Solar Energy Desalination Technology explains how to obtain clean water from sea water using solar energy. Special methods and types used in solar desalination are introduced, providing new thoughts, concepts, and feasible solutions in the desalination field, along with the thermal and economic efficiency relating to current technology.
Many places in the world are suffering from fresh water shortage. However, those places are often rich with solar resources, sea water, and/or brackish water resources that could dramatically benefit from solar energy as a viable solution for the production of fresh water.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Preface - p. xv 6. Chapter 1. General Problems in Seawater Desalination - p. 1 7. Chapter 2. Solar Energy Utilization and Its Collection Devices - p. 47 8. 2.1. Solar Radiation Energy - p. 49 9. 2.2. Catalog of Solar Collectors and Their Fundamental Technologies - p. 56 10. 2.3. Flat-Plate Solar Collector - p. 63 11. 2.4. Vacuum Tube Solar Collector - p. 79 12. 2.5. Solar Pond - p. 87 13. 2.6. Concentrating Solar Collector and Its Characteristics - p. 95 14. 2.7. Nonimagining Concentrator - p. 109 15. 2.8. Paraboloid Solar Concentrator - p. 118 16. 2.9. Array Fresnel Lens Reflective Concentration System - p. 131 17. 2.10. Transmission-Type Line-Focus Fresnel Solar Concentrator - p. 137 18. 2.11. Tower Solar Concentration System - p. 149 19. 2.12. Compound Solar Concentrator With Multiple Surfaces and Multiple Elements - p. 157 20. Chapter 3. Fundamental Relationships of Heat and Mass Transfer in Solar Seawater Desalination Systems - p. 173 21. 3.1. Physical Properties and State Parameters of Moist Air - p. 174 22. 3.2. Psychrometric Chart and the Basic Thermodynamic Process of Moist Air - p. 180 23. 3.3. Heat and Moisture Transfer in Direct Contact Between Air and Water - p. 186 24. 3.4. Water Vapor Generation Under Constant Pressure - p. 191 25. 3.5. Liquid Boiling Under Constant Pressure - p. 194 26. 3.6. Condensation of Water Vapor Under Constant Pressure - p. 202 27. 3.7. Falling Film Evaporation of Water Under Constant Pressure - p. 212 28. 3.8. Enhancement of Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation - p. 217 29. 3.9. Heat Transfer on Plate and Tube Wall in Convective Boundary Layer - p. 220 30. 3.10. Heat Exchangers and Heat Transfer Rate Calculations - p. 225 31. 3.11. Theoretical Power Consumption in Desalination and Minimum Heat Consumption in Distillation - p. 236 32. 3.12. The Perfect Distillation Process Driven by Solar Collector - p. 241 33. 3.13. The Performance Evaluation of Solar Desalination System - p. 256 34. Chapter 4. Traditional Solar Desalination Units - p. 259 35. 4.1. Operating Principle of Basin Type Solar Stills - p. 260 36. 4.2. Performance Analysis of Basin Type Solar Stills - p. 261 37. 4.3. Performance Coefficient of Solar Still - p. 265 38. 4.4. Determination of the Natural Convection Coefficient hc in the Still - p. 265 39. 4.5. Operation of Basin Type Solar Stills Under Actual Weather Conditions - p. 282 40. 4.6. Multistage Basin Type Solar Stills - p. 301 41. 4.7. Basin Type Solar Stills With Outer Condenser - p. 305 42. 4.8. Basin Type Solar Stills With Porous Absorbent Material - p. 306 43. 4.9. Concentrating Type Passive Solar Stills - p. 307 44. 4.10. Inclined Type Solar Still - p. 310 45. 4.11. Other Shaped Passive Solar Stills - p. 311 46. 4.12. The Main Shortages and Improvement Direction of Basin Type Solar Stills - p. 316 47. Chapter 5. Active Solar Distiller - p. 323 48. 5.1. The Basin-Type Solar Still Driven by Flat-Plate Solar Collectors - p. 325 49. 5.2. The Active Basin-Type Solar Still With Glass Cover Cooling - p. 334 50. 5.3. The Active Basin-Type Solar Still With Thermal Energy Storage Tank - p. 336 51. 5.4. The Basin-Type Solar Still With Active Outer Condenser - p. 338 52. 5.5. The Basin-Type Solar Still With Actively Recovering Latent Heat Outer Condenser - p. 341 53. 5.6. Multieffect Basin-Type Solar Still Combined With Solar Collectors - p. 345 54. 5.7. Multieffect Basin-Type Solar Still Heated Actively by Solar Collectors - p. 350 55. 5.8. Multistage Stacked Tray Solar Still With Enhanced Condensing Faces - p. 356 56. 5.9. Multistage Stacked Tray Solar Still Driven by Double Heat Sources - p. 362 57. 5.10. Tubular Solar Desalination Device - p. 373 58. 5.11. Multieffect Concentric Vertical Tube Solar Still - p. 389 59. 5.12. The Solar Distiller With Single-Stage Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation - p. 399 60. 5.13. The Solar Distiller With Multiple-Stages Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation - p. 403 61. 5.14. The Solar Distiller Enhanced by Power - p. 412 62. 5.15. A Multieffect Thermal Regeneration Solar Desalination Unit With Horizontal Tube Falling Film Evaporation and Closed Circulation - p. 415 63. 5.16. A Self-Storing Water Vertical Plate Solar Distiller - p. 425 64. 5.17. Solar Water Desalination Using an Air Bubble Column Humidifier - p. 432 65. 5.18. Theoretical Analysis of a Vertical Multiple-Effect Diffusion Solar Still Coupled With a Tilted Wick Still - p. 438 66. Chapter 6. Humidification–Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems - p. 447 67. 6.1. The Principle and Category of Humidification–Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems - p. 448 68. 6.2. Process Description of Humidification–Dehumidification (HDH) Desalination - p. 451 69. 6.3. Performance Optimization by Pinch Technology - p. 456 70. 6.4. The Minimum Work Required for a Solar HDD Process - p. 464 71. 6.5. Heating Water Type Solar HDD System - p. 478 72. 6.6. Heating Air Type Solar HDD Systems - p. 488 73. 6.7. Solar Water and Air Heating Compound HDD System - p. 494 74. 6.8. Multieffect Humidification–Dehumidification Solar Desalination System - p. 498 75. 6.9. A Closed Circulation Solar Still With Enhanced Falling Film Evaporation and AirFlow Absorption - p. 503 76. 6.10. Tandem Multieffect Isothermal Heating Solar Desalination System Based on the Humidification–Dehumidification Processes - p. 516 77. 6.11. Other Typical Air Humidification–Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems - p. 526 78. Chapter 7. Solar Desalination System Combined With Conventional Technologies - p. 537 79. 7.1. Multistage Flash Solar Desalination System - p. 539 80. 7.2. Multieffect Solar Distillation System - p. 554 81. 7.3. Solar Vapor Compression Desalination System - p. 567 82. 7.4. Desalination Using the Partial Pressure Difference Between Freshwater and Seawater - p. 579 83. 7.5. Horizontal Tube Falling Film Evaporation and Multieffect Recover Solar Desalination System - p. 584 84. 7.6. Low-Temperature Multieffect Desalination System Together With Solar Pond - p. 602 85. 7.7. Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar Photovoltaic Panel - p. 605 86. 7.8. Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar PV/T Device - p. 612 87. 7.9. Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar Power Cycle System - p. 615 88. 7.10. Large-Scale Solar Desalination by Combination With Concentrated Solar Power: Concept and Analysis - p. 618 89. Chapter 8. Absorption and Adsorption Solar Desalination System - p. 623 90. Chapter 9. Solar Concentrating Directly to Drive Desalination Technologies - p. 671 91. Chapter 10. The Benefit Evaluation and Material Selecting - p. 709 92. Appendix - p. 737 93. Index - p. 755
Solar Energy Desalination Technology explains how to obtain clean water from sea water using solar energy. Special methods and types used in solar desalination are introduced, providing new thoughts, concepts, and feasible solutions in the desalination field, along with the thermal and economic efficiency relating to current technology.
Many places in the world are suffering from fresh water shortage. However, those places are often rich with solar resources, sea water, and/or brackish water resources that could dramatically benefit from solar energy as a viable solution for the production of fresh water.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Preface - p. xv 6. Chapter 1. General Problems in Seawater Desalination - p. 1 7. Chapter 2. Solar Energy Utilization and Its Collection Devices - p. 47 8. 2.1. Solar Radiation Energy - p. 49 9. 2.2. Catalog of Solar Collectors and Their Fundamental Technologies - p. 56 10. 2.3. Flat-Plate Solar Collector - p. 63 11. 2.4. Vacuum Tube Solar Collector - p. 79 12. 2.5. Solar Pond - p. 87 13. 2.6. Concentrating Solar Collector and Its Characteristics - p. 95 14. 2.7. Nonimagining Concentrator - p. 109 15. 2.8. Paraboloid Solar Concentrator - p. 118 16. 2.9. Array Fresnel Lens Reflective Concentration System - p. 131 17. 2.10. Transmission-Type Line-Focus Fresnel Solar Concentrator - p. 137 18. 2.11. Tower Solar Concentration System - p. 149 19. 2.12. Compound Solar Concentrator With Multiple Surfaces and Multiple Elements - p. 157 20. Chapter 3. Fundamental Relationships of Heat and Mass Transfer in Solar Seawater Desalination Systems - p. 173 21. 3.1. Physical Properties and State Parameters of Moist Air - p. 174 22. 3.2. Psychrometric Chart and the Basic Thermodynamic Process of Moist Air - p. 180 23. 3.3. Heat and Moisture Transfer in Direct Contact Between Air and Water - p. 186 24. 3.4. Water Vapor Generation Under Constant Pressure - p. 191 25. 3.5. Liquid Boiling Under Constant Pressure - p. 194 26. 3.6. Condensation of Water Vapor Under Constant Pressure - p. 202 27. 3.7. Falling Film Evaporation of Water Under Constant Pressure - p. 212 28. 3.8. Enhancement of Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation - p. 217 29. 3.9. Heat Transfer on Plate and Tube Wall in Convective Boundary Layer - p. 220 30. 3.10. Heat Exchangers and Heat Transfer Rate Calculations - p. 225 31. 3.11. Theoretical Power Consumption in Desalination and Minimum Heat Consumption in Distillation - p. 236 32. 3.12. The Perfect Distillation Process Driven by Solar Collector - p. 241 33. 3.13. The Performance Evaluation of Solar Desalination System - p. 256 34. Chapter 4. Traditional Solar Desalination Units - p. 259 35. 4.1. Operating Principle of Basin Type Solar Stills - p. 260 36. 4.2. Performance Analysis of Basin Type Solar Stills - p. 261 37. 4.3. Performance Coefficient of Solar Still - p. 265 38. 4.4. Determination of the Natural Convection Coefficient hc in the Still - p. 265 39. 4.5. Operation of Basin Type Solar Stills Under Actual Weather Conditions - p. 282 40. 4.6. Multistage Basin Type Solar Stills - p. 301 41. 4.7. Basin Type Solar Stills With Outer Condenser - p. 305 42. 4.8. Basin Type Solar Stills With Porous Absorbent Material - p. 306 43. 4.9. Concentrating Type Passive Solar Stills - p. 307 44. 4.10. Inclined Type Solar Still - p. 310 45. 4.11. Other Shaped Passive Solar Stills - p. 311 46. 4.12. The Main Shortages and Improvement Direction of Basin Type Solar Stills - p. 316 47. Chapter 5. Active Solar Distiller - p. 323 48. 5.1. The Basin-Type Solar Still Driven by Flat-Plate Solar Collectors - p. 325 49. 5.2. The Active Basin-Type Solar Still With Glass Cover Cooling - p. 334 50. 5.3. The Active Basin-Type Solar Still With Thermal Energy Storage Tank - p. 336 51. 5.4. The Basin-Type Solar Still With Active Outer Condenser - p. 338 52. 5.5. The Basin-Type Solar Still With Actively Recovering Latent Heat Outer Condenser - p. 341 53. 5.6. Multieffect Basin-Type Solar Still Combined With Solar Collectors - p. 345 54. 5.7. Multieffect Basin-Type Solar Still Heated Actively by Solar Collectors - p. 350 55. 5.8. Multistage Stacked Tray Solar Still With Enhanced Condensing Faces - p. 356 56. 5.9. Multistage Stacked Tray Solar Still Driven by Double Heat Sources - p. 362 57. 5.10. Tubular Solar Desalination Device - p. 373 58. 5.11. Multieffect Concentric Vertical Tube Solar Still - p. 389 59. 5.12. The Solar Distiller With Single-Stage Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation - p. 399 60. 5.13. The Solar Distiller With Multiple-Stages Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation - p. 403 61. 5.14. The Solar Distiller Enhanced by Power - p. 412 62. 5.15. A Multieffect Thermal Regeneration Solar Desalination Unit With Horizontal Tube Falling Film Evaporation and Closed Circulation - p. 415 63. 5.16. A Self-Storing Water Vertical Plate Solar Distiller - p. 425 64. 5.17. Solar Water Desalination Using an Air Bubble Column Humidifier - p. 432 65. 5.18. Theoretical Analysis of a Vertical Multiple-Effect Diffusion Solar Still Coupled With a Tilted Wick Still - p. 438 66. Chapter 6. Humidification–Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems - p. 447 67. 6.1. The Principle and Category of Humidification–Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems - p. 448 68. 6.2. Process Description of Humidification–Dehumidification (HDH) Desalination - p. 451 69. 6.3. Performance Optimization by Pinch Technology - p. 456 70. 6.4. The Minimum Work Required for a Solar HDD Process - p. 464 71. 6.5. Heating Water Type Solar HDD System - p. 478 72. 6.6. Heating Air Type Solar HDD Systems - p. 488 73. 6.7. Solar Water and Air Heating Compound HDD System - p. 494 74. 6.8. Multieffect Humidification–Dehumidification Solar Desalination System - p. 498 75. 6.9. A Closed Circulation Solar Still With Enhanced Falling Film Evaporation and AirFlow Absorption - p. 503 76. 6.10. Tandem Multieffect Isothermal Heating Solar Desalination System Based on the Humidification–Dehumidification Processes - p. 516 77. 6.11. Other Typical Air Humidification–Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems - p. 526 78. Chapter 7. Solar Desalination System Combined With Conventional Technologies - p. 537 79. 7.1. Multistage Flash Solar Desalination System - p. 539 80. 7.2. Multieffect Solar Distillation System - p. 554 81. 7.3. Solar Vapor Compression Desalination System - p. 567 82. 7.4. Desalination Using the Partial Pressure Difference Between Freshwater and Seawater - p. 579 83. 7.5. Horizontal Tube Falling Film Evaporation and Multieffect Recover Solar Desalination System - p. 584 84. 7.6. Low-Temperature Multieffect Desalination System Together With Solar Pond - p. 602 85. 7.7. Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar Photovoltaic Panel - p. 605 86. 7.8. Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar PV/T Device - p. 612 87. 7.9. Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar Power Cycle System - p. 615 88. 7.10. Large-Scale Solar Desalination by Combination With Concentrated Solar Power: Concept and Analysis - p. 618 89. Chapter 8. Absorption and Adsorption Solar Desalination System - p. 623 90. Chapter 9. Solar Concentrating Directly to Drive Desalination Technologies - p. 671 91. Chapter 10. The Benefit Evaluation and Material Selecting - p. 709 92. Appendix - p. 737 93. Index - p. 755
