The ABSITE Review

1. INTRODUCTION - p. 5 2. COAGULATION FACTORS - p. 7 3. COAGULATION MEASUREMENTS - p. 7 4. BLEEDING DISORDERS - p. 7 5. HYPERCOAGULABILITY DISORDERS - p. 9 6. DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS - p. 10 7. PULMONARY EMBOLISM - p. 10 8. HEMATOLOGIC DRUGS - p. 10 9. 3 Blood Products - p. 12 10. INTRODUCTION - p. 12 11. HEMOLYSIS REACTIONS - p. 12 12. OTHER REACTIONS - p. 12 13. OTHER TRANSFUSION PROBLEMS - p. 13 14. 4 Immunology - p. 14 15. T CELLS (THYMUS)—CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY - p. 14 16. B CELLS (BONE)—ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (HUMORAL) - p. 14 17. MHC CLASSES - p. 14 18. NATURAL KILLER CELLS - p. 14 19. ANTIBODIES - p. 15 20. IL-2 - p. 16 21. TETANUS - p. 16 22. 5 Infection - p. 18 23. INTRODUCTION - p. 18 24. MICROFLORA - p. 18 25. FEVER - p. 18 26. GRAM-NEGATIVE SEPSIS - p. 18 27. CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE COLITIS (PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS) - p. 18 28. ABSCESSES - p. 18 29. WOUND INFECTION (SURGICAL SITE INFECTION) - p. 19 30. LINE INFECTIONS - p. 19 31. NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS - p. 19 32. FUNGAL INFECTION - p. 20 33. SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS (SBP; PRIMARY) - p. 21 34. SECONDARY BACTERIAL PERITONITIS - p. 21 35. HIV - p. 21 36. HEPATITIS C - p. 22 37. CMV INFECTION - p. 22 38. OTHER INFECTIONS - p. 22 39. 6 Antibiotics - p. 24 40. INTRODUCTION - p. 24 41. ANTIBIOTIC MECHANISM OF ACTION - p. 24 42. MECHANISM OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE - p. 24 43. APPROPRIATE DRUG LEVELS - p. 24 44. SPECIFIC ANTIBIOTICS - p. 24 45. 7 Medicines and Pharmacology - p. 27 46. INTRODUCTION - p. 27 47. 8 Anesthesia - p. 30 48. ANESTHESIA INDUCTION - p. 30 49. INHALATIONAL INDUCTION AGENTS - p. 30 50. INTRAVENOUS INDUCTION AGENTS - p. 30 51. MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PARALYTICS) - p. 31 52. LOCAL ANESTHETICS - p. 31 53. NARCOTICS (OPIOIDS) - p. 32 54. BENZODIAZEPINES - p. 33 55. EPIDURAL AND SPINAL ANESTHESIA - p. 33 56. PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS - p. 33 57. 9 Fluids and Electrolytes - p. 37 58. TOTAL BODY WATER - p. 37 59. MAINTENANCE IV FLUIDS - p. 37 60. FLUID RESUSCITATION (FOR SIGNIFICANT DEHYDRATION) - p. 37 61. GI FLUID SECRETION - p. 37 62. GI ELECTROLYTE LOSSES - p. 38 63. POTASSIUM (NORMAL 3.5-5.0) - p. 38 64. SODIUM (NORMAL 135-145) - p. 38 65. CALCIUM (NORMAL 8.5-10.0; NORMAL IONIZED CA 1.0-1.5) - p. 39 66. MAGNESIUM (NORMAL 2.0-2.7) - p. 39 67. PHOSPHATE (NORMAL 2.5-4.5) - p. 39 68. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS - p. 39 69. RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS - p. 39 70. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS - p. 40 71. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS - p. 40 72. ACUTE RENAL FAILURE - p. 40 73. TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME - p. 40 74. VITAMIN D (CHOLECALCIFEROL) - p. 41 75. CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE - p. 41 76. 10 Nutrition - p. 42 77. INTRODUCTION - p. 42 78. PREOPERATIVE NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT - p. 42 79. RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (RQ; METABOLIC CART/INDIRECT CALORIMETRY) - p. 43 80. POSTOPERATIVE PHASES - p. 43 81. STARVATION OR MAJOR STRESS (SURGERY, TRAUMA, SYSTEMIC ILLNESS) - p. 43 82. NITROGEN BALANCE - p. 44 83. FAT DIGESTION - p. 45 84. CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION - p. 46 85. PROTEIN DIGESTION - p. 46 86. CENTRAL VENOUS TPN (GENERAL COMPOSITION) - p. 46 87. CORI CYCLE - p. 47 88. METABOLIC SYNDROME (NEED 3) - p. 47 89. 11 Oncology - p. 48 90. INTRODUCTION - p. 48 91. TUMOR MARKERS - p. 48 92. ONCOGENESIS - p. 48 93. RADIATION THERAPY - p. 49 94. CHEMOTHERAPY AGENTS - p. 49 95. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 50 96. 12 Transplantation - p. 52 97. TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY - p. 52 98. DRUGS - p. 52 99. TYPES OF REJECTION - p. 53 100. KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION - p. 53 101. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION - p. 54 102. PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION - p. 55 103. HEART TRANSPLANTATION - p. 56 104. LUNG TRANSPLANTATION - p. 57 105. OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS - p. 57 106. 13 Inflammation and Cytokines - p. 58 107. INFLAMMATION PHASES - p. 58 108. GROWTH AND ACTIVATING FACTORS - p. 58 109. TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS - p. 58 110. NITRIC OXIDE - p. 59 111. IMPORTANT CYTOKINES - p. 59 112. INTERFERONS - p. 59 113. HEPATIC ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE PROTEINS - p. 59 114. CELL ADHESION MOLECULES - p. 59 115. COMPLEMENT - p. 60 116. PROSTAGLANDINS - p. 60 117. LEUKOTRIENES - p. 60 118. CATECHOLAMINES - p. 61 119. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 61 120. 14 Wound Healing - p. 62 121. WOUND HEALING - p. 62 122. PLATELET GRANULES - p. 64 123. 15 Trauma - p. 65 124. TRAUMA STATISTICS/EARLY ISSUES - p. 65 125. BLOOD TRANSFUSION - p. 68 126. HEAD INJURY - p. 68 127. SPINE TRAUMA - p. 71 128. MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA - p. 71 129. NECK TRAUMA - p. 72 130. CHEST TRAUMA - p. 74 131. PELVIC TRAUMA - p. 77 132. DUODENAL TRAUMA - p. 78 133. SMALL BOWEL TRAUMA - p. 80 134. COLON TRAUMA (SIGMOID COLON CONSIDERED LEFT COLON HERE) - p. 81 135. RECTAL TRAUMA - p. 81 136. LIVER TRAUMA - p. 81 137. SPLEEN TRAUMA - p. 83 138. PANCREATIC TRAUMA - p. 83 139. VASCULAR TRAUMA - p. 84 140. ORTHOPEDIC TRAUMA - p. 85 141. RENAL TRAUMA - p. 86 142. BLADDER TRAUMA - p. 86 143. URETERAL TRAUMA - p. 87 144. URETHRAL TRAUMA - p. 87 145. TRAUMA DURING PREGNANCY - p. 87 146. OTHER - p. 89 147. 16 Critical Care - p. 90 148. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - p. 90 149. SHOCK - p. 91 150. EMBOLI - p. 93 151. INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON PUMP - p. 93 152. RECEPTORS - p. 93 153. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS - p. 94 154. PULMONARY SYSTEM - p. 94 155. RENAL SYSTEM - p. 98 156. SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME - p. 99 157. BRAIN DEATH - p. 100 158. OTHER CONDITIONS - p. 101 159. 17 Burns - p. 102 160. INTRODUCTION - p. 102 161. ADMISSION CRITERIA - p. 102 162. BURN ASSESSMENT - p. 103 163. CHILD ABUSE - p. 103 164. LUNG AND AIRWAY INJURY - p. 104 165. UNUSUAL BURNS - p. 104 166. FIRST WEEK—EARLY EXCISION OF BURNED AREAS AND START NUTRITION - p. 104 167. SECOND TO FIFTH WEEKS—SPECIALIZED AREAS ADDRESSED, ALLOGRAFT REPLACED WITH AUTOGRAFT - p. 105 168. BURN WOUND INFECTIONS - p. 105 169. COMPLICATIONS AFTER BURNS - p. 106 170. RENAL ISSUES WITH SEVERE BURNS - p. 107 171. FROSTBITE - p. 107 172. ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME AND VARIANTS - p. 107 173. 18 Plastics, Skin, and Soft Tissues - p. 108 174. SKIN - p. 108 175. FLAPS - p. 108 176. UV RADIATION - p. 109 177. MELANOMA - p. 109 178. BASAL CELL CARCINOMA - p. 111 179. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA - p. 111 180. SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA - p. 111 181. OTHER CONDITIONS - p. 113 182. 19 Head and Neck - p. 116 183. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 116 184. ORAL CAVITY CANCER - p. 117 185. PHARYNGEAL CANCER - p. 117 186. LARYNGEAL CANCER - p. 118 187. SALIVARY GLAND CANCERS - p. 118 188. EAR - p. 119 189. NOSE - p. 120 190. NECK AND JAW - p. 120 191. ABSCESSES - p. 120 192. ASYMPTOMATIC HEAD AND NECK MASSES (UNKNOWN PRIMARY HEAD AND NECK MASS) - p. 121 193. OTHER CONDITIONS - p. 121 194. 20 Pituitary - p. 123 195. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 123 196. PROLACTINOMA - p. 123 197. ACROMEGALY (GROWTH HORMONE) - p. 124 198. OTHER CONDITIONS - p. 124 199. 21 Adrenal - p. 125 200. INTRODUCTION - p. 125 201. ASYMPTOMATIC ADRENAL MASS - p. 126 202. ADRENAL CORTEX - p. 126 203. ADRENAL MEDULLA - p. 129 204. 22 Thyroid - p. 131 205. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 131 206. THYROID STORM - p. 132 207. ASYMPTOMATIC THYROID NODULE - p. 132 208. ABNORMALITIES OF THYROID DESCENT - p. 133 209. HYPERTHYROIDISM TREATMENT - p. 133 210. CAUSES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM - p. 134 211. CAUSES OF THYROIDITIS - p. 135 212. THYROID CANCER - p. 135 213. 23 Parathyroid - p. 139 214. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 139 215. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - p. 139 216. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - p. 141 217. TERTIARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM - p. 141 218. FAMILIAL HYPERCALCEMIC HYPOCALCIURIA - p. 141 219. PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM - p. 141 220. PARATHYROID CANCER - p. 142 221. MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES - p. 142 222. HYPERCALCEMIA - p. 143 223. 24 Breast - p. 144 224. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 144 225. BENIGN BREAST DISEASE - p. 145 226. NIPPLE DISCHARGE - p. 147 227. DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU - p. 148 228. LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU - p. 148 229. BREAST CANCER - p. 148 230. 25 Thoracic - p. 157 231. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 157 232. LUNG CANCER SCREENING - p. 157 233. SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE (COIN LESION) - p. 157 234. PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS - p. 157 235. LUNG CANCER - p. 158 236. CARCINOIDS - p. 160 237. BRONCHIAL ADENOMAS - p. 160 238. HAMARTOMAS - p. 160 239. MEDIASTINAL TUMORS IN ADULTS - p. 161 240. TRACHEA - p. 162 241. LUNG ABSCESS - p. 162 242. EMPYEMA - p. 162 243. CHYLOTHORAX - p. 163 244. MASSIVE HEMOPTYSIS - p. 163 245. SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX - p. 163 246. OTHER CONDITIONS - p. 164 247. 26 Cardiac - p. 166 248. CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE - p. 166 249. ADULT CARDIAC DISEASE - p. 168 250. VALVE DISEASE - p. 168 251. ENDOCARDITIS - p. 169 252. OTHER CARDIAC CONDITIONS - p. 169 253. 27 Vascular - p. 170 254. INTRODUCTION - p. 170 255. ATHEROSCLEROSIS STAGES - p. 170 256. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE - p. 170 257. THORACIC AORTIC DISEASE - p. 174 258. ABDOMINAL AORTIC DISEASE - p. 175 259. PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE - p. 179 260. AMPUTATIONS - p. 183 261. ACUTE ARTERIAL EMBOLI - p. 183 262. ACUTE ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS - p. 184 263. RENAL VASCULAR DISEASE - p. 184 264. UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 184 265. MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA - p. 186 266. VISCERAL AND PERIPHERAL ANEURYSMS - p. 187 267. OTHER VASCULAR DISEASES - p. 188 268. DIALYSIS ACCESS - p. 188 269. VENOUS DISEASE - p. 189 270. LYMPHATICS - p. 191 271. 28 Gastrointestinal Hormones - p. 192 272. 29 Esophagus - p. 194 273. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 194 274. PHARYNGOESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS - p. 196 275. DIVERTICULA - p. 196 276. ACHALASIA - p. 197 277. ISOLATED HYPERTENSIVE LES - p. 197 278. DIFFUSE ESOPHAGEAL SPASM - p. 197 279. NUTCRACKER ESOPHAGUS - p. 198 280. SCLERODERMA - p. 198 281. GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE - p. 198 282. HIATAL HERNIA - p. 199 283. PARAESOPHAGEAL HERNIA (TYPES II AND III) - p. 200 284. SCHATZKI RING - p. 200 285. BARRETT ESOPHAGUS - p. 200 286. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER - p. 201 287. FANCONI ANEMIA - p. 202 288. TYLOSIS - p. 202 289. LEIOMYOMA - p. 203 290. ESOPHAGEAL POLYPS - p. 203 291. CAUSTIC ESOPHAGEAL INJURY - p. 203 292. MALLORY-WEISS TEAR - p. 204 293. PERFORATIONS - p. 204 294. 30 Stomach - p. 206 295. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 206 296. GASTRIC VOLVULUS - p. 207 297. VAGOTOMIES - p. 207 298. UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING - p. 208 299. DUODENAL ULCERS - p. 209 300. GASTRIC ULCERS - p. 211 301. STRESS GASTRITIS - p. 212 302. CHRONIC GASTRITIS - p. 212 303. GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 212 304. GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS - p. 213 305. MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE LYMPHOMA - p. 213 306. GASTRIC LYMPHOMAS - p. 214 307. GASTRIC CARCINOID - p. 214 308. MORBID OBESITY - p. 214 309. POSTGASTRECTOMY COMPLICATIONS - p. 216 310. 31 Liver - p. 218 311. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 218 312. BILIRUBIN - p. 220 313. BILE - p. 220 314. JAUNDICE - p. 221 315. VIRAL HEPATITIS - p. 221 316. LIVER FAILURE - p. 221 317. SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS (PRIMARY BACTERIAL PERITONITIS) - p. 222 318. ESOPHAGEAL VARICES - p. 223 319. PORTAL HYPERTENSION - p. 223 320. BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME - p. 224 321. SPLENIC VEIN THROMBOSIS - p. 225 322. PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS - p. 225 323. LIVER ABSCESSES - p. 225 324. BENIGN LIVER TUMORS - p. 226 325. MALIGNANT LIVER TUMORS - p. 227 326. UMBILICAL HERNIA REPAIR WITH ASCITES - p. 228 327. 32 Biliary System - p. 229 328. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 229 329. CHOLESTEROL AND BILE ACID SYNTHESIS - p. 230 330. GALLSTONES - p. 230 331. CHOLECYSTITIS - p. 231 332. ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS - p. 232 333. EMPHYSEMATOUS GALLBLADDER DISEASE - p. 232 334. GALLSTONE ILEUS - p. 232 335. COMMON BILE DUCT INJURIES - p. 232 336. BILE DUCT STRICTURES - p. 233 337. HEMOBILIA - p. 234 338. GALLBLADDER ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 234 339. BILE DUCT CANCER (CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA) - p. 234 340. CHOLEDOCHAL CYSTS - p. 235 341. PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS - p. 235 342. PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS - p. 235 343. CHOLANGITIS - p. 236 344. SHOCK FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY - p. 236 345. GALL BLADDER POLYPS - p. 236 346. OTHER CONDITIONS - p. 236 347. 33 Pancreas - p. 238 348. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 238 349. ANNULAR PANCREAS - p. 240 350. PANCREAS DIVISUM - p. 241 351. HETEROTOPIC PANCREAS - p. 241 352. ACUTE PANCREATITIS - p. 241 353. PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS - p. 242 354. PANCREATIC FISTULAS - p. 243 355. PANCREATITIS-ASSOCIATED PLEURAL EFFUSION (OR ASCITES) - p. 243 356. CHRONIC PANCREATITIS - p. 243 357. HEREDITARY PANCREATITIS - p. 245 358. PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY - p. 245 359. JAUNDICE WORKUP - p. 245 360. PANCREATIC CYSTIC NEOPLASMS - p. 245 361. PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA - p. 246 362. NONFUNCTIONAL PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS - p. 248 363. FUNCTIONAL PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS - p. 248 364. 34 Spleen - p. 251 365. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 251 366. IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA - p. 252 367. THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA - p. 252 368. POSTSPLENECTOMY SEPSIS SYNDROME - p. 252 369. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS: MEMBRANE PROTEIN DEFECTS - p. 253 370. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS: NONMEMBRANE PROTEIN DEFECTS - p. 253 371. HODGKIN DISEASE - p. 254 372. NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA - p. 254 373. OTHER CONDITIONS - p. 254 374. 35 Small Bowel - p. 256 375. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 256 376. SHORT GUT SYNDROME - p. 257 377. CAUSES OF STEATORRHEA - p. 257 378. NONHEALING FISTULA - p. 257 379. BOWEL OBSTRUCTION - p. 258 380. MECKEL DIVERTICULUM - p. 259 381. DUODENAL DIVERTICULA - p. 259 382. CROHN DISEASE - p. 259 383. CARCINOID - p. 261 384. INTUSSUSCEPTION IN ADULTS - p. 262 385. BENIGN SMALL BOWEL TUMORS - p. 262 386. MALIGNANT SMALL BOWEL TUMORS (RARE) - p. 262 387. STOMAS - p. 263 388. APPENDICITIS - p. 263 389. OTHER APPENDIX - p. 264 390. ILEUS - p. 264 391. TYPHOID ENTERITIS (SALMONELLA) - p. 264 392. 36 Colorectal - p. 265 393. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 265 394. POLYPS - p. 267 395. COLORECTAL CANCER - p. 268 396. FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS - p. 272 397. LYNCH SYNDROMES (HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLON CANCER) - p. 272 398. SIGMOID VOLVULUS - p. 273 399. CECAL VOLVULUS - p. 273 400. ULCERATIVE COLITIS - p. 274 401. CARCINOID OF THE COLON AND RECTUM - p. 276 402. COLONIC OBSTRUCTION - p. 276 403. OGILVIE SYNDROME - p. 276 404. AMOEBIC COLITIS - p. 276 405. ACTINOMYCES - p. 277 406. DIVERTICULA - p. 277 407. LOWER GI BLEEDING - p. 277 408. DIVERTICULITIS - p. 278 409. DIVERTICULOSIS BLEEDING - p. 279 410. ANGIODYSPLASIA BLEEDING - p. 279 411. ISCHEMIC COLITIS - p. 279 412. PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS (CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE COLITIS; ANAEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE ROD) - p. 280 413. NEUTROPENIC TYPHLITIS (ENTEROCOLITIS) - p. 280 414. OTHER COLON DISEASES - p. 280 415. 37 Anal and Rectal - p. 281 416. INTRODUCTION - p. 281 417. HEMORRHOIDS - p. 281 418. RECTAL PROLAPSE - p. 281 419. CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA - p. 282 420. ANAL FISSURE - p. 282 421. ANORECTAL ABSCESS - p. 283 422. FISTULA-IN-ANO - p. 283 423. RECTOVAGINAL FISTULAS - p. 284 424. ANAL INCONTINENCE - p. 285 425. PILONIDAL CYSTS - p. 285 426. AIDS ANORECTAL PROBLEMS - p. 285 427. ANAL CANCER - p. 286 428. NODAL METASTASES - p. 286 429. 38 Hernias, Abdomen, and Surgical Technology - p. 288 430. ANATOMY - p. 288 431. INGUINAL HERNIAS - p. 288 432. INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR - p. 289 433. FEMORAL HERNIA - p. 290 434. OTHER HERNIAS - p. 290 435. COMPONENT SEPARATION TECHNIQUE - p. 291 436. RECTUS SHEATH - p. 291 437. DESMOID TUMORS - p. 292 438. RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS - p. 292 439. MESENTERIC TUMORS - p. 292 440. RETROPERITONEAL TUMORS - p. 292 441. OMENTAL TUMORS - p. 292 442. PERITONEAL MEMBRANE - p. 293 443. CO2 PNEUMOPERITONEUM - p. 293 444. SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY - p. 293 445. 39 Urology - p. 294 446. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - p. 294 447. KIDNEY STONES - p. 294 448. TESTICULAR CANCER - p. 294 449. PROSTATE CANCER - p. 295 450. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (HYPERNEPHROMA) - p. 295 451. BLADDER CANCER - p. 296 452. TESTICULAR TORSION - p. 296 453. URETERAL TRAUMA - p. 296 454. BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY - p. 296 455. NEUROGENIC BLADDER - p. 297 456. NEUROGENIC OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY - p. 297 457. INCONTINENCE - p. 297 458. OTHER UROLOGIC DISEASES - p. 297 459. 40 Gynecology - p. 299 460. LIGAMENTS - p. 299 461. ULTRASONOGRAPHY - p. 299 462. PREGNANCY - p. 299 463. ABORTIONS - p. 299 464. ENDOMETRIOSIS - p. 299 465. PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE - p. 299 466. MITTELSCHMERZ - p. 299 467. VAGINAL CANCER - p. 300 468. VULVAR CANCER - p. 300 469. OVARIAN CANCER - p. 300 470. ENDOMETRIAL CANCER - p. 301 471. CERVICAL CANCER - p. 301 472. OVARIAN CYSTS - p. 301 473. ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING - p. 301 474. OTHER GYNECOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS - p. 302 475. 41 Neurosurgery - p. 303 476. INTRODUCTION - p. 303 477. CIRCLE OF WILLIS - p. 303 478. NERVE INJURY - p. 303 479. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE - p. 303 480. STROKE - p. 303 481. HEMORRHAGE - p. 304 482. SPINAL CORD INJURY - p. 305 483. BRAIN TUMORS - p. 306 484. SPINE TUMORS - p. 306 485. PEDIATRIC NEUROSURGERY - p. 306 486. MISCELLANEOUS - p. 306 487. 42 Orthopedics - p. 308 488. BACKGROUND - p. 308 489. LOWER EXTREMITY NERVES - p. 308 490. LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION - p. 308 491. TERMINAL BRANCHES OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS - p. 309 492. UPPER EXTREMITY - p. 309 493. LOWER EXTREMITY - p. 310 494. LEG COMPARTMENTS - p. 311 495. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME - p. 311 496. PEDIATRIC ORTHOPEDICS - p. 312 497. BONE TUMORS - p. 313 498. OTHER ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS - p. 313 499. 43 Pediatric Surgery - p. 315 500. INTRODUCTION - p. 315 501. TRAUMA - p. 315 502. MAINTENANCE INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS - p. 315 503. CONGENITAL CYSTIC DISEASE OF THE LUNG - p. 315 504. MEDIASTINAL MASSES IN CHILDREN - p. 316 505. CHOLEDOCHAL CYST - p. 316 506. LYMPHADENOPATHY - p. 317 507. DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS AND CHEST WALL - p. 317 508. BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST - p. 318 509. CYSTIC HYGROMA - p. 318 510. THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST - p. 319 511. HEMANGIOMA - p. 319 512. NEUROBLASTOMA - p. 319 513. WILMS TUMOR (NEPHROBLASTOMA) - p. 320 514. HEPATOBLASTOMA - p. 320 515. MOST COMMONS - p. 320 516. MECKEL DIVERTICULUM - p. 321 517. PYLORIC STENOSIS - p. 321 518. INTUSSUSCEPTION - p. 322 519. DUODENAL ATRESIA - p. 323 520. OTHER INTESTINAL ATRESIAS - p. 324 521. TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULAS - p. 324 522. MALROTATION - p. 324 523. MECONIUM ILEUS - p. 324 524. NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS - p. 325 525. CONGENITAL VASCULAR MALFORMATION - p. 326 526. IMPERFORATE ANUS - p. 326 527. GASTROSCHISIS - p. 326 528. OMPHALOCELE - p. 326 529. EXSTROPHY OF URINARY BLADDER - p. 327 530. HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE - p. 327 531. UMBILICAL HERNIA - p. 328 532. INGUINAL HERNIA - p. 328 533. HYDROCELE - p. 328 534. CYSTIC DUPLICATION - p. 328 535. BILIARY ATRESIA - p. 328 536. TERATOMA - p. 329 537. UNDESCENDED TESTICLES - p. 329 538. TRACHEOMALACIA - p. 330 539. LARYNGOMALACIA - p. 330 540. CHOANAL ATRESIA - p. 330 541. LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMATOSIS - p. 330 542. CEREBRAL PALSY - p. 330 543. 44 Statistics and Patient Safety - p. 332 544. INTRODUCTION - p. 332 545. TRIALS AND STUDIES - p. 332 546. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES - p. 333 547. QUALITATIVE VARIABLES - p. 333 548. RISK ASSESSMENT - p. 334 549. BIAS - p. 335 550. PATIENT SAFETY - p. 336 551. Appendix - p. 337 552. Index - p. 343