of Portal Hypertension - p. 1451 221. Clinical Assessment - p. 1454 222. Treatment - p. 1455 223. TIPS - p. 1458 224. Management of Specific Causes of Portal Hypertension-Related Bleeding - p. 1462 225. 93. Ascites and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - p. 1471 226. 94. Hepatic Encephalopathy, Hepatorenal Syndrome, Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, and Other Systemic Complications of Liver Disease - p. 1486 227. 95. Acute Liver Failure - p. 1499 228. 96. Hepatic Tumors and Cysts - p. 1509 229. Malignant Tumors - p. 1509 230. Benign Tumors - p. 1524 231. Tumor-Like Hepatic Lesions - p. 1528 232. Hepatic Cysts - p. 1529 233. Approach to the Patient with AN Hepatic Mass - p. 1531 234. 97. Liver Transplantation - p. 1533 235. Part X. Small and Large Intestine - p. 1550.e4 236. 98. Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Small and Large Intestine - p. 1551 237. 99. Small Intestinal Motor and Sensory Function and Dysfunction - p. 1580 238. 100. Colonic Motor and Sensory Function and Dysfunction - p. 1595 239. 101. Intestinal Electrolyte Absorption and Secretion - p. 1611 240. 102. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat - p. 1636 241. 103. Digestion and Absorption of Micronutrients - p. 1657 242. 104. Maldigestion and Malabsorption - p. 1677 243. Etiology and Pathophysiology - p. 1678 244. Fats - p. 1679 245. Proteins and Amino Acids - p. 1680 246. Carbohydrates - p. 1680 247. Vitamins - p. 1680 248. Minerals - p. 1681 249. Mechanisms that Compensate for Malabsorption - p. 1682 250. Clinical Features and Evaluation - p. 1683 251. Malabsorption in Specific Situations and Disease States - p. 1696 252. General Approach to Management - p. 1709 253. 105. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth - p. 1711 254. 106. Short Bowel Syndrome - p. 1720 255. 107. Celiac Disease - p. 1736 256. 108. Tropical Diarrhea and Malabsorption - p. 1756 257. 109. Whipple Disease - p. 1769 258. 110. Infectious Enteritis and Proctocolitis - p. 1779 259. Susceptibility to Intestinal Infection - p. 1779 260. General Principles of Infectious Enteritis and Proctocolitis - p. 1781 261. Enterotoxigenic Pathogens - p. 1784 262. Invasive Pathogens - p. 1792 263. Sexually Transmitted Infectious Proctitis - p. 1802 264. Viral Pathogens - p. 1802 265. Travelers’ Diarrhea - p. 1804 266. Tuberculosis of the Intestinal Tract - p. 1806 267. Overview of Treatment - p. 1808 268. 111. Food Poisoning - p. 1810 269. 112. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Clostridioides difficile Infection - p. 1818 270. 113. Intestinal Protozoa - p. 1834 271. 114. Intestinal Worms - p. 1847 272. 115. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - p. 1868 273. 116. Management of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - p. 1898 274. Medical Therapy - p. 1898 275. Surgical Therapy - p. 1918 276. Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease –Related Complications - p. 1922 277. Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Special Situations - p. 1928 278. 117. Ileostomies, Colostomies, Pouches, and Anastomoses - p. 1930 279. 118. Intestinal Ischemia - p. 1944 280. 119. Intestinal Ulcerations - p. 1970 281. 120. Appendicitis - p. 1983 282. 121. Diverticular Disease of the Colon - p. 1993 283. 122. Irritable Bowel Syndrome - p. 2008 284. 123. Intestinal Obstruction - p. 2021 285. 124. Ileus and Pseudo-Obstruction Syndromes - p. 2039 286. 125. Tumors of the Small Intestine - p. 2059 287. 126. Colonic Polyps and Polyposis Syndromes - p. 2076 288. Conventional Adenomas - p. 2076 289. Pathology - p. 2077 290. Sessile Serrasted Adenomas and Hyperplastic Polyps - p. 2090 291. Non-Neoplastic Polyps and Polypoid Lesions - p. 2095 292. Gastrointestinal Polyposis Syndromes - p. 2097 293. 127. Colorectal Cancer - p. 2108 294. Epidemiology - p. 2108 295. Etiology - p. 2110 296. Biology - p. 2116 297. Familial colorectal cancer - p. 2123 298. Predisposing factors - p. 2124 299. Pathology - p. 2128 300. Natural history and staging - p. 2130 301. Prognosis - p. 2131 302. Clinical features - p. 2134 303. Diagnosis and screening - p. 2135 304. Treatment - p. 2144 305. Other malignant colonic tumors - p. 2152 306. 128. Other Diseases of the Colon - p. 2153 307. 129. Anal Diseases - p. 2169 308. Part XI. Additional Treatments for Patients with Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease - p. 2186.e4 309. 130. Probiotics - p. 2187 310. 131. Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine - p. 2192 311. 132. Palliative Care Medicine in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disease - p. 2206 312. Index - p. I1
