Written and edited by renowned experts in pediatric anesthesia, Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children provides clear, concise guidance on effective perioperative care for any type of pediatric surgery. The 10th Edition contains significantly revised content throughout, bringing you fully up to date with recent advances in clinical and basic science that have led to changes in today’s clinical practice.
Offers comprehensive coverage of physiology, pharmacology, and clinical anesthetic management of infants and children of all ages.
Contains new chapters on Airway Physiology and Development, Normal and Difficult Airway Management, Ultrasound, Acute Pain Management, Chronic Pain Management, Palliative Pain Management, Infectious Diseases, and Education; plus extensively revised content on cardiovascular physiology; induction, maintenance, and recovery; organ transplantation, and more.
Features more than 100 video demonstrations, including regional anesthesia videos, echocardiograms of congenital heart lesions, anatomic dissections of various congenital heart specimens with audio explanations, various pediatric surgical operative procedures, airway management, and much more.
Provides outstanding visual guidance throughout, including full-color photographs, drawings, graphs and charts, and radiographic images.
Includes quick-reference appendices online: drug dosages, growth curves, normal values for pulmonary function tests, and a listing of common and uncommon syndromes.
Provides an interactive question bank online for review and self-assessment.
Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
1. Introduction - p. 90 2. Developmental aspects of cardiomyocyte structure and function - p. 90 3. Subcellular structures - p. 90 4. Fetal circulation - p. 94 5. Myocardial performance - p. 102 6. Central nervous system regulation of cardiovascular function - p. 108 7. Assessment of the cardiovascular system - p. 109 8. Summary - p. 118 9. References - p. 118 10. Anesthetic effects on the cardiovascular system - p. 118 11. References - p. 118 12. 6. Regulation of fluids and electrolytes - p. 119 13. Introduction - p. 119 14. Overview of anatomy and physiology - p. 119 15. Maturation of renal function - p. 126 16. Fluid and electrolyte needs in healthy infants and children - p. 127 17. Dehydration in infants and children - p. 128 18. Perioperative parenteral guidelines of fluids and electrolytes - p. 131 19. Disorders of sodium metabolism - p. 133 20. Disorders of potassium metabolism - p. 139 21. Diuretic therapy - p. 147 22. Anesthetic agents and the kidneys - p. 149 23. Disorders of divalent ion metabolism - p. 149 24. Summary - p. 157 25. References - p. 157 26. References - p. 157 27. 7. Thermoregulation - p. 158 28. Part II. Pharmacology - p. 177 29. 8. Developmental pharmacology - p. 178 30. 9. Intravenous anesthetics - p. 198 31. 10. Inhaled anesthetics - p. 213 32. 11. Local anesthetics - p. 228 33. 12. Opioids - p. 233 34. Introduction - p. 233 35. Pharmacogenetics - p. 234 36. Opioid analgesics - p. 238 37. Opioid agonist-antagonists - p. 253 38. Abuse-deterrent formulations - p. 254 39. Acknowledgments - p. 256 40. References - p. 256 41. References - p. 256 42. 13. Neuromuscular blocking agents - p. 257 43. 14. Anesthetic adjuncts - p. 279 44. Part III. General Approach - p. 287 45. 15. Psychological aspects of pediatric anesthesia - p. 288 46. 16. Preoperative preparation - p. 302 47. 17. Equipment - p. 328 48. Introduction - p. 328 49. Humidifiers - p. 328 50. Anesthesia breathing systems - p. 329 51. Anesthesia machines - p. 332 52. Warming devices - p. 338 53. Face masks - p. 339 54. Oral and nasal airway devices - p. 339 55. Intravenous equipment - p. 354 56. Summary - p. 357 57. References - p. 357 58. References - p. 357 59. 18. Monitoring - p. 358 60. Basic monitoring - p. 358 61. Physical examination - p. 359 62. Electrocardiography - p. 359 63. Systemic arterial pressure - p. 359 64. Systolic pressure variation - p. 363 65. Central venous pressure - p. 363 66. Mixed venous oxygenation and monitoring - p. 365 67. Pulmonary artery catheters - p. 365 68. Transesophageal echocardiography - p. 366 69. Noninvasive respiratory gas monitoring - p. 367 70. Monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide - p. 370 71. Pulse oximetry - p. 370 72. Temperature - p. 372 73. Urine output - p. 373 74. Monitoring of neuromuscular blockade - p. 373 75. Cerebral monitoring - p. 374 76. Processed EEG data - p. 374 77. Near-infrared spectroscopy - p. 375 78. Direct neurophysiologic monitoring - p. 375 79. Summary - p. 381 80. Acknowledgments - p. 381 81. References - p. 381 82. References - p. 381 83. 19. Normal and difficult airway management - p. 382 84. 20. Point-of-care ultrasonography - p. 405 85. 21. Induction, maintenance, and recovery - p. 423 86. Introduction - p. 423 87. Induction of general anesthesia - p. 424 88. Maintenance of anesthesia - p. 435 89. Pharmacologic agents - p. 435 90. Desflurane - p. 437 91. Isoflurane - p. 437 92. Intravenous agents - p. 437 93. Propofol - p. 438 94. Dexmedetomidine - p. 438 95. Adjuvant agents - p. 439 96. Regional anesthesia - p. 441 97. Monitoring - p. 444 98. Fluid and electrolytes - p. 446 99. Ventilation - p. 446 100. Temperature maintenance - p. 447 101. Blood loss and blood component therapy - p. 447 102. Emergence and extubation - p. 448 103. Postanesthetic care unit - p. 449 104. Common problems in the postanesthetic care unit - p. 449 105. Respiratory system - p. 449 106. Discharge from the postanesthetic care unit - p. 453 107. Summary - p. 454 108. References - p. 454 109. References - p. 454 110. 22. Transfusion medicine - p. 455 111. Part IV. Pain Management - p. 479 112. 23. Acute pain management - p. 481 113. Introduction - p. 481 114. Neurophysiology of pain - p. 482 115. Genetics of pain - p. 484 116. Pain assessment - p. 486 117. Pharmacologic management of pain: The conundrum of “off-label” drug use - p. 488 118. Multimodal analgesia - p. 489 119. Nonpharmacologic management of pain - p. 489 120. Pharmacologic management of pain - p. 490 121. Complications of opioid therapy - p. 502 122. Analgesic adjuvants - p. 509 123. Pediatric enhanced recovery after surgery: Basic considerations and the role of multimodal analgesia - p. 512 124. Sleep - p. 514 125. The opioid epidemic and considerations for outpatient opioid prescribing - p. 515 126. New directions - p. 516 127. Conclusion - p. 518 128. Acknowledgment - p. 518 129. References - p. 518 130. References - p. 518 131. 24. Regional anesthesia - p. 519 132. Introduction - p. 519 133. Safety - p. 521 134. Pharmacologic differences between children and adults - p. 524 135. Techniques for regional block placement - p. 528 136. Neuraxial blocks - p. 531 137. Head and neck blocks - p. 538 138. Trunk blocks - p. 542 139. Upper-extremity nerve blocks - p. 552 140. Lower-extremity nerve blocks - p. 561 141. Perineural catheters - p. 572 142. Summary - p. 577 143. Acknowledgments - p. 577 144. References - p. 577 145. References - p. 577 146. 25. Chronic pain management - p. 578 147. 26. Pediatric palliative care and hospice - p. 587 148. Part V. Clinical Management of Specialized Surgical Problems - p. 594 149. 27. Neonatology for anesthesiologists - p. 596 150. Brief history of modern neonatology - p. 596 151. Developmental origins of adult disease - p. 598 152. Development of the fetus and the intrauterine environment - p. 598 153. Perinatal events - p. 598 154. Labor and delivery - p. 599 155. The placenta: In utero function and umbilical cord clamping - p. 599 156. Neonatal asphyxia - p. 599 157. Apgar score - p. 600 158. Gestational age - p. 601 159. The premature infant - p. 601 160. Metabolic status: Early postnatal period - p. 602 161. Apnea of the newborn - p. 604 162. Developmental physiology airway - p. 605 163. The pulmonary system - p. 605 164. The cardiovascular system - p. 611 165. The central nervous system - p. 620 166. Hepatic function - p. 632 167. Renal function - p. 637 168. Hematologic function - p. 642 169. Survival and outcomes - p. 649 170. Summary - p. 668 171. References - p. 668 172. References - p. 668 173. 28. Anesthesia for general surgery in neonates - p. 669 174. Introduction - p. 669 175. Anesthetic pharmacology in the neonate - p. 670 176. General approach to intraoperative monitoring of the neonate - p. 674 177. Minimal-access surgery in the neonate - p. 676 178. Specific neonatal surgical lesions - p. 678 179. Summary - p. 708 180. References - p. 708 181. References - p. 708 182. 29. Anesthesia for fetal surgery - p. 709 183. 30. Anesthesia for congenital heart disease - p. 732 184. Introduction - p. 732 185. Pathophysiology of congenital heart disease - p. 734 186. Factors increasing anesthetic risk - p. 739 187. General approach to anesthetic management for congenital heart surgery - p. 747 188. Anesthetic considerations for noncardiac procedures - p. 749 189. Specific lesions - p. 751 190. Cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children - p. 780 191. Heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation - p. 796 192. Anesthesia for cardiac catheterization - p. 815 193. Adult congenital heart disease - p. 829 194. Summary - p. 831 195. References - p. 831 196. References - p. 831 197. 31. Anesthesia for neurosurgery - p. 832 198. Introduction - p. 832 199. Anatomy and neurophysiology - p. 832 200. Preoperative evaluation and preparation - p. 837 201. Intraoperative management principles - p. 840 202. Postoperative considerations - p. 851 203. Anesthetic considerations for specific conditions - p. 851 204. Summary - p. 865 205. References - p. 865 206. References - p. 865 207. 32. Anesthesia for thoracic surgery - p. 866 208. 33. Anesthesia for general abdominal, urologic surgery - p. 885 209. Introduction - p. 885 210. General surgical procedures - p. 886 211. Urologic procedures - p. 904 212. Summary - p. 916 213. References - p. 916 214. References - p. 916 215. 34. Anesthesia for otorhinolaryngologic surgery - p. 917 216. 35. Anesthesia for plastic surgery - p. 945 217. 36. Anesthesia for orthopedic surgery - p. 969 218. Introduction - p. 969 219. Prevention of surgical site infection - p. 970 220. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis - p. 972 221. Scoliosis - p. 972 222. Osteosarcoma - p. 986 223. Syndromes of disproportionate short stature: Dwarfism - p. 987 224. Osteogenesis imperfecta - p. 989 225. Osteopetrosis - p. 990 226. Cerebral palsy - p. 991 227. Joint disorders - p. 992 228. Heritable connective tissue disorders: Marfan syndrome, loeys-dietz syndrome, and ehlers-danlos syndrome - p. 994 229. Distraction osteogenesis: Ilizarov method - p. 994 230. Spinal cord injury during lower extremity surgery - p. 996 231. Clubfoot - p. 997 232. Developmental dysplasia of the hip - p. 998 233. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis - p. 998 234. Fractures - p. 998 235. Summary - p. 1000 236. References - p. 1000 237. References - p. 1000 238. 37. Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery - p. 1001 239. 38. Solid organ transplantation - p. 1024 240. Organ donor management - p. 1024 241. Kidney transplantation - p. 1035 242. Liver transplantation - p. 1041 243. Pancreas transplantation - p. 1050 244. Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation - p. 1057 245. Summary - p. 1060 246. Acknowledgment - p. 1061 247. References - p. 1061 248. References - p. 1061 249. 39. Anesthesia for conjoined twins - p. 1062 250. 40. Anesthesia for pediatric trauma - p. 1083 251. Introduction - p. 1083 252. Epidemiology - p. 1084 253. Pediatric trauma systems - p. 1084 254. Pediatric trauma systems and centers - p. 1085 255. Quality assessment - p. 1085 256. Trauma scoring systems - p. 1085 257. Primary and secondary surveys - p. 1087 258. Anesthetic perioperative management - p. 1094 259. Specific injuries - p. 1099 260. Pediatric disaster preparedness - p. 1111 261. Summary - p. 1112 262. References - p. 1112 263. References - p. 1112 264. 41. Anesthesia for burns - p. 1113 265. 42. Anesthesia for dental procedures - p. 1132 266. 43. Anesthesia and sedation for out-of-operating-room procedures - p. 1148 267. 44. Pediatric sedation - p. 1168 268. 45. Anesthesia for surgical missions - p. 1184 269. Part VI. Systemic Disorders and Associated Problems - p. 1197 270. 46. Endocrine disorders - p. 1198 271. 47. Respiratory disorders - p. 1214 272. Asthma - p. 1214 273. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia - p. 1219 274. Upper respiratory tract infections - p. 1223 275. Cystic fibrosis - p. 1226 276. Nontransplant anesthesia in pediatric lung transplant recipients - p. 1231 277. Complicated pneumonias requiring intervention - p. 1233 278. Children on home ventilators - p. 1236 279. References - p. 1237 280. References - p. 1237 281. 48. Cardiovascular disorders - p. 1238 282. 49. Hematology and coagulation disorders - p. 1251 283. Introduction - p. 1251 284. Overview of the hemostatic system - p. 1252 285. Maturation of hemostasis - p. 1254 286. Monitoring of hemostasis - p. 1255 287. Congenital coagulation abnormalities - p. 1257 288. Acquired coagulation abnormalities - p. 1265 289. Acquired coagulopathies of secondary hemostasis - p. 1266 290. Acquired coagulopathies of tertiary hemostasis - p. 1268 291. Red blood cell and hemoglobin abnormalities - p. 1270 292. Intraoperative management of coagulopathies - p. 1276 293. References - p. 1281 294. References - p. 1281 295. 50. Oncologic disorders - p. 1282 296. 51. Genetic and muscular disorders - p. 1295 297. 52. Malignant hyperthermia - p. 1305 298. 53. Pediatric obesity - p. 1319 299. 54. Special pediatric disorders - p. 1330 300. 55. Dermatology for the anesthesiologist - p. 1343 301. 56. Infectious diseases - p. 1358 302. Part VII. Critical Care in Pediatric Anesthesia - p. 1363 303. 57. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1364 304. Cardiac arrest during anesthesia - p. 1365 305. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1371 306. Physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Reestablishment of circulation - p. 1375 307. Medications for cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1382 308. Electrical interventions for cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1389 309. Arrhythmias during cardiac arrest - p. 1393 310. Anesthesia-associated considerations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1402 311. Extracorporeal life support as adjunctive therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1405 312. Teamwork during intraoperative cardiac arrest - p. 1406 313. Postresuscitation care - p. 1410 314. Summary - p. 1411 315. References - p. 1412 316. References - p. 1412 317. 58. Critical care medicine - p. 1413 318. 59. Cardiac critical care medicine - p. 1425 319. Part VIII. Special Topics - p. 1442 320. 60. Safety and outcome in pediatric anesthesia - p. 1443 321. 61. History of pediatric anesthesia - p. 1462 322. 62. Medicolegal and ethical aspects of pediatric anesthesia - p. 1478 323. 63. Education - p. 1488 324. 64. Statistics - p. 1499 325. Appendix A. Pediatric drug dosages - p. 1509 326. Appendix B. Growth curves - p. 1509 327. Appendix C. Normal pulmonary function values - p. 1509 328. Appendix D. Index of syndromes and their pediatric anesthetic implications - p. 1509 329. Appendix. Multiple choice questions - p. 1509 330. Abbreviations - p. 1510 331. Index - p. 1516
Written and edited by renowned experts in pediatric anesthesia, Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children provides clear, concise guidance on effective perioperative care for any type of pediatric surgery. The 10th Edition contains significantly revised content throughout, bringing you fully up to date with recent advances in clinical and basic science that have led to changes in today’s clinical practice.
Offers comprehensive coverage of physiology, pharmacology, and clinical anesthetic management of infants and children of all ages.
Contains new chapters on Airway Physiology and Development, Normal and Difficult Airway Management, Ultrasound, Acute Pain Management, Chronic Pain Management, Palliative Pain Management, Infectious Diseases, and Education; plus extensively revised content on cardiovascular physiology; induction, maintenance, and recovery; organ transplantation, and more.
Features more than 100 video demonstrations, including regional anesthesia videos, echocardiograms of congenital heart lesions, anatomic dissections of various congenital heart specimens with audio explanations, various pediatric surgical operative procedures, airway management, and much more.
Provides outstanding visual guidance throughout, including full-color photographs, drawings, graphs and charts, and radiographic images.
Includes quick-reference appendices online: drug dosages, growth curves, normal values for pulmonary function tests, and a listing of common and uncommon syndromes.
Provides an interactive question bank online for review and self-assessment.
Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
1. Introduction - p. 90 2. Developmental aspects of cardiomyocyte structure and function - p. 90 3. Subcellular structures - p. 90 4. Fetal circulation - p. 94 5. Myocardial performance - p. 102 6. Central nervous system regulation of cardiovascular function - p. 108 7. Assessment of the cardiovascular system - p. 109 8. Summary - p. 118 9. References - p. 118 10. Anesthetic effects on the cardiovascular system - p. 118 11. References - p. 118 12. 6. Regulation of fluids and electrolytes - p. 119 13. Introduction - p. 119 14. Overview of anatomy and physiology - p. 119 15. Maturation of renal function - p. 126 16. Fluid and electrolyte needs in healthy infants and children - p. 127 17. Dehydration in infants and children - p. 128 18. Perioperative parenteral guidelines of fluids and electrolytes - p. 131 19. Disorders of sodium metabolism - p. 133 20. Disorders of potassium metabolism - p. 139 21. Diuretic therapy - p. 147 22. Anesthetic agents and the kidneys - p. 149 23. Disorders of divalent ion metabolism - p. 149 24. Summary - p. 157 25. References - p. 157 26. References - p. 157 27. 7. Thermoregulation - p. 158 28. Part II. Pharmacology - p. 177 29. 8. Developmental pharmacology - p. 178 30. 9. Intravenous anesthetics - p. 198 31. 10. Inhaled anesthetics - p. 213 32. 11. Local anesthetics - p. 228 33. 12. Opioids - p. 233 34. Introduction - p. 233 35. Pharmacogenetics - p. 234 36. Opioid analgesics - p. 238 37. Opioid agonist-antagonists - p. 253 38. Abuse-deterrent formulations - p. 254 39. Acknowledgments - p. 256 40. References - p. 256 41. References - p. 256 42. 13. Neuromuscular blocking agents - p. 257 43. 14. Anesthetic adjuncts - p. 279 44. Part III. General Approach - p. 287 45. 15. Psychological aspects of pediatric anesthesia - p. 288 46. 16. Preoperative preparation - p. 302 47. 17. Equipment - p. 328 48. Introduction - p. 328 49. Humidifiers - p. 328 50. Anesthesia breathing systems - p. 329 51. Anesthesia machines - p. 332 52. Warming devices - p. 338 53. Face masks - p. 339 54. Oral and nasal airway devices - p. 339 55. Intravenous equipment - p. 354 56. Summary - p. 357 57. References - p. 357 58. References - p. 357 59. 18. Monitoring - p. 358 60. Basic monitoring - p. 358 61. Physical examination - p. 359 62. Electrocardiography - p. 359 63. Systemic arterial pressure - p. 359 64. Systolic pressure variation - p. 363 65. Central venous pressure - p. 363 66. Mixed venous oxygenation and monitoring - p. 365 67. Pulmonary artery catheters - p. 365 68. Transesophageal echocardiography - p. 366 69. Noninvasive respiratory gas monitoring - p. 367 70. Monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide - p. 370 71. Pulse oximetry - p. 370 72. Temperature - p. 372 73. Urine output - p. 373 74. Monitoring of neuromuscular blockade - p. 373 75. Cerebral monitoring - p. 374 76. Processed EEG data - p. 374 77. Near-infrared spectroscopy - p. 375 78. Direct neurophysiologic monitoring - p. 375 79. Summary - p. 381 80. Acknowledgments - p. 381 81. References - p. 381 82. References - p. 381 83. 19. Normal and difficult airway management - p. 382 84. 20. Point-of-care ultrasonography - p. 405 85. 21. Induction, maintenance, and recovery - p. 423 86. Introduction - p. 423 87. Induction of general anesthesia - p. 424 88. Maintenance of anesthesia - p. 435 89. Pharmacologic agents - p. 435 90. Desflurane - p. 437 91. Isoflurane - p. 437 92. Intravenous agents - p. 437 93. Propofol - p. 438 94. Dexmedetomidine - p. 438 95. Adjuvant agents - p. 439 96. Regional anesthesia - p. 441 97. Monitoring - p. 444 98. Fluid and electrolytes - p. 446 99. Ventilation - p. 446 100. Temperature maintenance - p. 447 101. Blood loss and blood component therapy - p. 447 102. Emergence and extubation - p. 448 103. Postanesthetic care unit - p. 449 104. Common problems in the postanesthetic care unit - p. 449 105. Respiratory system - p. 449 106. Discharge from the postanesthetic care unit - p. 453 107. Summary - p. 454 108. References - p. 454 109. References - p. 454 110. 22. Transfusion medicine - p. 455 111. Part IV. Pain Management - p. 479 112. 23. Acute pain management - p. 481 113. Introduction - p. 481 114. Neurophysiology of pain - p. 482 115. Genetics of pain - p. 484 116. Pain assessment - p. 486 117. Pharmacologic management of pain: The conundrum of “off-label” drug use - p. 488 118. Multimodal analgesia - p. 489 119. Nonpharmacologic management of pain - p. 489 120. Pharmacologic management of pain - p. 490 121. Complications of opioid therapy - p. 502 122. Analgesic adjuvants - p. 509 123. Pediatric enhanced recovery after surgery: Basic considerations and the role of multimodal analgesia - p. 512 124. Sleep - p. 514 125. The opioid epidemic and considerations for outpatient opioid prescribing - p. 515 126. New directions - p. 516 127. Conclusion - p. 518 128. Acknowledgment - p. 518 129. References - p. 518 130. References - p. 518 131. 24. Regional anesthesia - p. 519 132. Introduction - p. 519 133. Safety - p. 521 134. Pharmacologic differences between children and adults - p. 524 135. Techniques for regional block placement - p. 528 136. Neuraxial blocks - p. 531 137. Head and neck blocks - p. 538 138. Trunk blocks - p. 542 139. Upper-extremity nerve blocks - p. 552 140. Lower-extremity nerve blocks - p. 561 141. Perineural catheters - p. 572 142. Summary - p. 577 143. Acknowledgments - p. 577 144. References - p. 577 145. References - p. 577 146. 25. Chronic pain management - p. 578 147. 26. Pediatric palliative care and hospice - p. 587 148. Part V. Clinical Management of Specialized Surgical Problems - p. 594 149. 27. Neonatology for anesthesiologists - p. 596 150. Brief history of modern neonatology - p. 596 151. Developmental origins of adult disease - p. 598 152. Development of the fetus and the intrauterine environment - p. 598 153. Perinatal events - p. 598 154. Labor and delivery - p. 599 155. The placenta: In utero function and umbilical cord clamping - p. 599 156. Neonatal asphyxia - p. 599 157. Apgar score - p. 600 158. Gestational age - p. 601 159. The premature infant - p. 601 160. Metabolic status: Early postnatal period - p. 602 161. Apnea of the newborn - p. 604 162. Developmental physiology airway - p. 605 163. The pulmonary system - p. 605 164. The cardiovascular system - p. 611 165. The central nervous system - p. 620 166. Hepatic function - p. 632 167. Renal function - p. 637 168. Hematologic function - p. 642 169. Survival and outcomes - p. 649 170. Summary - p. 668 171. References - p. 668 172. References - p. 668 173. 28. Anesthesia for general surgery in neonates - p. 669 174. Introduction - p. 669 175. Anesthetic pharmacology in the neonate - p. 670 176. General approach to intraoperative monitoring of the neonate - p. 674 177. Minimal-access surgery in the neonate - p. 676 178. Specific neonatal surgical lesions - p. 678 179. Summary - p. 708 180. References - p. 708 181. References - p. 708 182. 29. Anesthesia for fetal surgery - p. 709 183. 30. Anesthesia for congenital heart disease - p. 732 184. Introduction - p. 732 185. Pathophysiology of congenital heart disease - p. 734 186. Factors increasing anesthetic risk - p. 739 187. General approach to anesthetic management for congenital heart surgery - p. 747 188. Anesthetic considerations for noncardiac procedures - p. 749 189. Specific lesions - p. 751 190. Cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children - p. 780 191. Heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation - p. 796 192. Anesthesia for cardiac catheterization - p. 815 193. Adult congenital heart disease - p. 829 194. Summary - p. 831 195. References - p. 831 196. References - p. 831 197. 31. Anesthesia for neurosurgery - p. 832 198. Introduction - p. 832 199. Anatomy and neurophysiology - p. 832 200. Preoperative evaluation and preparation - p. 837 201. Intraoperative management principles - p. 840 202. Postoperative considerations - p. 851 203. Anesthetic considerations for specific conditions - p. 851 204. Summary - p. 865 205. References - p. 865 206. References - p. 865 207. 32. Anesthesia for thoracic surgery - p. 866 208. 33. Anesthesia for general abdominal, urologic surgery - p. 885 209. Introduction - p. 885 210. General surgical procedures - p. 886 211. Urologic procedures - p. 904 212. Summary - p. 916 213. References - p. 916 214. References - p. 916 215. 34. Anesthesia for otorhinolaryngologic surgery - p. 917 216. 35. Anesthesia for plastic surgery - p. 945 217. 36. Anesthesia for orthopedic surgery - p. 969 218. Introduction - p. 969 219. Prevention of surgical site infection - p. 970 220. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis - p. 972 221. Scoliosis - p. 972 222. Osteosarcoma - p. 986 223. Syndromes of disproportionate short stature: Dwarfism - p. 987 224. Osteogenesis imperfecta - p. 989 225. Osteopetrosis - p. 990 226. Cerebral palsy - p. 991 227. Joint disorders - p. 992 228. Heritable connective tissue disorders: Marfan syndrome, loeys-dietz syndrome, and ehlers-danlos syndrome - p. 994 229. Distraction osteogenesis: Ilizarov method - p. 994 230. Spinal cord injury during lower extremity surgery - p. 996 231. Clubfoot - p. 997 232. Developmental dysplasia of the hip - p. 998 233. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis - p. 998 234. Fractures - p. 998 235. Summary - p. 1000 236. References - p. 1000 237. References - p. 1000 238. 37. Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery - p. 1001 239. 38. Solid organ transplantation - p. 1024 240. Organ donor management - p. 1024 241. Kidney transplantation - p. 1035 242. Liver transplantation - p. 1041 243. Pancreas transplantation - p. 1050 244. Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation - p. 1057 245. Summary - p. 1060 246. Acknowledgment - p. 1061 247. References - p. 1061 248. References - p. 1061 249. 39. Anesthesia for conjoined twins - p. 1062 250. 40. Anesthesia for pediatric trauma - p. 1083 251. Introduction - p. 1083 252. Epidemiology - p. 1084 253. Pediatric trauma systems - p. 1084 254. Pediatric trauma systems and centers - p. 1085 255. Quality assessment - p. 1085 256. Trauma scoring systems - p. 1085 257. Primary and secondary surveys - p. 1087 258. Anesthetic perioperative management - p. 1094 259. Specific injuries - p. 1099 260. Pediatric disaster preparedness - p. 1111 261. Summary - p. 1112 262. References - p. 1112 263. References - p. 1112 264. 41. Anesthesia for burns - p. 1113 265. 42. Anesthesia for dental procedures - p. 1132 266. 43. Anesthesia and sedation for out-of-operating-room procedures - p. 1148 267. 44. Pediatric sedation - p. 1168 268. 45. Anesthesia for surgical missions - p. 1184 269. Part VI. Systemic Disorders and Associated Problems - p. 1197 270. 46. Endocrine disorders - p. 1198 271. 47. Respiratory disorders - p. 1214 272. Asthma - p. 1214 273. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia - p. 1219 274. Upper respiratory tract infections - p. 1223 275. Cystic fibrosis - p. 1226 276. Nontransplant anesthesia in pediatric lung transplant recipients - p. 1231 277. Complicated pneumonias requiring intervention - p. 1233 278. Children on home ventilators - p. 1236 279. References - p. 1237 280. References - p. 1237 281. 48. Cardiovascular disorders - p. 1238 282. 49. Hematology and coagulation disorders - p. 1251 283. Introduction - p. 1251 284. Overview of the hemostatic system - p. 1252 285. Maturation of hemostasis - p. 1254 286. Monitoring of hemostasis - p. 1255 287. Congenital coagulation abnormalities - p. 1257 288. Acquired coagulation abnormalities - p. 1265 289. Acquired coagulopathies of secondary hemostasis - p. 1266 290. Acquired coagulopathies of tertiary hemostasis - p. 1268 291. Red blood cell and hemoglobin abnormalities - p. 1270 292. Intraoperative management of coagulopathies - p. 1276 293. References - p. 1281 294. References - p. 1281 295. 50. Oncologic disorders - p. 1282 296. 51. Genetic and muscular disorders - p. 1295 297. 52. Malignant hyperthermia - p. 1305 298. 53. Pediatric obesity - p. 1319 299. 54. Special pediatric disorders - p. 1330 300. 55. Dermatology for the anesthesiologist - p. 1343 301. 56. Infectious diseases - p. 1358 302. Part VII. Critical Care in Pediatric Anesthesia - p. 1363 303. 57. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1364 304. Cardiac arrest during anesthesia - p. 1365 305. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1371 306. Physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Reestablishment of circulation - p. 1375 307. Medications for cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1382 308. Electrical interventions for cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1389 309. Arrhythmias during cardiac arrest - p. 1393 310. Anesthesia-associated considerations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1402 311. Extracorporeal life support as adjunctive therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1405 312. Teamwork during intraoperative cardiac arrest - p. 1406 313. Postresuscitation care - p. 1410 314. Summary - p. 1411 315. References - p. 1412 316. References - p. 1412 317. 58. Critical care medicine - p. 1413 318. 59. Cardiac critical care medicine - p. 1425 319. Part VIII. Special Topics - p. 1442 320. 60. Safety and outcome in pediatric anesthesia - p. 1443 321. 61. History of pediatric anesthesia - p. 1462 322. 62. Medicolegal and ethical aspects of pediatric anesthesia - p. 1478 323. 63. Education - p. 1488 324. 64. Statistics - p. 1499 325. Appendix A. Pediatric drug dosages - p. 1509 326. Appendix B. Growth curves - p. 1509 327. Appendix C. Normal pulmonary function values - p. 1509 328. Appendix D. Index of syndromes and their pediatric anesthetic implications - p. 1509 329. Appendix. Multiple choice questions - p. 1509 330. Abbreviations - p. 1510 331. Index - p. 1516
