For fifty years, experienced clinicians and physicians in training have relied on Swaiman’s cornerstone text as their #1 source for authoritative guidance in pediatric neurology. Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice, Seventh Edition, continues this tradition of excellence under the expert editorial direction of Drs. Stephen Ashwal and Phillip L. Pearl, along with a team of key leaders in the field who serve as associate and section editors in their areas of expertise. Thorough revisions—including new chapters, new videos, new editors, and expanded content—bring you up to date with this dynamic field.
1. Introduction - p. 58 2. The Peripheral Neural Code - p. 58.e1 3. Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear and Auditory System - p. 58.e2 4. The External Ear - p. 58.e2 5. The Middle Ear - p. 58.e2 6. The Inner Ear - p. 58.e3 7. The Cochlea: Partitions and Fluids - p. 58.e3 8. The Cochlear and Vestibular Aqueducts - p. 58.e3 9. The Organ of Corti - p. 58.e3 10. Mechanoelectrical Transduction - p. 58.e4 11. Cochlear Filtering and the Tonotopic Code: General Principles - p. 58.e4 12. Cochlear Filtering: The Tonotopic Code and the Cochlear Amplifier - p. 58.e4 13. The Ribbon Synapse and Temporal Code - p. 58.e4 14. The Cochlear Nerve: Innervation Pattern of the Cochlea - p. 58.e5 15. Efferent Innervation of the Cochlea: Physiological Role - p. 58.e5 16. The Central Auditory Nervous System - p. 58.e5 17. Parallel and Binaural Processing - p. 58.e6 18. Hierarchical Processing - p. 58.e6 19. Multimodal Organization of the Auditory Pathways - p. 58.e6 20. Sound Sources Reconstruction - p. 58.e7 21. Auditory Scene Analysis - p. 58.e7 22. Sound Sources Localization - p. 58.e9 23. Auditory Disorders and Localization - p. 58.e10 24. Binaural Hearing Evaluation - p. 58.e10 25. Auditory Processing Disorder - p. 58.e11 26. Hidden Hearing Loss - p. 58.e11 27. Effortful Listening - p. 58.e12 28. Hearing Loss - p. 58.e13 29. Consequences of Hearing Impairment - p. 59 30. Critical Periods - p. 60 31. Early Diagnosis and Intervention - p. 60 32. Evaluation of Auditory Function - p. 60 33. Behavioral Testing - p. 61.e1 34. Behavioral Testing: Suprathreshold Evaluations - p. 61.e2 35. Objective Methods - p. 61.e2 36. Middle Ear Evaluation - p. 61.e3 37. Objective Audiometry - p. 61.e4 38. Additional Otoacoustic Emission Applications - p. 61.e4 39. Auditory-Evoked Potentials - p. 61.e5 40. Auditory-Evoked Potentials - p. 61 41. Classification by Variation Rate - p. 61 42. Classification by Long-Term Time Course - p. 61 43. Classification by Dependency on Cognition - p. 61 44. Transient Auditory Brainstem Responses - p. 61 45. Transient Auditory Brainstem Responses Generators - p. 61 46. Transient ABRs: Click-ABR for Audiological Applications - p. 61.e6 47. The Chirp Stimulus - p. 61.e6 48. Click–Auditory Brainstem Response Latency-Intensity Function - p. 61.e6 49. Click–Auditory Brainstem Responses: Click Polarity Effects - p. 61.e8 50. Click-ABRs: Click Polarity Effects in High-Frequency Losses - p. 61.e8 51. Click-ABRs: Click Polarity Effects and the Cochlear Microphonic Potential - p. 61.e8 52. Electrophysiological Frequency-Specific Thresholds: Stimuli - p. 61.e9 53. Applications of Late Auditory-Evoked Potentials - p. 61.e11 54. Frequency-Following Response and Speech-Evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses - p. 61.e12 55. The Cross-Check Principle - p. 62 56. The Cross-Check Principle - p. 62.e1 57. Cross-Checking Examples - p. 63.e1 58. Critical Review of Auditory Brainstem Response Tracings - p. 63.e2 59. Criteria for Critical Reviewing of Auditory Brainstem Response Tracings - p. 63.e2 60. Erroneous Threshold Estimation Example - p. 63.e3 61. Imaging - p. 63.e3 62. Genetic Testing: Objectives and Methods - p. 63.e3 63. Hearing Impairment in the Pediatric Population - p. 63 64. Causes of Congenital and Infantile Sensorineural Hearing Impairment - p. 64 65. Environmental Causes - p. 64 66. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Sensorineural Hearing Impairment - p. 64.e1 67. Ototoxicity - p. 64.e1 68. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - p. 64.e1 69. Traumatic Hearing Loss - p. 64.e1 70. Interactions Between Environmental Causes and Genetically Determined Susceptibility - p. 64.e1 71. Genetics of Deafness - p. 64.e1 72. Genetic Architecture of Sensorineural Isolated Deafness and Molecular Diagnosis - p. 65.e1 73. Syndromic Deafness Forms - p. 65.e1 74. Usher Syndrome: Three Clinical Subtypes and Their Causal Genes, the Need for Early Molecular Diagnosis and Underlying Pathogenic Mechanisms - p. 65.e1 75. Contributions of the Mitochondrial Genome to Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity, Isolated Sensorineural Deafness and Many Forms of Syndromic Deafness - p. 65.e3 76. Genetic Architecture of Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder - p. 65.e4 77. Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Genetic Forms of Isolated Sensorineural Deafness - p. 65.e7 78. Ongoing Research Into the Prevention and Cure of Hearing Impairment - p. 65.e7 79. The Long Journey from the Identification of a Causal Deafness Gene to a Clinical Trial for Gene Therapy: The Case of DFNB9, Caused by Defects of the OTOF Gene Encoding Otoferlin - p. 66.e1 80. Clinical Evaluation and Specialized Testing - p. 66.e2 81. Management of Hearing Loss - p. 66.e2 82. Cochlear Implants - p. 67 83. Cochlear Implant in Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder - p. 68.e2 84. Bilateral Cochlear Implants - p. 68.e2 85. Hybrid Cochlear Implants - p. 68.e2 86. Brainstem Implants - p. 68.e2 87. Constraints on Speech and Language Learning - p. 68.e3 88. Acknowledgments - p. 68.e3 89. E-Book Material - p. 68.e3 90. References - p. 68 91. References - p. 68.e1 92. 8. Vertigo - p. 69 93. 9. Taste and Smell - p. 76 94. 10. Neuropsychological Assessment - p. 84 95. Part II: Care of the Child With Neurologic Disorders - p. 92 96. 11. Counseling Children With Neurologic Disorders and Their Families - p. 92a 97. 12. Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Medicine - p. 97 98. 13. Pediatric Palliative Care, Pain, and Symptom Management - p. 108 99. 14. Practical Bioethics in Child Neurology - p. 118 100. 15. Transitional Care for Children With Neurologic Disorders - p. 126 101. 16. Practice Guidelines in Pediatric Neurology - p. 132 102. 17. Measurement of Health Outcomes in Pediatric Neurologic Disorders - p. 142 103. 18. Computer Resources, Artificial Intelligence, and Telemedicine - p. 149 104. 19. Education and Training of Child Neurologists and Workforce Issues - p. 155 105. Part III: Neurodiagnostic Testing - p. 163 106. 20. Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination - p. 163a 107. 21. Pediatric Neuroimaging - p. 169 108. 22. Pediatric Neurophysiologic Evaluation - p. 176 109. Part IV: Global Child Neurology - p. 189 110. 23. Regional and Global Implications for Children’s Brain Health - p. 189a 111. 24. Implementing Child Neurology Care in Resource-Limited Settings - p. 195 112. 25. Adaptation and Implementation of Guidelines at the Local Level - p. 202 113. Part V: Neonatal Neurology - p. 208 114. 26. Neonatal Neuro-Intensive Care - p. 208a 115. 27. Provoked Neonatal Seizures and Neonatal Onset Epilepsy - p. 216 116. 28. Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in the Term Newborn - p. 226 117. 29. Cerebrovascular Disorders in the Newborn - p. 236 118. 30. Neonatal Nervous System Trauma - p. 245 119. 31. Injury to the Developing Preterm Brain: Intraventricular Hemorrhage and White Matter Injury - p. 251 120. Abstract - p. 251 121. Introduction - p. 251 122. Intraventricular Hemorrhage - p. 251 123. Vascular Genes - p. 257.e3 124. Acknowledgments - p. 264 125. E-BOOK MATERIAL - p. 264 126. References - p. 264 127. References - p. 265.e1 128. 32. Perinatal Metabolic Encephalopathies - p. 266 129. Part VI: Environment and Brain Development - p. 274 130. 33. The Neural Exposome and Environmental Neuroscience - p. 274a 131. 34. Adverse Childhood Experiences - p. 285 132. 35. The Neurological Impact of Prenatal Substance Exposure - p. 293 133. 36. Environmental Pollutants - p. 303 134. 37. Malnutrition, Nutrition, and Dietary Toxins - p. 312 135. 38. Poisoning and Drug-Induced Neurologic Diseases - p. 319 136. Part VII: Congenital Structural Defects - p. 327 137. 39. Introduction to Human Brain Malformations - p. 327a 138. 40. Disorders of Neural Tube Development - p. 331 139. 41. Disorders of Forebrain Development - p. 341 140. 42. Disorders of Cerebellar and Brainstem Development - p. 353 141. 43. Microcephaly and Megalencephaly: Disorders of Brain Size - p. 364 142. 44. Malformations of Cortical Development - p. 375 143. 45. Hydrocephalus, Cysts, and Cystic Malformations - p. 384 144. 46. Congenital Anomalies of the Skull - p. 389.e1 145. 47. Prenatal Diagnosis of Structural Brain Anomalies - p. 402 146. Part VIII: Neurogenetics - p. 412 147. 48. Neurogenetics in the Genome Era - p. 412a 148. 49. Genetic Counseling in the Genomic Era - p. 422 149. 50. Chromosomes and Chromosomal Abnormalities - p. 429 150. 51. Single-Gene Abnormalities - p. 436 151. 52. Neurocutaneous Disorders - p. 446 152. 53. Emerging Gene-Based Pathways: Channelopathies (Epilepsy and Beyond) - p. 455 153. 54. Emerging Gene-Based Pathways: mTORopathies - p. 463 154. 55. Emerging Gene-Based Pathways: RASopathies - p. 473 155. 56. Emerging Gene-Based Pathways: Chromatin Remodeling Disorders - p. 479 156. 57. The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses - p. 487 157. Part IX: Metabolic Disorders - p. 501 158. 58. Approach to the Patient With a Metabolic Disorder - p. 501a 159. 59. Aminoacidemias and Organic Acidemias - p. 514 160. 60. Urea Cycle Disorders - p. 530 161. 61. Diseases Associated With Primary Abnormalities in Carbohydrate Metabolism - p. 539 162. 62. Disorders of Glycosylation - p. 558 163. 63. Lysosomal Storage Diseases - p. 573 164. Abstract - p. 573 165. Overview and General Concepts - p. 573 166. Sphingolipidoses - p. 577 167. Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency (Austin Disease) - p. 586 168. Wolman Disease and Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disorder - p. 587 169. Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 587 170. Glycoproteinoses - p. 589 171. Mucolipidoses - p. 590 172. Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease) - p. 591 173. Danon Disease - p. 592 174. Sialic Acid Storage Disorders - p. 592 175. Cystinosis - p. 593 176. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses - p. 593 177. E-BOOK MATERIAL - p. 594 178. References - p. 594 179. References - p. 594 180. 64. Mitochondrial Diseases - p. 596 181. Abstract - p. 596 182. History of Mitochondrial Genetics - p. 596 183. Classification of Mitochondrial Diseases - p. 596 184. Classification of Primary Mitochondrial Disorders - p. 598 185. Defects of Pyruvate Metabolism and of the Krebs Cycle - p. 602 186. Genetics - p. 603 187. Acknowledgments - p. 606 188. E-BOOK MATERIAL - p. 606 189. References - p. 606 190. References - p. 606 191. 65. Peroxisomal Disorders - p. 607 192. 66. Neurotransmitter-Related Disorders - p. 614 193. 67. Disorders of Vitamin Metabolism - p. 623 194. Part X: Neurodevelopmental Disorders - p. 636 195. 68. Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: Conceptual Framework - p. 636a 196. 69. Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Global Developmental Delay - p. 642 197. 70. Regressive and Degenerative Genetic Neurological Disorders - p. 651 198. 71. Developmental Encephalopathies - p. 662 199. 72. Developmental Language Disorders - p. 670 200. 73. Nonverbal Learning Disorders - p. 676 201. 74. Dyslexia - p. 681 202. 75. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - p. 684 203. 76. Autism Spectrum Disorder - p. 696 204. 77. Cerebral Palsy - p. 712 205. 78. Developmental Coordination Disorder - p. 721 206. 79. Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - p. 727 207. 80. Neuropsychopharmacology - p. 747 208. Part XI: Epilepsy - p. 759 209. 81. Overview of Seizures and Epilepsy in Children - p. 759a 210. 82. Principles of Management and Outcome - p. 764 211. 83. Pathophysiology of Seizures and Epilepsy - p. 770 212. 84. Epilepsy Genetics - p. 777 213. 85. Febrile Seizures - p. 787 214. 86. Generalized Seizures - p. 792 215. 87. Focal and Multifocal Seizures - p. 800 216. 88. Myoclonic Seizures - p. 807 217. 89. Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome - p. 813 218. 90. Status Epilepticus - p. 821 219. 91. Electroclinical Syndromes: Neonatal Onset - p. 831 220. 92. Electroclinical Syndromes: Infantile Onset - p. 837 221. 93. Electroclinical Syndromes: Childhood Onset - p. 845 222. 94. Electroclinical Syndromes: Adolescent Onset - p. 853 223. 95. Focal Structural Epilepsy - p. 862 224. 96. Acquired Epilepsies: Trauma, Stroke, and Tumors - p. 869 225. 97. Inherited Metabolic Epilepsies - p. 874 226. 98. Antiseizure Medication Therapy in Children - p. 881 227. 99. Epilepsy Surgery in the Pediatric Population - p. 894 228. 100. Neuromodulation in Epilepsy - p. 909 229. 101. Ketogenic Diets - p. 920 230. 102. Behavioral, Cognitive, and Social Implications of Childhood Epilepsy - p. 926 231. 103. Mortality in Children With Epilepsy - p. 932 232. Part XII: Nonepileptiform Paroxysmal Disorders - p. 937 233. 104. Headache in Children and Adolescents - p. 937a 234. 105. Breath-Holding Spells and Reflex Anoxic Seizures - p. 945 235. 106. Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures and Psychiatric Disorders - p. 950 236. 107. Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder in Children and Adolescents - p. 956 237. 108. Syncope and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome - p. 963 238. 109. Brief Resolved Unexplained Events, Apparent Life-Threatening Events, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - p. 971 239. Part XIII: Disorders of Sleep - p. 979 240. 110. Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children and Adolescents - p. 979a 241. 111. Nocturnal Paroxysmal Disorders - p. 985 242. 112. Disorders of Excessive Sleepiness - p. 991 243. Part XIV: Disorders of Balance and Movement - p. 998 244. 113. The Cerebellum and the Hereditary Ataxias - p. 998a 245. 114. Movement Disorders: An Overview - p. 1011 246. Abstract - p. 1011 247. Introduction - p. 1011 248. Characteristic Features of Pediatric Movement Disorders - p. 1011 249. Diagnosis of Movement Disorders - p. 1011 250. The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Movement Disorders - p. 1011 251. Etiologies of Movement Disorders in Children - p. 1011 252. Classification of Childhood Movement Disorders - p. 1012 253. Approach to Treatment - p. 1012 254. Chorea - p. 1012 255. Dystonia - p. 1014 256. Tremor - p. 1019 257. Parkinsonism - p. 1021 258. Myoclonus - p. 1022 259. Stereotypy - p. 1022 260. Other Movement Disorders - p. 1023 261. Functional Movement Disorders - p. 1023 262. E-Book Material - p. 1024 263. References - p. 1024 264. References - p. 1024.e1 265. 115. Paroxysmal Dyskinesias - p. 1025 266. 116. Movement Disorders of Infancy - p. 1031 267. 117. Drug-Induced Movement Disorders in Children - p. 1036 268. 118. Tics and Tourette Syndrome - p. 1043 269. Part XV: White Matter Disorders - p. 1049 270. 119. Genetic and Metabolic Disorders of the White Matter - p. 1049a 271. 120. Acquired Disorders Affecting the White Matter - p. 1064 272. Part XVI: Brain Injury and Disorders of Consciousness - p. 1072 273. 121. Impairment of Consciousness and Coma - p. 1072a 274. 122. Traumatic Brain Injury in Children - p. 1084 275. Abstract - p. 1084 276. Introduction and Background - p. 1084 277. Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1086 278. Patient History - p. 1087 279. Examination - p. 1087 280. Immediate Management - p. 1089 281. Acute Clinical Syndromes - p. 1089 282. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 1091 283. Lumbar Puncture - p. 1091 284. Neurophysiological Testing - p. 1091 285. General Management Principles for Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1092 286. General Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion - p. 1093 287. Diagnosis of Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1093 288. Prognostication for Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1093 289. Treatment for Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1093 290. Prognosis and Outcome: Moderate-to-severe Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1093 291. Late Clinical Syndromes - p. 1094 292. Conclusions - p. 1096 293. E-Book Material - p. 1096 294. References - p. 1097 295. References - p. 1097 296. 123. Abusive Head Trauma - p. 1098 297. 124. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Infants and Older Children - p. 1107 298. 125. Disorders of Intracranial Pressure - p. 1118 299. 126. Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1127 300. 127. Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria in Infants and Children - p. 1138 301. Part XVII: Cerebrovascular Disease in Children - p. 1147 302. 128. Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Infants and Children - p. 1147a 303. 129. Sinovenous Thrombosis - p. 1161 304. 130. Vascular Malformations, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Infants and Children - p. 1169 305. 131. Cerebral Arteriopathies - p. 1176 306. 132. Coagulation Disorders and Cerebrovascular Disease in Children - p. 1183 307. Part XVIII: Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1190 308. 133. Bacterial Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1190a 309. 134. Viral Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1199 310. 135. Fungal, Rickettsial, and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System - p. 1212 311. 136. Neurologic Complications of Immunization - p. 1227 312. Part XIX: Immune-Mediated Disorders of the Nervous System - p. 1236 313. 137. Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Neuroimmunological Disorders - p. 1236a 314. 138. Autoimmune Encephalitis - p. 1244 315. 139. Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsies - p. 1252 316. 140. Sydenham Chorea, Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcus, and Pediatric Acute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome - p. 1260 317. 141. Immune-Mediated Cerebellar Disorders - p. 1268 318. 142. Neurorheumatology - p. 1271.e1 319. Part XX: Pediatric Neuro-Oncology - p. 1279 320. 143. Pediatric Neuro-Oncology: An Overview - p. 1279a 321. 144. Medulloblastoma - p. 1284.e1 322. 145. Other Embryonal and Pineal Malignancies of the Central Nervous System - p. 1291 323. 146. Ependymoma - p. 1295.e1 324. 147. Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Glioma - p. 1302 325. 148. Pediatric Low-Grade Glioma - p. 1306.e1 326. 149. Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma and Diffuse Midline Glioma - p. 1312 327. 150. Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors - p. 1316 328. 151. Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors - p. 1321 329. 152. Craniopharyngiomas, Meningiomas, and Schwannomas - p. 1328 330. 153. Pediatric Intradural Spinal Cord Tumors - p. 1334 331. 154. Systemic Cancers and Central Nervous System Involvement - p. 1340 332. 155. Treatment-Related Neurologic Sequelae of Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors - p. 1346 333. Part XXI: Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 1353 334. 156. Muscle and Nerve Development in Health and Disease - p. 1353a 335. 157. Diagnostic Testing in Children With Suspected Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 1370 336. 158. Clinical Assessment of Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 1377 337. 159. The Floppy Infant - p. 1385 338. 160. Classic Proximal Spinal Muscular Atrophy - p. 1392 339. 161. Other Motor Neuron Diseases of Childhood - p. 1401 340. 162. Genetic Peripheral Neuropathies - p. 1411 341. 163. Acquired Peripheral Neuropathies - p. 1418 342. 164. Inflammatory Neuropathies - p. 1426 343. 165. Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes - p. 1433 344. 166. Acquired Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction - p. 1440 345. 167. Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1449 346. 168. Congenital, Limb-Girdle, and Other Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1459 347. Abstract - p. 1459 348. Introduction - p. 1459 349. Dystrophinopathies (Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies and Clinical Variants) - p. 1459 350. Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1459 351. Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1466 352. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1467 353. Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1469 354. Congenital Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1469 355. Acknowledgments - p. 1473 356. E-Book Material - p. 1473 357. References - p. 1473 358. References - p. 1473.e1 359. 169. Congenital Myopathies - p. 1475 360. 170. Metabolic Myopathies - p. 1481 361. 171. Inflammatory Myopathies - p. 1494 362. 172. Channelopathies: Myotonic Disorders and Periodic Paralysis - p. 1507 363. 173. Multidisciplinary Management of Children With Neuromuscular Conditions - p. 1517 364. Part XXII: Systemic and Autonomic Nervous System Diseases - p. 1528 365. 174. Endocrine Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary in Childhood and Adolescence - p. 1528a 366. 175. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System: Autonomic Dysfunction in Pediatric Practice - p. 1537 367. 176. Disorders of Micturition and Defecation - p. 1548 368. 177. Neurologic Disorders in Children With Heart Disease - p. 1554 369. 178. Neurologic Disorders Associated With Renal Diseases - p. 1568 370. Abstract - p. 1568 371. Renal Diseases Secondarily Affecting the Nervous System - p. 1568 372. Diseases Affecting Both Kidney and Nervous System - p. 1574 373. Neurologic Drugs That May Affect Renal Function in Individuals With Normal Kidneys - p. 1576 374. Drug Therapy in Renal Disease - p. 1577 375. E-BOOK MATERIAL - p. 1578 376. Acknowledgments - p. 1578 377. References - p. 1578 378. References - p. 1579.e1 379. 179. Neurologic Manifestations and Disorders Associated With Gastrointestinal Diseases - p. 1580 380. Index - p. 1589 381. Confidence is ClinicalKey - p. 1628
For fifty years, experienced clinicians and physicians in training have relied on Swaiman’s cornerstone text as their #1 source for authoritative guidance in pediatric neurology. Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice, Seventh Edition, continues this tradition of excellence under the expert editorial direction of Drs. Stephen Ashwal and Phillip L. Pearl, along with a team of key leaders in the field who serve as associate and section editors in their areas of expertise. Thorough revisions—including new chapters, new videos, new editors, and expanded content—bring you up to date with this dynamic field.
1. Introduction - p. 58 2. The Peripheral Neural Code - p. 58.e1 3. Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear and Auditory System - p. 58.e2 4. The External Ear - p. 58.e2 5. The Middle Ear - p. 58.e2 6. The Inner Ear - p. 58.e3 7. The Cochlea: Partitions and Fluids - p. 58.e3 8. The Cochlear and Vestibular Aqueducts - p. 58.e3 9. The Organ of Corti - p. 58.e3 10. Mechanoelectrical Transduction - p. 58.e4 11. Cochlear Filtering and the Tonotopic Code: General Principles - p. 58.e4 12. Cochlear Filtering: The Tonotopic Code and the Cochlear Amplifier - p. 58.e4 13. The Ribbon Synapse and Temporal Code - p. 58.e4 14. The Cochlear Nerve: Innervation Pattern of the Cochlea - p. 58.e5 15. Efferent Innervation of the Cochlea: Physiological Role - p. 58.e5 16. The Central Auditory Nervous System - p. 58.e5 17. Parallel and Binaural Processing - p. 58.e6 18. Hierarchical Processing - p. 58.e6 19. Multimodal Organization of the Auditory Pathways - p. 58.e6 20. Sound Sources Reconstruction - p. 58.e7 21. Auditory Scene Analysis - p. 58.e7 22. Sound Sources Localization - p. 58.e9 23. Auditory Disorders and Localization - p. 58.e10 24. Binaural Hearing Evaluation - p. 58.e10 25. Auditory Processing Disorder - p. 58.e11 26. Hidden Hearing Loss - p. 58.e11 27. Effortful Listening - p. 58.e12 28. Hearing Loss - p. 58.e13 29. Consequences of Hearing Impairment - p. 59 30. Critical Periods - p. 60 31. Early Diagnosis and Intervention - p. 60 32. Evaluation of Auditory Function - p. 60 33. Behavioral Testing - p. 61.e1 34. Behavioral Testing: Suprathreshold Evaluations - p. 61.e2 35. Objective Methods - p. 61.e2 36. Middle Ear Evaluation - p. 61.e3 37. Objective Audiometry - p. 61.e4 38. Additional Otoacoustic Emission Applications - p. 61.e4 39. Auditory-Evoked Potentials - p. 61.e5 40. Auditory-Evoked Potentials - p. 61 41. Classification by Variation Rate - p. 61 42. Classification by Long-Term Time Course - p. 61 43. Classification by Dependency on Cognition - p. 61 44. Transient Auditory Brainstem Responses - p. 61 45. Transient Auditory Brainstem Responses Generators - p. 61 46. Transient ABRs: Click-ABR for Audiological Applications - p. 61.e6 47. The Chirp Stimulus - p. 61.e6 48. Click–Auditory Brainstem Response Latency-Intensity Function - p. 61.e6 49. Click–Auditory Brainstem Responses: Click Polarity Effects - p. 61.e8 50. Click-ABRs: Click Polarity Effects in High-Frequency Losses - p. 61.e8 51. Click-ABRs: Click Polarity Effects and the Cochlear Microphonic Potential - p. 61.e8 52. Electrophysiological Frequency-Specific Thresholds: Stimuli - p. 61.e9 53. Applications of Late Auditory-Evoked Potentials - p. 61.e11 54. Frequency-Following Response and Speech-Evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses - p. 61.e12 55. The Cross-Check Principle - p. 62 56. The Cross-Check Principle - p. 62.e1 57. Cross-Checking Examples - p. 63.e1 58. Critical Review of Auditory Brainstem Response Tracings - p. 63.e2 59. Criteria for Critical Reviewing of Auditory Brainstem Response Tracings - p. 63.e2 60. Erroneous Threshold Estimation Example - p. 63.e3 61. Imaging - p. 63.e3 62. Genetic Testing: Objectives and Methods - p. 63.e3 63. Hearing Impairment in the Pediatric Population - p. 63 64. Causes of Congenital and Infantile Sensorineural Hearing Impairment - p. 64 65. Environmental Causes - p. 64 66. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Sensorineural Hearing Impairment - p. 64.e1 67. Ototoxicity - p. 64.e1 68. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - p. 64.e1 69. Traumatic Hearing Loss - p. 64.e1 70. Interactions Between Environmental Causes and Genetically Determined Susceptibility - p. 64.e1 71. Genetics of Deafness - p. 64.e1 72. Genetic Architecture of Sensorineural Isolated Deafness and Molecular Diagnosis - p. 65.e1 73. Syndromic Deafness Forms - p. 65.e1 74. Usher Syndrome: Three Clinical Subtypes and Their Causal Genes, the Need for Early Molecular Diagnosis and Underlying Pathogenic Mechanisms - p. 65.e1 75. Contributions of the Mitochondrial Genome to Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity, Isolated Sensorineural Deafness and Many Forms of Syndromic Deafness - p. 65.e3 76. Genetic Architecture of Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder - p. 65.e4 77. Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Genetic Forms of Isolated Sensorineural Deafness - p. 65.e7 78. Ongoing Research Into the Prevention and Cure of Hearing Impairment - p. 65.e7 79. The Long Journey from the Identification of a Causal Deafness Gene to a Clinical Trial for Gene Therapy: The Case of DFNB9, Caused by Defects of the OTOF Gene Encoding Otoferlin - p. 66.e1 80. Clinical Evaluation and Specialized Testing - p. 66.e2 81. Management of Hearing Loss - p. 66.e2 82. Cochlear Implants - p. 67 83. Cochlear Implant in Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder - p. 68.e2 84. Bilateral Cochlear Implants - p. 68.e2 85. Hybrid Cochlear Implants - p. 68.e2 86. Brainstem Implants - p. 68.e2 87. Constraints on Speech and Language Learning - p. 68.e3 88. Acknowledgments - p. 68.e3 89. E-Book Material - p. 68.e3 90. References - p. 68 91. References - p. 68.e1 92. 8. Vertigo - p. 69 93. 9. Taste and Smell - p. 76 94. 10. Neuropsychological Assessment - p. 84 95. Part II: Care of the Child With Neurologic Disorders - p. 92 96. 11. Counseling Children With Neurologic Disorders and Their Families - p. 92a 97. 12. Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Medicine - p. 97 98. 13. Pediatric Palliative Care, Pain, and Symptom Management - p. 108 99. 14. Practical Bioethics in Child Neurology - p. 118 100. 15. Transitional Care for Children With Neurologic Disorders - p. 126 101. 16. Practice Guidelines in Pediatric Neurology - p. 132 102. 17. Measurement of Health Outcomes in Pediatric Neurologic Disorders - p. 142 103. 18. Computer Resources, Artificial Intelligence, and Telemedicine - p. 149 104. 19. Education and Training of Child Neurologists and Workforce Issues - p. 155 105. Part III: Neurodiagnostic Testing - p. 163 106. 20. Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination - p. 163a 107. 21. Pediatric Neuroimaging - p. 169 108. 22. Pediatric Neurophysiologic Evaluation - p. 176 109. Part IV: Global Child Neurology - p. 189 110. 23. Regional and Global Implications for Children’s Brain Health - p. 189a 111. 24. Implementing Child Neurology Care in Resource-Limited Settings - p. 195 112. 25. Adaptation and Implementation of Guidelines at the Local Level - p. 202 113. Part V: Neonatal Neurology - p. 208 114. 26. Neonatal Neuro-Intensive Care - p. 208a 115. 27. Provoked Neonatal Seizures and Neonatal Onset Epilepsy - p. 216 116. 28. Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in the Term Newborn - p. 226 117. 29. Cerebrovascular Disorders in the Newborn - p. 236 118. 30. Neonatal Nervous System Trauma - p. 245 119. 31. Injury to the Developing Preterm Brain: Intraventricular Hemorrhage and White Matter Injury - p. 251 120. Abstract - p. 251 121. Introduction - p. 251 122. Intraventricular Hemorrhage - p. 251 123. Vascular Genes - p. 257.e3 124. Acknowledgments - p. 264 125. E-BOOK MATERIAL - p. 264 126. References - p. 264 127. References - p. 265.e1 128. 32. Perinatal Metabolic Encephalopathies - p. 266 129. Part VI: Environment and Brain Development - p. 274 130. 33. The Neural Exposome and Environmental Neuroscience - p. 274a 131. 34. Adverse Childhood Experiences - p. 285 132. 35. The Neurological Impact of Prenatal Substance Exposure - p. 293 133. 36. Environmental Pollutants - p. 303 134. 37. Malnutrition, Nutrition, and Dietary Toxins - p. 312 135. 38. Poisoning and Drug-Induced Neurologic Diseases - p. 319 136. Part VII: Congenital Structural Defects - p. 327 137. 39. Introduction to Human Brain Malformations - p. 327a 138. 40. Disorders of Neural Tube Development - p. 331 139. 41. Disorders of Forebrain Development - p. 341 140. 42. Disorders of Cerebellar and Brainstem Development - p. 353 141. 43. Microcephaly and Megalencephaly: Disorders of Brain Size - p. 364 142. 44. Malformations of Cortical Development - p. 375 143. 45. Hydrocephalus, Cysts, and Cystic Malformations - p. 384 144. 46. Congenital Anomalies of the Skull - p. 389.e1 145. 47. Prenatal Diagnosis of Structural Brain Anomalies - p. 402 146. Part VIII: Neurogenetics - p. 412 147. 48. Neurogenetics in the Genome Era - p. 412a 148. 49. Genetic Counseling in the Genomic Era - p. 422 149. 50. Chromosomes and Chromosomal Abnormalities - p. 429 150. 51. Single-Gene Abnormalities - p. 436 151. 52. Neurocutaneous Disorders - p. 446 152. 53. Emerging Gene-Based Pathways: Channelopathies (Epilepsy and Beyond) - p. 455 153. 54. Emerging Gene-Based Pathways: mTORopathies - p. 463 154. 55. Emerging Gene-Based Pathways: RASopathies - p. 473 155. 56. Emerging Gene-Based Pathways: Chromatin Remodeling Disorders - p. 479 156. 57. The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses - p. 487 157. Part IX: Metabolic Disorders - p. 501 158. 58. Approach to the Patient With a Metabolic Disorder - p. 501a 159. 59. Aminoacidemias and Organic Acidemias - p. 514 160. 60. Urea Cycle Disorders - p. 530 161. 61. Diseases Associated With Primary Abnormalities in Carbohydrate Metabolism - p. 539 162. 62. Disorders of Glycosylation - p. 558 163. 63. Lysosomal Storage Diseases - p. 573 164. Abstract - p. 573 165. Overview and General Concepts - p. 573 166. Sphingolipidoses - p. 577 167. Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency (Austin Disease) - p. 586 168. Wolman Disease and Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disorder - p. 587 169. Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 587 170. Glycoproteinoses - p. 589 171. Mucolipidoses - p. 590 172. Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease) - p. 591 173. Danon Disease - p. 592 174. Sialic Acid Storage Disorders - p. 592 175. Cystinosis - p. 593 176. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses - p. 593 177. E-BOOK MATERIAL - p. 594 178. References - p. 594 179. References - p. 594 180. 64. Mitochondrial Diseases - p. 596 181. Abstract - p. 596 182. History of Mitochondrial Genetics - p. 596 183. Classification of Mitochondrial Diseases - p. 596 184. Classification of Primary Mitochondrial Disorders - p. 598 185. Defects of Pyruvate Metabolism and of the Krebs Cycle - p. 602 186. Genetics - p. 603 187. Acknowledgments - p. 606 188. E-BOOK MATERIAL - p. 606 189. References - p. 606 190. References - p. 606 191. 65. Peroxisomal Disorders - p. 607 192. 66. Neurotransmitter-Related Disorders - p. 614 193. 67. Disorders of Vitamin Metabolism - p. 623 194. Part X: Neurodevelopmental Disorders - p. 636 195. 68. Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: Conceptual Framework - p. 636a 196. 69. Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Global Developmental Delay - p. 642 197. 70. Regressive and Degenerative Genetic Neurological Disorders - p. 651 198. 71. Developmental Encephalopathies - p. 662 199. 72. Developmental Language Disorders - p. 670 200. 73. Nonverbal Learning Disorders - p. 676 201. 74. Dyslexia - p. 681 202. 75. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - p. 684 203. 76. Autism Spectrum Disorder - p. 696 204. 77. Cerebral Palsy - p. 712 205. 78. Developmental Coordination Disorder - p. 721 206. 79. Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - p. 727 207. 80. Neuropsychopharmacology - p. 747 208. Part XI: Epilepsy - p. 759 209. 81. Overview of Seizures and Epilepsy in Children - p. 759a 210. 82. Principles of Management and Outcome - p. 764 211. 83. Pathophysiology of Seizures and Epilepsy - p. 770 212. 84. Epilepsy Genetics - p. 777 213. 85. Febrile Seizures - p. 787 214. 86. Generalized Seizures - p. 792 215. 87. Focal and Multifocal Seizures - p. 800 216. 88. Myoclonic Seizures - p. 807 217. 89. Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome - p. 813 218. 90. Status Epilepticus - p. 821 219. 91. Electroclinical Syndromes: Neonatal Onset - p. 831 220. 92. Electroclinical Syndromes: Infantile Onset - p. 837 221. 93. Electroclinical Syndromes: Childhood Onset - p. 845 222. 94. Electroclinical Syndromes: Adolescent Onset - p. 853 223. 95. Focal Structural Epilepsy - p. 862 224. 96. Acquired Epilepsies: Trauma, Stroke, and Tumors - p. 869 225. 97. Inherited Metabolic Epilepsies - p. 874 226. 98. Antiseizure Medication Therapy in Children - p. 881 227. 99. Epilepsy Surgery in the Pediatric Population - p. 894 228. 100. Neuromodulation in Epilepsy - p. 909 229. 101. Ketogenic Diets - p. 920 230. 102. Behavioral, Cognitive, and Social Implications of Childhood Epilepsy - p. 926 231. 103. Mortality in Children With Epilepsy - p. 932 232. Part XII: Nonepileptiform Paroxysmal Disorders - p. 937 233. 104. Headache in Children and Adolescents - p. 937a 234. 105. Breath-Holding Spells and Reflex Anoxic Seizures - p. 945 235. 106. Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures and Psychiatric Disorders - p. 950 236. 107. Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder in Children and Adolescents - p. 956 237. 108. Syncope and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome - p. 963 238. 109. Brief Resolved Unexplained Events, Apparent Life-Threatening Events, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - p. 971 239. Part XIII: Disorders of Sleep - p. 979 240. 110. Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children and Adolescents - p. 979a 241. 111. Nocturnal Paroxysmal Disorders - p. 985 242. 112. Disorders of Excessive Sleepiness - p. 991 243. Part XIV: Disorders of Balance and Movement - p. 998 244. 113. The Cerebellum and the Hereditary Ataxias - p. 998a 245. 114. Movement Disorders: An Overview - p. 1011 246. Abstract - p. 1011 247. Introduction - p. 1011 248. Characteristic Features of Pediatric Movement Disorders - p. 1011 249. Diagnosis of Movement Disorders - p. 1011 250. The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Movement Disorders - p. 1011 251. Etiologies of Movement Disorders in Children - p. 1011 252. Classification of Childhood Movement Disorders - p. 1012 253. Approach to Treatment - p. 1012 254. Chorea - p. 1012 255. Dystonia - p. 1014 256. Tremor - p. 1019 257. Parkinsonism - p. 1021 258. Myoclonus - p. 1022 259. Stereotypy - p. 1022 260. Other Movement Disorders - p. 1023 261. Functional Movement Disorders - p. 1023 262. E-Book Material - p. 1024 263. References - p. 1024 264. References - p. 1024.e1 265. 115. Paroxysmal Dyskinesias - p. 1025 266. 116. Movement Disorders of Infancy - p. 1031 267. 117. Drug-Induced Movement Disorders in Children - p. 1036 268. 118. Tics and Tourette Syndrome - p. 1043 269. Part XV: White Matter Disorders - p. 1049 270. 119. Genetic and Metabolic Disorders of the White Matter - p. 1049a 271. 120. Acquired Disorders Affecting the White Matter - p. 1064 272. Part XVI: Brain Injury and Disorders of Consciousness - p. 1072 273. 121. Impairment of Consciousness and Coma - p. 1072a 274. 122. Traumatic Brain Injury in Children - p. 1084 275. Abstract - p. 1084 276. Introduction and Background - p. 1084 277. Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1086 278. Patient History - p. 1087 279. Examination - p. 1087 280. Immediate Management - p. 1089 281. Acute Clinical Syndromes - p. 1089 282. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 1091 283. Lumbar Puncture - p. 1091 284. Neurophysiological Testing - p. 1091 285. General Management Principles for Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1092 286. General Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion - p. 1093 287. Diagnosis of Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1093 288. Prognostication for Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1093 289. Treatment for Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1093 290. Prognosis and Outcome: Moderate-to-severe Traumatic Brain Injury - p. 1093 291. Late Clinical Syndromes - p. 1094 292. Conclusions - p. 1096 293. E-Book Material - p. 1096 294. References - p. 1097 295. References - p. 1097 296. 123. Abusive Head Trauma - p. 1098 297. 124. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Infants and Older Children - p. 1107 298. 125. Disorders of Intracranial Pressure - p. 1118 299. 126. Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1127 300. 127. Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria in Infants and Children - p. 1138 301. Part XVII: Cerebrovascular Disease in Children - p. 1147 302. 128. Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Infants and Children - p. 1147a 303. 129. Sinovenous Thrombosis - p. 1161 304. 130. Vascular Malformations, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Infants and Children - p. 1169 305. 131. Cerebral Arteriopathies - p. 1176 306. 132. Coagulation Disorders and Cerebrovascular Disease in Children - p. 1183 307. Part XVIII: Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1190 308. 133. Bacterial Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1190a 309. 134. Viral Infections of the Nervous System - p. 1199 310. 135. Fungal, Rickettsial, and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System - p. 1212 311. 136. Neurologic Complications of Immunization - p. 1227 312. Part XIX: Immune-Mediated Disorders of the Nervous System - p. 1236 313. 137. Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Neuroimmunological Disorders - p. 1236a 314. 138. Autoimmune Encephalitis - p. 1244 315. 139. Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsies - p. 1252 316. 140. Sydenham Chorea, Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcus, and Pediatric Acute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome - p. 1260 317. 141. Immune-Mediated Cerebellar Disorders - p. 1268 318. 142. Neurorheumatology - p. 1271.e1 319. Part XX: Pediatric Neuro-Oncology - p. 1279 320. 143. Pediatric Neuro-Oncology: An Overview - p. 1279a 321. 144. Medulloblastoma - p. 1284.e1 322. 145. Other Embryonal and Pineal Malignancies of the Central Nervous System - p. 1291 323. 146. Ependymoma - p. 1295.e1 324. 147. Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Glioma - p. 1302 325. 148. Pediatric Low-Grade Glioma - p. 1306.e1 326. 149. Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma and Diffuse Midline Glioma - p. 1312 327. 150. Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors - p. 1316 328. 151. Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors - p. 1321 329. 152. Craniopharyngiomas, Meningiomas, and Schwannomas - p. 1328 330. 153. Pediatric Intradural Spinal Cord Tumors - p. 1334 331. 154. Systemic Cancers and Central Nervous System Involvement - p. 1340 332. 155. Treatment-Related Neurologic Sequelae of Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors - p. 1346 333. Part XXI: Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 1353 334. 156. Muscle and Nerve Development in Health and Disease - p. 1353a 335. 157. Diagnostic Testing in Children With Suspected Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 1370 336. 158. Clinical Assessment of Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders - p. 1377 337. 159. The Floppy Infant - p. 1385 338. 160. Classic Proximal Spinal Muscular Atrophy - p. 1392 339. 161. Other Motor Neuron Diseases of Childhood - p. 1401 340. 162. Genetic Peripheral Neuropathies - p. 1411 341. 163. Acquired Peripheral Neuropathies - p. 1418 342. 164. Inflammatory Neuropathies - p. 1426 343. 165. Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes - p. 1433 344. 166. Acquired Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction - p. 1440 345. 167. Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1449 346. 168. Congenital, Limb-Girdle, and Other Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1459 347. Abstract - p. 1459 348. Introduction - p. 1459 349. Dystrophinopathies (Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies and Clinical Variants) - p. 1459 350. Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1459 351. Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1466 352. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1467 353. Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1469 354. Congenital Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1469 355. Acknowledgments - p. 1473 356. E-Book Material - p. 1473 357. References - p. 1473 358. References - p. 1473.e1 359. 169. Congenital Myopathies - p. 1475 360. 170. Metabolic Myopathies - p. 1481 361. 171. Inflammatory Myopathies - p. 1494 362. 172. Channelopathies: Myotonic Disorders and Periodic Paralysis - p. 1507 363. 173. Multidisciplinary Management of Children With Neuromuscular Conditions - p. 1517 364. Part XXII: Systemic and Autonomic Nervous System Diseases - p. 1528 365. 174. Endocrine Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary in Childhood and Adolescence - p. 1528a 366. 175. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System: Autonomic Dysfunction in Pediatric Practice - p. 1537 367. 176. Disorders of Micturition and Defecation - p. 1548 368. 177. Neurologic Disorders in Children With Heart Disease - p. 1554 369. 178. Neurologic Disorders Associated With Renal Diseases - p. 1568 370. Abstract - p. 1568 371. Renal Diseases Secondarily Affecting the Nervous System - p. 1568 372. Diseases Affecting Both Kidney and Nervous System - p. 1574 373. Neurologic Drugs That May Affect Renal Function in Individuals With Normal Kidneys - p. 1576 374. Drug Therapy in Renal Disease - p. 1577 375. E-BOOK MATERIAL - p. 1578 376. Acknowledgments - p. 1578 377. References - p. 1578 378. References - p. 1579.e1 379. 179. Neurologic Manifestations and Disorders Associated With Gastrointestinal Diseases - p. 1580 380. Index - p. 1589 381. Confidence is ClinicalKey - p. 1628
