Now in a combined resource that includes print, eBook, and video, The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science, 2nd Edition, by Dr. Chadwick Prodromos, provides the expert guidance you need to effectively select the right procedure and equipment, prevent complications, and improve outcomes for every patient. Written and edited by world leaders in hamstring, allograft, and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) ACL reconstruction, this revised reference is a must-have resource for the full range of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques, plus fixation devices, rehabilitation, revision ACLR surgery, and much more!
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. About This Book - p. vii 7. Acknowledgments - p. viii 8. List of Contributors - p. ix 9. Videos - p. xvi 10. Section I. Anatomy and Genetics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. xvi 11. 1. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 1 12. 2. Genetic Influences on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 8 13. 3. Association Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Femoroacetabular Impingement - p. 12 14. Section II. Mechanism, Incidence, and Epidemiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 15 15. 4. Mechanisms of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - p. 16 16. 5. Risk and Gender Factors for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 19 17. 6. Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Type of Playing Surface - p. 27 18. 7. Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Gender, Sport, and Injury-Reduction Programs - p. 29 19. 8. Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Programs for the Athlete - p. 41 20. Section III. Diagnosis and Nonoperative Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 45.e2 21. 9. Diagnosis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 46 22. 10. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 51 23. 11. Nonoperative Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Patients - p. 60 24. Section IV. Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 65.e3 25. 12. Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction - p. 66 26. Section V. Graft Mechanical Properties - p. 70.e2 27. 13. Relative Strengths of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autografts and Allografts - p. 71 28. 14. Comparative and Morphological Analysis of Commonly Used Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament: An Electron Microscopic and Morphologic Study - p. 73 29. Section VI. Graft Choices - p. 77.e1 30. 15. The Case for the Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 78 31. 16. The Case for Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 81 32. 17. The Case for Quadriceps Autograft - p. 84 33. 18. Current Status on Synthetic Grafts - p. 85 34. Section VII. Graft Harvest Techniques, Preparation, and Complications - p. 87.e1 35. 19. Hamstring Harvest Technique for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 88 36. 20. Posterior Mini-Incision Hamstring Harvest Approach for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 90 37. 21. Technique for Harvesting a Mid-Third Patella Tendon Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 95 38. 22. The Central Quadriceps Free Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 99 39. 23. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Quadrupled or Tripled Semitendinosus Tendon Graft - p. 103 40. 24. Five- and Six-Strand Hamstring Tendon Graft Preparation for Single-Bundle Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 107 41. 25. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Hamstring Grafts - p. 111 42. 26. Harvest Complications and Morbidity of Patellar Tendon Harvest for Bone–Patella Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 113 43. 27. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Quadriceps Grafts - p. 116 44. 28. Chemical Sterilization Techniques for Allograft Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 117 45. 29. Radiation Sterilization Techniques for Allograft Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 120 46. 30. Hamstring Regeneration Following Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of the Current Literature - p. 123 47. 31. Regeneration of the Donor Site After Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Graft Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, and Possible Enhanced Regeneration Using Platelet Rich Plasma - p. 127 48. Section VIII. Reconstruction Techniques Including Double-Bundle - p. 130.e2 49. 32. Pearls for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 131 50. 33. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Hamstrings in Press-Fit Technique without Hardware - p. 135 51. 34. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Quadriceps Tendon Autograft - p. 140 52. 35. Three-Portal Technique for Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 142 53. 36. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Procedure Using the Semitendinosus Tendon - p. 147 54. 37. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with a Semitendinosus Hamstring Tendon Graft - p. 151 55. 38. Anatomic Double-Bundle Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 155 56. 39. Augmented Grafts: Synthetic/Allograft/Autograft - p. 160 57. 40. A Systematic Review of Single- Versus Double-Bundle Results - p. 163 58. Section IX. Principles of Tunnel Formation - p. 166.e3 59. 41. Transtibial Tunnel Drilling of the Femoral Tunnel for Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 167 60. 42. The Anteromedial Portal for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 169 61. 43. Intraoperative Fluoroscopy for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tunnel Placement - p. 173 62. 44. Anterior Cruciate Ligament All-Inside Retroconstruction: Single- and Double-Bundle Techniques - p. 178 63. 45. Femoral Tunnel Creation Using the Zimmer Biomet SwitchCut Femoral Aimer - p. 182 64. 46. Use of the Pinpoint Guide System for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 184 65. 47. Femoral Tunnel Placement to Restore Normal Knee Laxity after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 188 66. 48. Description of the Direct Femoral Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Implication for Femoral Tunnel Placement in Reconstruction - p. 193 67. 49. Flexible Reamers for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 197 68. Section X. Control of Pain in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 201.e1 69. 50. Risks and Benefits of Femoral Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 202 70. Bonus E-Chapter. Risks and Benefits of Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 218.e2 71. 51. Saphenous Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 204 72. 52. Efficacy of Cryotherapy for Pain Control After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 207 73. 53. Chondrolysis: Risk-Benefit Analysis of “Caine” Local Anesthetics for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 210 74. 54. Use of Preoperative Gabapentin for Postoperative Pain Relief After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 215 75. 55. Obturator and Sciatica Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 216 76. Section XI. Additional Surgical Considerations - p. 218.e1 77. 56. Notch Anatomy and Notchplasty - p. 219 78. 57. Computer-Assisted Navigation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 224 79. 58. Sparing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Remnant: Is It Worth the Hassle? - p. 228 80. 59. Graft Tensioning in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 231 81. 60. The Use of CO2 Instead of Fluid in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 237 82. Section XII. Fixation Biomechanics - p. 240.e1 83. 61. Intratunnel Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Fixation - p. 241 84. 62. Biomechanical Considerations of Suspensory Cortical Fixation Devices - p. 244 85. Section XIII. Soft-Tissue Graft Cortical Fixation - p. 246.e1 86. 63. Endobutton Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Femoral Fixation - p. 247 87. 64. Cortical Screw Post Femoral Fixation Using Whipstitches, Fabric Loop, or Endobutton: The Universal Salvage - p. 254 88. 65. Arthrex TightRope Fixation of a Soft Tissue Graft - p. 258 89. 66. RigidLoop Femoral Fixation Techniques - p. 263 90. 67. MedShape ExoShape Fixation - p. 267 91. 68. Biomet ToggleLoc - p. 269 92. 69. EZLoc: Optimizing Femoral Fixation for Soft-Tissue Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 273 93. Section XIV. Soft-Tissue Graft Interference Screw Fixation - p. 276.e1 94. 70. Hamstring Tendon Interference Screw Fixation - p. 277 95. 71. Compression Aperture Fixation of Soft-Tissue Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions - p. 280 96. 72. Milagro Advance (Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate, Polylactide Co-Glycolide Biocomposite) Interference Screw for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 284 97. 73. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Use of Femoral INTRAFIX: Rationale, Procedure, and Pearls for a Novel Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fixation Technique to Achieve Anatomical Single-Tunnel Reconstruction - p. 288 98. 74. Utilizing the ComposiTCP Screw for Interference Screw Fixation - p. 291 99. 75. Bioabsorbable Versus Metal Interference Screws: Adverse Events and Clinical Results - p. 294 100. 76. Use of TunneLoc for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 298 101. 77. Improving Biodegradable Interference Screw Properties by Combining Polymers - p. 302 102. Section XV. Soft-Tissue Graft Tibial Fixation - p. 306.e2 103. 78. Whipstitch-Post Tibial Fixation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 307 104. 79. WasherLoc: Optimizing Tibial Fixation of Soft-Tissue Grafts Used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 311 105. 80. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with INTRAFIX and BioINTRAFIX Tibial Fastener Systems - p. 315 106. Section XVI. Bone–Tendon–Bone Graft Fixation - p. 321 107. 81. Interference Screw Fixation in Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 322 108. 82. Use of the TightRope Bone–Tendon–Bone for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 326 109. 83. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Mini-Arthrotomy Technique with Either an Ipsilateral or a Contralateral Autogenous Patellar Tendon Graft - p. 330 110. 84. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Endobutton Continuous Loop Bone–Tendon–Bone Fixation System - p. 337 111. Section XVII. Graft Healing and Ligamentization - p. 340 112. 85. Graft Remodeling and Ligamentization after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 341 113. 86. Graft-Tunnel Healing - p. 348 114. 87. Graft Length in the Tunnel in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 352 115. Section XVIII. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 354 116. 88. Hamstring Four- to Six-Strand Double-Bundle Graft for Revision or High-Risk Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 355 117. 89. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Autograft - p. 358.e1 118. 90. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Management of Femoral Tunnel Malposition - p. 364 119. 91. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—The Multicenter Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Study - p. 369 120. Section XIX. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients - p. 370.e1 121. 92. Techniques and Complications of Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally Immature Patient - p. 371 122. 93. An Overview of the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament in the Skeletally Immature Athlete - p. 374 123. 94. Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment and Timing of Surgery in Skeletally Immature Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 377 124. Section XX. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Partial Tears - p. 379.e1 125. 95. Partial Tear of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Management with One-Bundle Augmentation Technique - p. 380 126. 96. Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture: A Biological Approach through Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair, Augmentation with Bone Marrow Stimulation, and Growth Factor Injection - p. 382 127. 97. Isolated Single-Bundle Reconstruction - p. 386 128. 98. Sonographically Guided Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injection: Technique and Potential Use for the Treatment of Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 390 129. Section XXI. Associated Injuries and Disorders: Ligament, Meniscus, Articular Cartilage, Bone, Malalignment, and Ganglion Cyst - p. 392.e1 130. 99. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Combined with Medial Collateral Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, and/or Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury - p. 393 131. 100. Treatment of Meniscus Tears with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 398 132. 101. Meniscal Repair with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 403 133. 102. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Combined with High-Tibial Osteotomy, Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, Microfracture, Osteochondral, and/or Meniscal Allograft Transplantation - p. 407 134. 103. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency in the Varus-Angulated Knee: Diagnosis, Surgical Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes - p. 413 135. 104. The Treatment of Combined Posterolateral Knee Injuries and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 423 136. 105. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction–Related Bone Contusions: Association with Intra-Articular Injury, Pain, and Outcomes - p. 427 137. 106. Ganglion Cyst - p. 431 138. Section XXII. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty - p. 436.e2 139. 107. Indications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Anterior Cruciate Ligament– Deficient Patients Undergoing Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty - p. 437 140. Section XXIII. Rehabilitation, Prehabilitation, and Bracing - p. 439 141. 108. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain Behavior During Rehabilitation Exercises - p. 440 142. 109. Principles of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation - p. 444 143. 110. The Stability-Conservative Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation Protocol - p. 450 144. 111. Proprioception and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 455 145. 112. Functional Bracing for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Current State and Future Direction - p. 459 146. 113. Prehabilitation Before Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 462 147. Section XXIV. Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 463.e1 148. 114. Stability Results After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 464 149. 115. Quality of Life After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 466 150. 116. Allografts Have Higher Failure Rates Than Autografts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Young, Active Patients - p. 470 151. 117. Factors Associated with Increased Allograft Failure Rate in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 472 152. 118. Arthrosis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction - p. 475 153. 119. Criteria for Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 480 154. 120. A Comparison of the Standardized Rating Forms for Evaluation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injured or Reconstructed Patients - p. 484 155. Section XXV. Patient Factors That Contribute to Success or Failure - p. 489.e2 156. 121. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes as a Function of Age - p. 490 157. 122. The Multicenter Orthopaedics Outcomes Network Group and the Effects of Obesity and Body Weight on the Results of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 494 158. 123. The Effects of Smoking on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes - p. 495 159. 124. Psychological Predictors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Recovery Outcomes - p. 498.e1 160. 125. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients with Hereditary Abnormalities Involving Connective Tissue - p. 501 161. Section XXVI. Return to Sports - p. 504.e2 162. 126. Performance and Return to Sport after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skiers and Snowboarders - p. 505 163. 127. Return to Play and Future Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Soccer Players - p. 509 164. 128. Return to American Football after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 510 165. Section XXVII. Complications - p. 512 166. 129. Septic Arthritis in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery - p. 513 167. 130. Osteoporosis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 518 168. 131. Tunnel Widening after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 521 169. 132. Numbness/Saphenous Nerve - p. 524 170. 133. Hardware Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 527 171. 134. Vascular Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Deep Venous Thrombosis Prophylaxis - p. 533 172. 135. Fracture Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 538 173. 136. Anterior Knee Problems after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 545 174. 137. Stiffness: Prevention and Treatment - p. 550 175. Section XXVIII. Tibial Eminence Fractures - p. 554.e1 176. 138. Treatment of Tibial Eminence Fractures - p. 555 177. Section XXIX. Gait Analysis and Extra-Articular Reconstruction - p. 557.e1 178. 139. Motion Analysis in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient and Reconstructed Knees - p. 558 179. 140. Extra-Articular Tenodesis and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Techniques and Outcomes - p. 564 180. Section XXX. Tissue Engineering and the Future - p. 568.e1 181. 141. Growth Factors and Other New Methods for Graft-Healing Enhancement - p. 569 182. 142. Outlook for Tissue Engineering Strategies for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 573 183. Index - p. 578
Now in a combined resource that includes print, eBook, and video, The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science, 2nd Edition, by Dr. Chadwick Prodromos, provides the expert guidance you need to effectively select the right procedure and equipment, prevent complications, and improve outcomes for every patient. Written and edited by world leaders in hamstring, allograft, and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) ACL reconstruction, this revised reference is a must-have resource for the full range of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques, plus fixation devices, rehabilitation, revision ACLR surgery, and much more!
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. About This Book - p. vii 7. Acknowledgments - p. viii 8. List of Contributors - p. ix 9. Videos - p. xvi 10. Section I. Anatomy and Genetics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. xvi 11. 1. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 1 12. 2. Genetic Influences on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 8 13. 3. Association Between Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Femoroacetabular Impingement - p. 12 14. Section II. Mechanism, Incidence, and Epidemiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 15 15. 4. Mechanisms of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries - p. 16 16. 5. Risk and Gender Factors for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury - p. 19 17. 6. Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Type of Playing Surface - p. 27 18. 7. Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Gender, Sport, and Injury-Reduction Programs - p. 29 19. 8. Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Programs for the Athlete - p. 41 20. Section III. Diagnosis and Nonoperative Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 45.e2 21. 9. Diagnosis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 46 22. 10. Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 51 23. 11. Nonoperative Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Patients - p. 60 24. Section IV. Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 65.e3 25. 12. Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction - p. 66 26. Section V. Graft Mechanical Properties - p. 70.e2 27. 13. Relative Strengths of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autografts and Allografts - p. 71 28. 14. Comparative and Morphological Analysis of Commonly Used Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament: An Electron Microscopic and Morphologic Study - p. 73 29. Section VI. Graft Choices - p. 77.e1 30. 15. The Case for the Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 78 31. 16. The Case for Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 81 32. 17. The Case for Quadriceps Autograft - p. 84 33. 18. Current Status on Synthetic Grafts - p. 85 34. Section VII. Graft Harvest Techniques, Preparation, and Complications - p. 87.e1 35. 19. Hamstring Harvest Technique for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 88 36. 20. Posterior Mini-Incision Hamstring Harvest Approach for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 90 37. 21. Technique for Harvesting a Mid-Third Patella Tendon Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 95 38. 22. The Central Quadriceps Free Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 99 39. 23. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Quadrupled or Tripled Semitendinosus Tendon Graft - p. 103 40. 24. Five- and Six-Strand Hamstring Tendon Graft Preparation for Single-Bundle Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 107 41. 25. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Hamstring Grafts - p. 111 42. 26. Harvest Complications and Morbidity of Patellar Tendon Harvest for Bone–Patella Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 113 43. 27. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Quadriceps Grafts - p. 116 44. 28. Chemical Sterilization Techniques for Allograft Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 117 45. 29. Radiation Sterilization Techniques for Allograft Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 120 46. 30. Hamstring Regeneration Following Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of the Current Literature - p. 123 47. 31. Regeneration of the Donor Site After Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Graft Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, and Possible Enhanced Regeneration Using Platelet Rich Plasma - p. 127 48. Section VIII. Reconstruction Techniques Including Double-Bundle - p. 130.e2 49. 32. Pearls for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 131 50. 33. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Hamstrings in Press-Fit Technique without Hardware - p. 135 51. 34. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Quadriceps Tendon Autograft - p. 140 52. 35. Three-Portal Technique for Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 142 53. 36. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Procedure Using the Semitendinosus Tendon - p. 147 54. 37. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with a Semitendinosus Hamstring Tendon Graft - p. 151 55. 38. Anatomic Double-Bundle Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - p. 155 56. 39. Augmented Grafts: Synthetic/Allograft/Autograft - p. 160 57. 40. A Systematic Review of Single- Versus Double-Bundle Results - p. 163 58. Section IX. Principles of Tunnel Formation - p. 166.e3 59. 41. Transtibial Tunnel Drilling of the Femoral Tunnel for Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 167 60. 42. The Anteromedial Portal for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 169 61. 43. Intraoperative Fluoroscopy for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tunnel Placement - p. 173 62. 44. Anterior Cruciate Ligament All-Inside Retroconstruction: Single- and Double-Bundle Techniques - p. 178 63. 45. Femoral Tunnel Creation Using the Zimmer Biomet SwitchCut Femoral Aimer - p. 182 64. 46. Use of the Pinpoint Guide System for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 184 65. 47. Femoral Tunnel Placement to Restore Normal Knee Laxity after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 188 66. 48. Description of the Direct Femoral Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Implication for Femoral Tunnel Placement in Reconstruction - p. 193 67. 49. Flexible Reamers for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 197 68. Section X. Control of Pain in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 201.e1 69. 50. Risks and Benefits of Femoral Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 202 70. Bonus E-Chapter. Risks and Benefits of Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 218.e2 71. 51. Saphenous Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 204 72. 52. Efficacy of Cryotherapy for Pain Control After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 207 73. 53. Chondrolysis: Risk-Benefit Analysis of “Caine” Local Anesthetics for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 210 74. 54. Use of Preoperative Gabapentin for Postoperative Pain Relief After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 215 75. 55. Obturator and Sciatica Nerve Block for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 216 76. Section XI. Additional Surgical Considerations - p. 218.e1 77. 56. Notch Anatomy and Notchplasty - p. 219 78. 57. Computer-Assisted Navigation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 224 79. 58. Sparing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Remnant: Is It Worth the Hassle? - p. 228 80. 59. Graft Tensioning in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 231 81. 60. The Use of CO2 Instead of Fluid in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 237 82. Section XII. Fixation Biomechanics - p. 240.e1 83. 61. Intratunnel Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Fixation - p. 241 84. 62. Biomechanical Considerations of Suspensory Cortical Fixation Devices - p. 244 85. Section XIII. Soft-Tissue Graft Cortical Fixation - p. 246.e1 86. 63. Endobutton Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Femoral Fixation - p. 247 87. 64. Cortical Screw Post Femoral Fixation Using Whipstitches, Fabric Loop, or Endobutton: The Universal Salvage - p. 254 88. 65. Arthrex TightRope Fixation of a Soft Tissue Graft - p. 258 89. 66. RigidLoop Femoral Fixation Techniques - p. 263 90. 67. MedShape ExoShape Fixation - p. 267 91. 68. Biomet ToggleLoc - p. 269 92. 69. EZLoc: Optimizing Femoral Fixation for Soft-Tissue Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 273 93. Section XIV. Soft-Tissue Graft Interference Screw Fixation - p. 276.e1 94. 70. Hamstring Tendon Interference Screw Fixation - p. 277 95. 71. Compression Aperture Fixation of Soft-Tissue Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions - p. 280 96. 72. Milagro Advance (Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate, Polylactide Co-Glycolide Biocomposite) Interference Screw for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 284 97. 73. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Use of Femoral INTRAFIX: Rationale, Procedure, and Pearls for a Novel Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fixation Technique to Achieve Anatomical Single-Tunnel Reconstruction - p. 288 98. 74. Utilizing the ComposiTCP Screw for Interference Screw Fixation - p. 291 99. 75. Bioabsorbable Versus Metal Interference Screws: Adverse Events and Clinical Results - p. 294 100. 76. Use of TunneLoc for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 298 101. 77. Improving Biodegradable Interference Screw Properties by Combining Polymers - p. 302 102. Section XV. Soft-Tissue Graft Tibial Fixation - p. 306.e2 103. 78. Whipstitch-Post Tibial Fixation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 307 104. 79. WasherLoc: Optimizing Tibial Fixation of Soft-Tissue Grafts Used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 311 105. 80. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with INTRAFIX and BioINTRAFIX Tibial Fastener Systems - p. 315 106. Section XVI. Bone–Tendon–Bone Graft Fixation - p. 321 107. 81. Interference Screw Fixation in Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 322 108. 82. Use of the TightRope Bone–Tendon–Bone for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 326 109. 83. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Mini-Arthrotomy Technique with Either an Ipsilateral or a Contralateral Autogenous Patellar Tendon Graft - p. 330 110. 84. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Endobutton Continuous Loop Bone–Tendon–Bone Fixation System - p. 337 111. Section XVII. Graft Healing and Ligamentization - p. 340 112. 85. Graft Remodeling and Ligamentization after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 341 113. 86. Graft-Tunnel Healing - p. 348 114. 87. Graft Length in the Tunnel in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 352 115. Section XVIII. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 354 116. 88. Hamstring Four- to Six-Strand Double-Bundle Graft for Revision or High-Risk Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 355 117. 89. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Autograft - p. 358.e1 118. 90. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Management of Femoral Tunnel Malposition - p. 364 119. 91. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—The Multicenter Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Study - p. 369 120. Section XIX. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients - p. 370.e1 121. 92. Techniques and Complications of Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally Immature Patient - p. 371 122. 93. An Overview of the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament in the Skeletally Immature Athlete - p. 374 123. 94. Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment and Timing of Surgery in Skeletally Immature Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 377 124. Section XX. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Partial Tears - p. 379.e1 125. 95. Partial Tear of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Management with One-Bundle Augmentation Technique - p. 380 126. 96. Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture: A Biological Approach through Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair, Augmentation with Bone Marrow Stimulation, and Growth Factor Injection - p. 382 127. 97. Isolated Single-Bundle Reconstruction - p. 386 128. 98. Sonographically Guided Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injection: Technique and Potential Use for the Treatment of Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear - p. 390 129. Section XXI. Associated Injuries and Disorders: Ligament, Meniscus, Articular Cartilage, Bone, Malalignment, and Ganglion Cyst - p. 392.e1 130. 99. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Combined with Medial Collateral Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, and/or Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury - p. 393 131. 100. Treatment of Meniscus Tears with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 398 132. 101. Meniscal Repair with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 403 133. 102. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Combined with High-Tibial Osteotomy, Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, Microfracture, Osteochondral, and/or Meniscal Allograft Transplantation - p. 407 134. 103. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency in the Varus-Angulated Knee: Diagnosis, Surgical Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes - p. 413 135. 104. The Treatment of Combined Posterolateral Knee Injuries and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears - p. 423 136. 105. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction–Related Bone Contusions: Association with Intra-Articular Injury, Pain, and Outcomes - p. 427 137. 106. Ganglion Cyst - p. 431 138. Section XXII. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty - p. 436.e2 139. 107. Indications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Anterior Cruciate Ligament– Deficient Patients Undergoing Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty - p. 437 140. Section XXIII. Rehabilitation, Prehabilitation, and Bracing - p. 439 141. 108. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain Behavior During Rehabilitation Exercises - p. 440 142. 109. Principles of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation - p. 444 143. 110. The Stability-Conservative Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation Protocol - p. 450 144. 111. Proprioception and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 455 145. 112. Functional Bracing for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Current State and Future Direction - p. 459 146. 113. Prehabilitation Before Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 462 147. Section XXIV. Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 463.e1 148. 114. Stability Results After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 464 149. 115. Quality of Life After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 466 150. 116. Allografts Have Higher Failure Rates Than Autografts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Young, Active Patients - p. 470 151. 117. Factors Associated with Increased Allograft Failure Rate in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 472 152. 118. Arthrosis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction - p. 475 153. 119. Criteria for Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 480 154. 120. A Comparison of the Standardized Rating Forms for Evaluation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injured or Reconstructed Patients - p. 484 155. Section XXV. Patient Factors That Contribute to Success or Failure - p. 489.e2 156. 121. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes as a Function of Age - p. 490 157. 122. The Multicenter Orthopaedics Outcomes Network Group and the Effects of Obesity and Body Weight on the Results of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 494 158. 123. The Effects of Smoking on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes - p. 495 159. 124. Psychological Predictors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Recovery Outcomes - p. 498.e1 160. 125. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients with Hereditary Abnormalities Involving Connective Tissue - p. 501 161. Section XXVI. Return to Sports - p. 504.e2 162. 126. Performance and Return to Sport after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skiers and Snowboarders - p. 505 163. 127. Return to Play and Future Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Soccer Players - p. 509 164. 128. Return to American Football after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 510 165. Section XXVII. Complications - p. 512 166. 129. Septic Arthritis in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery - p. 513 167. 130. Osteoporosis after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 518 168. 131. Tunnel Widening after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 521 169. 132. Numbness/Saphenous Nerve - p. 524 170. 133. Hardware Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 527 171. 134. Vascular Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Deep Venous Thrombosis Prophylaxis - p. 533 172. 135. Fracture Complications after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 538 173. 136. Anterior Knee Problems after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 545 174. 137. Stiffness: Prevention and Treatment - p. 550 175. Section XXVIII. Tibial Eminence Fractures - p. 554.e1 176. 138. Treatment of Tibial Eminence Fractures - p. 555 177. Section XXIX. Gait Analysis and Extra-Articular Reconstruction - p. 557.e1 178. 139. Motion Analysis in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient and Reconstructed Knees - p. 558 179. 140. Extra-Articular Tenodesis and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Techniques and Outcomes - p. 564 180. Section XXX. Tissue Engineering and the Future - p. 568.e1 181. 141. Growth Factors and Other New Methods for Graft-Healing Enhancement - p. 569 182. 142. Outlook for Tissue Engineering Strategies for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction - p. 573 183. Index - p. 578
