Basic Science and Systemic Disease, Part 3 of The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, 2nd Edition, provides a highly visual guide to this body system, from foundational basic science and anatomy to orthopaedics and rheumatology. This spectacularly illustrated volume in the masterwork known as the (CIBA) "Green Books" has been expanded and revised by Dr. Joseph Iannotti, Dr. Richard Parker, and other experts from the Cleveland Clinic to mirror the many exciting advances in musculoskeletal medicine and imaging - offering rich insights into embryology; physiology; metabolic disorders; congenital and development disorders; rheumatic diseases; tumors of musculoskeletal system; injury to musculoskeletal system; soft tissue infections; and fracture complications.
1. Introductions to the First Edition - p. 9 2. Advisory Board - p. 11 3. Contributors - p. 12 4. Contents - p. 15 5. Section 1—Embryology - p. 18 6. 1-1 Amphioxus and Human Embryo at 16 Days - p. 19 7. 1-2 Differentiation of Somites into Myotomes, Sclerotomes, and Dermatomes - p. 20 8. 1-3 Progressive Stages in Formation of Vertebral Column, Dermatomes, and Myotomes; Mesenchymal Precartilage Primordia of Axial and Appendicular Skeletons at 5 Weeks - p. 21 9. 1-4 Fate of Body, Costal Process, and Neural Arch Components of Vertebral Column, With Sites and Time of Appearance of Ossification Centers - p. 22 10. 1-5 First and Second Cervical Vertebrae at Birth; Development of Sternum - p. 23 11. 1-6 Early Development of Skull - p. 24 12. 1-7 Skeleton of Full-Term Newborn - p. 25 13. 1-8 Changes in Position of Limbs Before Birth; Precartilage Mesenchymal Cell Concentrations of Appendicular Skeleton at 6 Weeks - p. 26 14. 1-9 Changes in Ventral Dermatome Pattern During Limb Development - p. 27 15. 1-10 Initial Bone Formation in Mesenchyme; Early Stages of Flat Bone Formation - p. 28 16. 1-11 Secondary Osteon (Haversian System) - p. 29 17. 1-12 Growth and Ossification of Long Bones - p. 30 18. 1-13 Growth in Width of a Bone and Osteon Remodeling - p. 31 19. 1-14 Remodeling: Maintenance of Basic Form and Proportions of Bone During Growth - p. 32 20. 1-15 Development of Three Types of Synovial Joints - p. 33 21. 1-16 Segmental Distribution of Myotomes in Fetus of 6 Weeks; Developing Skeletal Muscles at 8 Weeks - p. 34 22. 1-17 Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibers - p. 35 23. 1-18 Cross Sections of Body at 6 to 7 Weeks - p. 36 24. 1-19 Prenatal Development of Perineal Musculature - p. 37 25. 1-20 Origins and Innervations of Pharyngeal Arch and Somite Myotome Muscles - p. 38 26. 1-21 Branchiomeric and Adjacent Myotomic Muscles at Birth - p. 39 27. Section 2—Physiology - p. 40 28. 2-1 Microscopic Appearance of Skeletal Muscle Fibers - p. 41 29. 2-2 Organization of Skeletal Muscle - p. 42 30. 2-3 Intrinsic Blood and Nerve Supply of Skeletal Muscle - p. 43 31. 2-4 Composition and Structure of Myofilaments - p. 44 32. 2-5 Muscle Contraction and Relaxation - p. 45 33. 2-6 Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction - p. 46 34. 2-7 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Initiation of Muscle Contraction - p. 47 35. 2-8 Initiation of Muscle Contraction by Electric Impulse and Calcium Movement - p. 48 36. 2-9 Motor Unit - p. 49 37. 2-10 Structure of Neuromuscular Junction - p. 50 38. 2-11 Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction - p. 51 39. 2-12 Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Transmission - p. 52 40. 2-13 Physiology of Muscle Contraction - p. 53 41. 2-14 Energy Metabolism of Muscle - p. 54 42. 2-15 Muscle Fiber Types - p. 55 43. 2-16 Structure, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of Growth Plate, 40-41 - p. 56 44. 2-17 Structure and Blood Supply of Growth Plate - p. 57 45. 2-18 Peripheral Fibrocartilaginous Element of Growth Plate - p. 58 46. 2-19 Composition and Structure of Cartilage - p. 59 47. 2-20 Bone Cells and Bone Deposition - p. 60 48. 2-21 Composition of Bone - p. 61 49. 2-22 Structure of Cortical (Compact) Bone - p. 62 50. 2-23 Structure of Trabecular Bone - p. 63 51. 2-24 Formation and Composition of Collagen - p. 64 52. 2-25 Formation and Composition of Proteoglycan - p. 65 53. 2-26 Structure and Function of Synovial Membrane - p. 66 54. 2-27 Histology of Connective Tissue - p. 67 55. 2-28 Dynamics of Bone Homeostasis - p. 68 56. 2-29 Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism - p. 69 57. 2-30 Effects of Bone Formation and Bone Resorption on Skeletal Mass - p. 70 58. 2-31 Four Mechanisms of Bone Mass Regulation - p. 71 59. 2-32 Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism - p. 72 60. 2-33 Nutritional Calcium Deficiency - p. 74 61. 2-34 Effects of Disuse and Stress (Weight Bearing) on Bone Mass - p. 75 62. 2-35 Musculoskeletal Effects of Weightlessness (Space Flight) - p. 76 63. 2-36 Bone Architecture and Remodeling in Relation to Stress - p. 77 64. 2-37 Stress-Generated Electric Potentials in Bone - p. 78 65. 2-38 Bioelectric Potentials in Bone - p. 79 66. 2-39 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry - p. 80 67. 2-40 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry (Continued) - p. 81 68. Section 3—Metabolic Diseases - p. 82 69. 3-1 Parathyroid Hormone - p. 83 70. 3-2 Pathophysiology of Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 84 71. 3-3 Clinical Manifestations of Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 85 72. 3-4 Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemic States - p. 86 73. 3-5 Pathologic Physiology of Hypoparathyroidism - p. 87 74. 3-6 Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Hypoparathyroidism - p. 88 75. 3-7 Clinical Manifestations of Hypocalcemia - p. 89 76. 3-8 Pseudohypoparathyroidism - p. 90 77. 3-9 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ - p. 91 78. 3-10 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ: Cyclic AMP Response to PTH - p. 92 79. 3-11 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay: Different Forms of PTH and Their Detection by Whole (Bioactive) PTH and I-PTH Immunometric Assays - p. 93 80. 3-12 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay (Continued) - p. 94 81. 3-13 Childhood Rickets - p. 95 82. 3-14 Adult Osteomalacia - p. 96 83. 3-15 Nutritional Deficiency: Rickets and Osteomalacia - p. 97 84. 3-16 Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia due to Proximal Renal Tubular Defects (Hypophosphatemic Rachitic Syndromes) - p. 98 85. 3-17 Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia due to Proximal and Distal Renal Tubular Defects - p. 99 86. 3-18 Vitamin D–Dependent (Pseudodeficiency) Rickets and Osteomalacia - p. 100 87. 3-19 Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia due to Renal Tubular Acidosis - p. 101 88. 3-20 Metabolic Aberrations of Renal Osteodystrophy - p. 102 89. 3-21 Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy - p. 103 90. 3-22 Bony Manifestations of Renal Osteodystrophy - p. 104 91. 3-23 Vascular and Soft Tissue Calcification in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Chronic Renal Disease - p. 105 92. 3-24 Clinical Guide to Vitamin D Measurement - p. 106 93. 3-25 Hypophosphatasia - p. 107 94. 3-26 Causes of Osteoporosis - p. 108 95. 3-27 Involutional Osteoporosis - p. 109 96. 3-28 Clinical Manifestations of Osteoporosis - p. 110 97. 3-29 Progressive Spinal Deformity in Osteoporosis - p. 111 98. 3-30 Radiology of Osteopenia - p. 112 99. 3-31 Radiology of Osteopenia (Continued) - p. 113 100. 3-32 Radiology of Osteopenia (Continued) - p. 114 101. 3-33 Transiliac Bone Biopsy - p. 115 102. 3-34 Treatment of Complications of Spinal Osteoporosis - p. 116 103. 3-35 Treatment of Osteoporosis - p. 117 104. 3-36 Treatment of Osteoporosis (Continued) - p. 118 105. 3-37 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I - p. 120 106. 3-38 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III - p. 121 107. 3-39 Marfan Syndrome - p. 122 108. 3-40 Marfan Syndrome (Continued) - p. 123 109. 3-41 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes - p. 124 110. 3-42 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (Continued) - p. 125 111. 3-43 Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg Disease) - p. 126 112. 3-44 Paget Disease of Bone - p. 127 113. 3-45 Paget Disease of Bone (Continued) - p. 128 114. 3-46 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Paget Disease of Bone - p. 129 115. 3-47 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva - p. 130 116. Section 4—Congenital And Developmental Disorders - p. 131 117. 4-1 Achondroplasia—Clinical Manifestations - p. 132 118. 4-2 Achondroplasia—Clinical Manifestations (Continued) - p. 133 119. 4-3 Achondroplasia—Clinical Manifestations of Spine - p. 134 120. 4-4 Achondroplasia—Diagnostic Testing - p. 135 121. 4-5 Hypochondroplasia - p. 136 122. 4-6 Diastrophic Dwarfism - p. 137 123. 4-7 Pseudoachondroplasia - p. 138 124. 4-8 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type - p. 139 125. 4-9 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Schmid Type - p. 140 126. 4-10 Chondrodysplasia Punctata - p. 141 127. 4-11 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome), Grebe Chondrodysplasia, and Acromesomelic Dysplasia - p. 142 128. 4-12 Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Fairbank Type - p. 143 129. 4-13 Pycnodysostosis (Pyknodysostosis) - p. 144 130. 4-14 Camptomelic (Campomelic) Dysplasia - p. 145 131. 4-15 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda and Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita - p. 146 132. 4-16 Spondylocostal Dysostosis and Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Dysplasia - p. 147 133. 4-17 Kniest Dysplasia - p. 148 134. 4-18 Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 149 135. 4-19 Principles of Treatment of Skeletal Dysplasias - p. 150 136. 4-20 Diagnostic Criteria and Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis - p. 151 137. 4-21 Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis - p. 152 138. 4-22 Spinal Deformities in Neurofibromatosis - p. 153 139. 4-23 Bone Overgrowth and Erosion in Neurofibromatosis - p. 154 140. 4-24 Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita - p. 155 141. 4-25 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia - p. 156 142. 4-26 Osteopetrosis and Osteopoikilosis - p. 157 143. 4-27 Melorheostosis - p. 158 144. 4-28 Congenital Elevation of Scapula, Absence of Clavicle, and Pseudarthrosis of Clavicle - p. 159 145. 4-29 Madelung Deformity - p. 160 146. 4-30 Congenital Bowing of the Tibia - p. 161 147. 4-31 Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia and Dislocation of the Knee - p. 162 148. 4-32 Clinical Manifestations - p. 163 149. 4-33 Evaluation of Leg-Length Discrepancy - p. 164 150. 4-34 Charts for Timing Growth Arrest and Determining Amount of Limb Lengthening to Achieve Limb-Length Equality at Maturity - p. 165 151. 4-35 Growth Arrest - p. 166 152. 4-36 Ilizarov and De Bastiani Techniques for Limb Lengthening - p. 167 153. 4-37 Growth Factors - p. 168 154. 4-38 Foot Prehensility in Amelia - p. 169 155. 4-39 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest - p. 170 156. 4-40 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 171 157. 4-41 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 172 158. 4-42 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 173 159. 4-43 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 174 160. 4-44 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 175 161. 4-45 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 176 162. 4-46 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest - p. 177 163. 4-47 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued) - p. 178 164. 4-48 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued) - p. 179 165. 4-49 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued) - p. 180 166. 4-50 Duplication of Parts, Overgrowth, and Congenital Constriction Band Syndrome - p. 181 167. Section 5—Rheumatic Diseases - p. 182 168. 5-1 Joint Pathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 183 169. 5-2 Early and Moderate Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 184 170. 5-3 Advanced Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 185 171. 5-4 Foot Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 186 172. 5-5 Knee, Shoulder, and Hip Joint Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 187 173. 5-6 Extra-articular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 188 174. 5-7 Extra-articular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Continued) - p. 189 175. 5-8 Immunologic Features in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 190 176. 5-9 Variable Clinical Course of Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 191 177. 5-10 Exercises for Upper Extremities - p. 192 178. 5-11 Exercises for Shoulders and Lower Extremities - p. 193 179. 5-12 Surgical Management in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 194 180. 5-13 Techniques for Aspiration of Joint Fluid - p. 195 181. 5-14 Synovial Fluid Examination - p. 196 182. 5-15 Synovial Fluid Examination (Continued) - p. 197 183. 5-16 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis - p. 198 184. 5-17 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis (Continued) - p. 199 185. 5-18 Hand Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis - p. 200 186. 5-19 Lower Limb Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis - p. 201 187. 5-20 Ocular Manifestations in Juvenile Arthritis - p. 202 188. 5-21 Sequelae of Juvenile Arthritis - p. 203 189. 5-22 Distribution of Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis - p. 204 190. 5-23 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis - p. 205 191. 5-24 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis (Continued) - p. 206 192. 5-25 Hand Involvement in Osteoarthritis - p. 207 193. 5-26 Hip Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis - p. 208 194. 5-27 Degenerative Changes - p. 209 195. 5-28 Spine Involvement in Osteoarthritis - p. 210 196. 5-29 Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 211 197. 5-30 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Continued) - p. 212 198. 5-31 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Continued) Degenerative Changes in the Cervical Vertebrae - p. 213 199. 5-32 Psoriatic Arthritis - p. 214 200. 5-33 Reactive Arthritis (formerly Reiter Syndrome) - p. 215 201. 5-34 Infectious Arthritis - p. 216 202. 5-35 Tuberculous Arthritis - p. 217 203. 5-36 Hemophilic Arthritis - p. 218 204. 5-37 Neuropathic Joint Disease - p. 219 205. 5-38 Gouty Arthritis - p. 220 206. 5-39 Tophaceous Gout - p. 221 207. 5-40 Articular Chondrocalcinosis (Pseudogout) - p. 222 208. 5-41 Nonarticular Rheumatism - p. 223 209. 5-42 Clinical Manifestations of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis - p. 224 210. 5-43 Imaging of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis - p. 225 211. 5-44 Fibromyalgia - p. 226 212. 5-45 Pathophysiology of Autoinflammatory Syndromes - p. 227 213. 5-46 Cutaneous Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes - p. 228 214. 5-47 Joint and Central Nervous System Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes - p. 229 215. 5-48 Vasculitis: Vessel Distribution - p. 230 216. 5-49 Vasculitis: Clinical and Histologic Features of Granulomatosis with Polyangitis (Wegener) - p. 231 217. 5-50 Key Features of Primary Vasculitic Diseases - p. 232 218. 5-51 Renal Lesions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 233 219. 5-52 Cutaneous Lupus Band Test - p. 234 220. 5-53 Lupus Erythematosus of the Heart - p. 235 221. 5-54 Antiphospholipid Syndrome - p. 236 222. 5-55 Scleroderma—Clinical Manifestations - p. 239 223. 5-56 Scleroderma—Clinical Findings - p. 240 224. 5-57 Scleroderma—Radiographic Findings of Acro-osteolysis and Calcinosis Cutis - p. 241 225. 5-58 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis - p. 242 226. 5-59 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis (Continued) - p. 243 227. 5-60 Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System - p. 244 228. 5-61 Behçet Syndrome - p. 247 229. 5-62 Behçet Syndrome (Continued) - p. 248 230. Section 6—Tumors of Musculoskeletal System - p. 249 231. 6-1 Initial Evaluation and Staging of Musculoskeletal Tumors - p. 250 232. 6-2 Osteoid Osteoma - p. 251 233. 6-3 Osteoblastoma - p. 252 234. 6-4 Enchondroma - p. 253 235. 6-5 Periosteal Chondroma - p. 254 236. 6-6 Osteocartilaginous Exostosis (Osteochondroma) - p. 255 237. 6-7 Chondroblastoma and Chondromyxoid Fibroma - p. 256 238. 6-8 Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 257 239. 6-9 Nonossifying Fibroma and Desmoplastic Fibroma - p. 258 240. 6-10 Eosinophilic Granuloma - p. 259 241. 6-11 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 260 242. 6-12 Simple Bone Cyst - p. 261 243. 6-13 Giant Cell Tumor of Bone - p. 262 244. 6-14 Osteosarcoma - p. 263 245. 6-15 Osteosarcoma (Continued) - p. 264 246. 6-16 Osteosarcoma (Continued) - p. 265 247. 6-17 Chondrosarcoma - p. 266 248. 6-18 Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma of Bone - p. 267 249. 6-19 Reticuloendothelial Tumors—Ewing Sarcoma - p. 268 250. 6-20 Reticuloendothelial Tumors— Myeloma - p. 269 251. 6-21 Adamantinoma - p. 270 252. 6-22 Tumors Metastatic to Bone - p. 271 253. 6-23 Desmoid, Fibromatosis, and Hemangioma - p. 272 254. 6-24 Lipoma, Neurofibroma, and Myositis Ossificans - p. 273 255. 6-25 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue - p. 274 256. 6-26 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued) - p. 275 257. 6-27 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued) - p. 276 258. 6-28 Tumor Biopsy - p. 277 259. 6-29 Surgical Margins - p. 278 260. 6-30 Reconstruction after Partial Excision or Curettage of Bone (Fracture Prophylaxis) - p. 279 261. 6-31 Limb-Salvage Procedures for Reconstruction - p. 280 262. 6-32 Radiologic Findings in Limb-Salvage Procedures - p. 281 263. 6-33 Limb-Salvage Procedures - p. 282 264. Section 7—Injury to Musculoskeletal System - p. 283 265. 7-1 Closed Soft Tissue Injuries - p. 284 266. 7-2 Open Soft Tissue Wounds - p. 285 267. 7-3 Treatment of Open Soft Tissue Wounds - p. 286 268. 7-4 Pressure Ulcers - p. 287 269. 7-5 Excision of Deep Pressure Ulcer - p. 288 270. 7-6 Classification of Burns - p. 289 271. 7-7 Causes and Clinical Types of Burns - p. 290 272. 7-8 Escharotomy for Burns - p. 291 273. 7-9 Prevention of Infection in Burn Wounds - p. 292 274. 7-10 Metabolic and Systemic Effects of Burns - p. 293 275. 7-11 Excision and Grafting for Burns - p. 294 276. 7-12 Etiology of Compartment Syndrome - p. 295 277. 7-13 Pathophysiology of Compartment and Crush Syndromes - p. 296 278. 7-14 Acute Anterior Compartment Syndrome - p. 297 279. 7-15 Measurement of Intracompartmental Pressure - p. 298 280. 7-16 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Forearm and Hand - p. 299 281. 7-17 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Leg - p. 300 282. 7-18 Healing of Incised, Sutured Skin Wound - p. 301 283. 7-19 Healing of Excised Skin Wound - p. 302 284. 7-20 Types of Joint Injury - p. 303 285. 7-21 Classification of Fracture - p. 304 286. 7-22 Types of Displacement - p. 305 287. 7-23 Types of Fracture - p. 306 288. 7-24 Healing of Fracture - p. 307 289. 7-25 Primary Union - p. 308 290. 7-26 Factors That Promote or Delay Bone Healing - p. 309 291. Section 8—Soft Tissue Infections - p. 310 292. 8-1 Septic Joint - p. 311 293. 8-2 Etiology and Prevalence of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis - p. 312 294. 8-3 Pathogenesis of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis - p. 313 295. 8-4 Clinical Manifestations of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis - p. 314 296. 8-5 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis - p. 315 297. 8-6 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis (Continued) - p. 316 298. 8-7 Osteomyelitis after Open Fracture - p. 317 299. 8-8 Recurrent Postoperative Osteomyelitis - p. 318 300. 8-9 Delayed Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Patient - p. 319 301. Section 9—Complications of Fracture - p. 320 302. 9-1 Neurovascular Injury - p. 321 303. 9-2 Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome - p. 322 304. 9-3 Infection - p. 323 305. 9-4 Surgical Management of Open Fractures - p. 324 306. 9-5 Gas Gangrene - p. 325 307. 9-6 Implant Failure - p. 326 308. 9-7 Malunion of Fracture - p. 327 309. 9-8 Growth Deformity - p. 328 310. 9-9 Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis - p. 329 311. 9-10 Osteonecrosis - p. 330 312. 9-11 Joint Stiffness - p. 331 313. 9-12 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - p. 332 314. 9-13 Nonunion of Fracture - p. 333 315. 9-14 Surgical Management of Nonunion - p. 334 316. 9-15 Electric Stimulation of Bone Growth - p. 335 317. 9-16 Noninvasive Coupling Methods of Electric Stimulation of Bone - p. 336 318. Selected References - p. 337
Basic Science and Systemic Disease, Part 3 of The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, 2nd Edition, provides a highly visual guide to this body system, from foundational basic science and anatomy to orthopaedics and rheumatology. This spectacularly illustrated volume in the masterwork known as the (CIBA) "Green Books" has been expanded and revised by Dr. Joseph Iannotti, Dr. Richard Parker, and other experts from the Cleveland Clinic to mirror the many exciting advances in musculoskeletal medicine and imaging - offering rich insights into embryology; physiology; metabolic disorders; congenital and development disorders; rheumatic diseases; tumors of musculoskeletal system; injury to musculoskeletal system; soft tissue infections; and fracture complications.
1. Introductions to the First Edition - p. 9 2. Advisory Board - p. 11 3. Contributors - p. 12 4. Contents - p. 15 5. Section 1—Embryology - p. 18 6. 1-1 Amphioxus and Human Embryo at 16 Days - p. 19 7. 1-2 Differentiation of Somites into Myotomes, Sclerotomes, and Dermatomes - p. 20 8. 1-3 Progressive Stages in Formation of Vertebral Column, Dermatomes, and Myotomes; Mesenchymal Precartilage Primordia of Axial and Appendicular Skeletons at 5 Weeks - p. 21 9. 1-4 Fate of Body, Costal Process, and Neural Arch Components of Vertebral Column, With Sites and Time of Appearance of Ossification Centers - p. 22 10. 1-5 First and Second Cervical Vertebrae at Birth; Development of Sternum - p. 23 11. 1-6 Early Development of Skull - p. 24 12. 1-7 Skeleton of Full-Term Newborn - p. 25 13. 1-8 Changes in Position of Limbs Before Birth; Precartilage Mesenchymal Cell Concentrations of Appendicular Skeleton at 6 Weeks - p. 26 14. 1-9 Changes in Ventral Dermatome Pattern During Limb Development - p. 27 15. 1-10 Initial Bone Formation in Mesenchyme; Early Stages of Flat Bone Formation - p. 28 16. 1-11 Secondary Osteon (Haversian System) - p. 29 17. 1-12 Growth and Ossification of Long Bones - p. 30 18. 1-13 Growth in Width of a Bone and Osteon Remodeling - p. 31 19. 1-14 Remodeling: Maintenance of Basic Form and Proportions of Bone During Growth - p. 32 20. 1-15 Development of Three Types of Synovial Joints - p. 33 21. 1-16 Segmental Distribution of Myotomes in Fetus of 6 Weeks; Developing Skeletal Muscles at 8 Weeks - p. 34 22. 1-17 Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibers - p. 35 23. 1-18 Cross Sections of Body at 6 to 7 Weeks - p. 36 24. 1-19 Prenatal Development of Perineal Musculature - p. 37 25. 1-20 Origins and Innervations of Pharyngeal Arch and Somite Myotome Muscles - p. 38 26. 1-21 Branchiomeric and Adjacent Myotomic Muscles at Birth - p. 39 27. Section 2—Physiology - p. 40 28. 2-1 Microscopic Appearance of Skeletal Muscle Fibers - p. 41 29. 2-2 Organization of Skeletal Muscle - p. 42 30. 2-3 Intrinsic Blood and Nerve Supply of Skeletal Muscle - p. 43 31. 2-4 Composition and Structure of Myofilaments - p. 44 32. 2-5 Muscle Contraction and Relaxation - p. 45 33. 2-6 Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction - p. 46 34. 2-7 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Initiation of Muscle Contraction - p. 47 35. 2-8 Initiation of Muscle Contraction by Electric Impulse and Calcium Movement - p. 48 36. 2-9 Motor Unit - p. 49 37. 2-10 Structure of Neuromuscular Junction - p. 50 38. 2-11 Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction - p. 51 39. 2-12 Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Transmission - p. 52 40. 2-13 Physiology of Muscle Contraction - p. 53 41. 2-14 Energy Metabolism of Muscle - p. 54 42. 2-15 Muscle Fiber Types - p. 55 43. 2-16 Structure, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of Growth Plate, 40-41 - p. 56 44. 2-17 Structure and Blood Supply of Growth Plate - p. 57 45. 2-18 Peripheral Fibrocartilaginous Element of Growth Plate - p. 58 46. 2-19 Composition and Structure of Cartilage - p. 59 47. 2-20 Bone Cells and Bone Deposition - p. 60 48. 2-21 Composition of Bone - p. 61 49. 2-22 Structure of Cortical (Compact) Bone - p. 62 50. 2-23 Structure of Trabecular Bone - p. 63 51. 2-24 Formation and Composition of Collagen - p. 64 52. 2-25 Formation and Composition of Proteoglycan - p. 65 53. 2-26 Structure and Function of Synovial Membrane - p. 66 54. 2-27 Histology of Connective Tissue - p. 67 55. 2-28 Dynamics of Bone Homeostasis - p. 68 56. 2-29 Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism - p. 69 57. 2-30 Effects of Bone Formation and Bone Resorption on Skeletal Mass - p. 70 58. 2-31 Four Mechanisms of Bone Mass Regulation - p. 71 59. 2-32 Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism - p. 72 60. 2-33 Nutritional Calcium Deficiency - p. 74 61. 2-34 Effects of Disuse and Stress (Weight Bearing) on Bone Mass - p. 75 62. 2-35 Musculoskeletal Effects of Weightlessness (Space Flight) - p. 76 63. 2-36 Bone Architecture and Remodeling in Relation to Stress - p. 77 64. 2-37 Stress-Generated Electric Potentials in Bone - p. 78 65. 2-38 Bioelectric Potentials in Bone - p. 79 66. 2-39 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry - p. 80 67. 2-40 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry (Continued) - p. 81 68. Section 3—Metabolic Diseases - p. 82 69. 3-1 Parathyroid Hormone - p. 83 70. 3-2 Pathophysiology of Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 84 71. 3-3 Clinical Manifestations of Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 85 72. 3-4 Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemic States - p. 86 73. 3-5 Pathologic Physiology of Hypoparathyroidism - p. 87 74. 3-6 Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Hypoparathyroidism - p. 88 75. 3-7 Clinical Manifestations of Hypocalcemia - p. 89 76. 3-8 Pseudohypoparathyroidism - p. 90 77. 3-9 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ - p. 91 78. 3-10 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ: Cyclic AMP Response to PTH - p. 92 79. 3-11 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay: Different Forms of PTH and Their Detection by Whole (Bioactive) PTH and I-PTH Immunometric Assays - p. 93 80. 3-12 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay (Continued) - p. 94 81. 3-13 Childhood Rickets - p. 95 82. 3-14 Adult Osteomalacia - p. 96 83. 3-15 Nutritional Deficiency: Rickets and Osteomalacia - p. 97 84. 3-16 Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia due to Proximal Renal Tubular Defects (Hypophosphatemic Rachitic Syndromes) - p. 98 85. 3-17 Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia due to Proximal and Distal Renal Tubular Defects - p. 99 86. 3-18 Vitamin D–Dependent (Pseudodeficiency) Rickets and Osteomalacia - p. 100 87. 3-19 Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia due to Renal Tubular Acidosis - p. 101 88. 3-20 Metabolic Aberrations of Renal Osteodystrophy - p. 102 89. 3-21 Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy - p. 103 90. 3-22 Bony Manifestations of Renal Osteodystrophy - p. 104 91. 3-23 Vascular and Soft Tissue Calcification in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Chronic Renal Disease - p. 105 92. 3-24 Clinical Guide to Vitamin D Measurement - p. 106 93. 3-25 Hypophosphatasia - p. 107 94. 3-26 Causes of Osteoporosis - p. 108 95. 3-27 Involutional Osteoporosis - p. 109 96. 3-28 Clinical Manifestations of Osteoporosis - p. 110 97. 3-29 Progressive Spinal Deformity in Osteoporosis - p. 111 98. 3-30 Radiology of Osteopenia - p. 112 99. 3-31 Radiology of Osteopenia (Continued) - p. 113 100. 3-32 Radiology of Osteopenia (Continued) - p. 114 101. 3-33 Transiliac Bone Biopsy - p. 115 102. 3-34 Treatment of Complications of Spinal Osteoporosis - p. 116 103. 3-35 Treatment of Osteoporosis - p. 117 104. 3-36 Treatment of Osteoporosis (Continued) - p. 118 105. 3-37 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I - p. 120 106. 3-38 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III - p. 121 107. 3-39 Marfan Syndrome - p. 122 108. 3-40 Marfan Syndrome (Continued) - p. 123 109. 3-41 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes - p. 124 110. 3-42 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (Continued) - p. 125 111. 3-43 Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg Disease) - p. 126 112. 3-44 Paget Disease of Bone - p. 127 113. 3-45 Paget Disease of Bone (Continued) - p. 128 114. 3-46 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Paget Disease of Bone - p. 129 115. 3-47 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva - p. 130 116. Section 4—Congenital And Developmental Disorders - p. 131 117. 4-1 Achondroplasia—Clinical Manifestations - p. 132 118. 4-2 Achondroplasia—Clinical Manifestations (Continued) - p. 133 119. 4-3 Achondroplasia—Clinical Manifestations of Spine - p. 134 120. 4-4 Achondroplasia—Diagnostic Testing - p. 135 121. 4-5 Hypochondroplasia - p. 136 122. 4-6 Diastrophic Dwarfism - p. 137 123. 4-7 Pseudoachondroplasia - p. 138 124. 4-8 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type - p. 139 125. 4-9 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Schmid Type - p. 140 126. 4-10 Chondrodysplasia Punctata - p. 141 127. 4-11 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome), Grebe Chondrodysplasia, and Acromesomelic Dysplasia - p. 142 128. 4-12 Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Fairbank Type - p. 143 129. 4-13 Pycnodysostosis (Pyknodysostosis) - p. 144 130. 4-14 Camptomelic (Campomelic) Dysplasia - p. 145 131. 4-15 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda and Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita - p. 146 132. 4-16 Spondylocostal Dysostosis and Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Dysplasia - p. 147 133. 4-17 Kniest Dysplasia - p. 148 134. 4-18 Mucopolysaccharidoses - p. 149 135. 4-19 Principles of Treatment of Skeletal Dysplasias - p. 150 136. 4-20 Diagnostic Criteria and Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis - p. 151 137. 4-21 Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis - p. 152 138. 4-22 Spinal Deformities in Neurofibromatosis - p. 153 139. 4-23 Bone Overgrowth and Erosion in Neurofibromatosis - p. 154 140. 4-24 Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita - p. 155 141. 4-25 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia - p. 156 142. 4-26 Osteopetrosis and Osteopoikilosis - p. 157 143. 4-27 Melorheostosis - p. 158 144. 4-28 Congenital Elevation of Scapula, Absence of Clavicle, and Pseudarthrosis of Clavicle - p. 159 145. 4-29 Madelung Deformity - p. 160 146. 4-30 Congenital Bowing of the Tibia - p. 161 147. 4-31 Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia and Dislocation of the Knee - p. 162 148. 4-32 Clinical Manifestations - p. 163 149. 4-33 Evaluation of Leg-Length Discrepancy - p. 164 150. 4-34 Charts for Timing Growth Arrest and Determining Amount of Limb Lengthening to Achieve Limb-Length Equality at Maturity - p. 165 151. 4-35 Growth Arrest - p. 166 152. 4-36 Ilizarov and De Bastiani Techniques for Limb Lengthening - p. 167 153. 4-37 Growth Factors - p. 168 154. 4-38 Foot Prehensility in Amelia - p. 169 155. 4-39 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest - p. 170 156. 4-40 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 171 157. 4-41 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 172 158. 4-42 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 173 159. 4-43 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 174 160. 4-44 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 175 161. 4-45 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued) - p. 176 162. 4-46 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest - p. 177 163. 4-47 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued) - p. 178 164. 4-48 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued) - p. 179 165. 4-49 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued) - p. 180 166. 4-50 Duplication of Parts, Overgrowth, and Congenital Constriction Band Syndrome - p. 181 167. Section 5—Rheumatic Diseases - p. 182 168. 5-1 Joint Pathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 183 169. 5-2 Early and Moderate Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 184 170. 5-3 Advanced Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 185 171. 5-4 Foot Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 186 172. 5-5 Knee, Shoulder, and Hip Joint Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 187 173. 5-6 Extra-articular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 188 174. 5-7 Extra-articular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Continued) - p. 189 175. 5-8 Immunologic Features in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 190 176. 5-9 Variable Clinical Course of Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 191 177. 5-10 Exercises for Upper Extremities - p. 192 178. 5-11 Exercises for Shoulders and Lower Extremities - p. 193 179. 5-12 Surgical Management in Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 194 180. 5-13 Techniques for Aspiration of Joint Fluid - p. 195 181. 5-14 Synovial Fluid Examination - p. 196 182. 5-15 Synovial Fluid Examination (Continued) - p. 197 183. 5-16 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis - p. 198 184. 5-17 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis (Continued) - p. 199 185. 5-18 Hand Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis - p. 200 186. 5-19 Lower Limb Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis - p. 201 187. 5-20 Ocular Manifestations in Juvenile Arthritis - p. 202 188. 5-21 Sequelae of Juvenile Arthritis - p. 203 189. 5-22 Distribution of Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis - p. 204 190. 5-23 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis - p. 205 191. 5-24 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis (Continued) - p. 206 192. 5-25 Hand Involvement in Osteoarthritis - p. 207 193. 5-26 Hip Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis - p. 208 194. 5-27 Degenerative Changes - p. 209 195. 5-28 Spine Involvement in Osteoarthritis - p. 210 196. 5-29 Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 211 197. 5-30 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Continued) - p. 212 198. 5-31 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Continued) Degenerative Changes in the Cervical Vertebrae - p. 213 199. 5-32 Psoriatic Arthritis - p. 214 200. 5-33 Reactive Arthritis (formerly Reiter Syndrome) - p. 215 201. 5-34 Infectious Arthritis - p. 216 202. 5-35 Tuberculous Arthritis - p. 217 203. 5-36 Hemophilic Arthritis - p. 218 204. 5-37 Neuropathic Joint Disease - p. 219 205. 5-38 Gouty Arthritis - p. 220 206. 5-39 Tophaceous Gout - p. 221 207. 5-40 Articular Chondrocalcinosis (Pseudogout) - p. 222 208. 5-41 Nonarticular Rheumatism - p. 223 209. 5-42 Clinical Manifestations of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis - p. 224 210. 5-43 Imaging of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis - p. 225 211. 5-44 Fibromyalgia - p. 226 212. 5-45 Pathophysiology of Autoinflammatory Syndromes - p. 227 213. 5-46 Cutaneous Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes - p. 228 214. 5-47 Joint and Central Nervous System Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes - p. 229 215. 5-48 Vasculitis: Vessel Distribution - p. 230 216. 5-49 Vasculitis: Clinical and Histologic Features of Granulomatosis with Polyangitis (Wegener) - p. 231 217. 5-50 Key Features of Primary Vasculitic Diseases - p. 232 218. 5-51 Renal Lesions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - p. 233 219. 5-52 Cutaneous Lupus Band Test - p. 234 220. 5-53 Lupus Erythematosus of the Heart - p. 235 221. 5-54 Antiphospholipid Syndrome - p. 236 222. 5-55 Scleroderma—Clinical Manifestations - p. 239 223. 5-56 Scleroderma—Clinical Findings - p. 240 224. 5-57 Scleroderma—Radiographic Findings of Acro-osteolysis and Calcinosis Cutis - p. 241 225. 5-58 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis - p. 242 226. 5-59 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis (Continued) - p. 243 227. 5-60 Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System - p. 244 228. 5-61 Behçet Syndrome - p. 247 229. 5-62 Behçet Syndrome (Continued) - p. 248 230. Section 6—Tumors of Musculoskeletal System - p. 249 231. 6-1 Initial Evaluation and Staging of Musculoskeletal Tumors - p. 250 232. 6-2 Osteoid Osteoma - p. 251 233. 6-3 Osteoblastoma - p. 252 234. 6-4 Enchondroma - p. 253 235. 6-5 Periosteal Chondroma - p. 254 236. 6-6 Osteocartilaginous Exostosis (Osteochondroma) - p. 255 237. 6-7 Chondroblastoma and Chondromyxoid Fibroma - p. 256 238. 6-8 Fibrous Dysplasia - p. 257 239. 6-9 Nonossifying Fibroma and Desmoplastic Fibroma - p. 258 240. 6-10 Eosinophilic Granuloma - p. 259 241. 6-11 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst - p. 260 242. 6-12 Simple Bone Cyst - p. 261 243. 6-13 Giant Cell Tumor of Bone - p. 262 244. 6-14 Osteosarcoma - p. 263 245. 6-15 Osteosarcoma (Continued) - p. 264 246. 6-16 Osteosarcoma (Continued) - p. 265 247. 6-17 Chondrosarcoma - p. 266 248. 6-18 Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma of Bone - p. 267 249. 6-19 Reticuloendothelial Tumors—Ewing Sarcoma - p. 268 250. 6-20 Reticuloendothelial Tumors— Myeloma - p. 269 251. 6-21 Adamantinoma - p. 270 252. 6-22 Tumors Metastatic to Bone - p. 271 253. 6-23 Desmoid, Fibromatosis, and Hemangioma - p. 272 254. 6-24 Lipoma, Neurofibroma, and Myositis Ossificans - p. 273 255. 6-25 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue - p. 274 256. 6-26 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued) - p. 275 257. 6-27 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued) - p. 276 258. 6-28 Tumor Biopsy - p. 277 259. 6-29 Surgical Margins - p. 278 260. 6-30 Reconstruction after Partial Excision or Curettage of Bone (Fracture Prophylaxis) - p. 279 261. 6-31 Limb-Salvage Procedures for Reconstruction - p. 280 262. 6-32 Radiologic Findings in Limb-Salvage Procedures - p. 281 263. 6-33 Limb-Salvage Procedures - p. 282 264. Section 7—Injury to Musculoskeletal System - p. 283 265. 7-1 Closed Soft Tissue Injuries - p. 284 266. 7-2 Open Soft Tissue Wounds - p. 285 267. 7-3 Treatment of Open Soft Tissue Wounds - p. 286 268. 7-4 Pressure Ulcers - p. 287 269. 7-5 Excision of Deep Pressure Ulcer - p. 288 270. 7-6 Classification of Burns - p. 289 271. 7-7 Causes and Clinical Types of Burns - p. 290 272. 7-8 Escharotomy for Burns - p. 291 273. 7-9 Prevention of Infection in Burn Wounds - p. 292 274. 7-10 Metabolic and Systemic Effects of Burns - p. 293 275. 7-11 Excision and Grafting for Burns - p. 294 276. 7-12 Etiology of Compartment Syndrome - p. 295 277. 7-13 Pathophysiology of Compartment and Crush Syndromes - p. 296 278. 7-14 Acute Anterior Compartment Syndrome - p. 297 279. 7-15 Measurement of Intracompartmental Pressure - p. 298 280. 7-16 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Forearm and Hand - p. 299 281. 7-17 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Leg - p. 300 282. 7-18 Healing of Incised, Sutured Skin Wound - p. 301 283. 7-19 Healing of Excised Skin Wound - p. 302 284. 7-20 Types of Joint Injury - p. 303 285. 7-21 Classification of Fracture - p. 304 286. 7-22 Types of Displacement - p. 305 287. 7-23 Types of Fracture - p. 306 288. 7-24 Healing of Fracture - p. 307 289. 7-25 Primary Union - p. 308 290. 7-26 Factors That Promote or Delay Bone Healing - p. 309 291. Section 8—Soft Tissue Infections - p. 310 292. 8-1 Septic Joint - p. 311 293. 8-2 Etiology and Prevalence of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis - p. 312 294. 8-3 Pathogenesis of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis - p. 313 295. 8-4 Clinical Manifestations of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis - p. 314 296. 8-5 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis - p. 315 297. 8-6 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis (Continued) - p. 316 298. 8-7 Osteomyelitis after Open Fracture - p. 317 299. 8-8 Recurrent Postoperative Osteomyelitis - p. 318 300. 8-9 Delayed Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Patient - p. 319 301. Section 9—Complications of Fracture - p. 320 302. 9-1 Neurovascular Injury - p. 321 303. 9-2 Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome - p. 322 304. 9-3 Infection - p. 323 305. 9-4 Surgical Management of Open Fractures - p. 324 306. 9-5 Gas Gangrene - p. 325 307. 9-6 Implant Failure - p. 326 308. 9-7 Malunion of Fracture - p. 327 309. 9-8 Growth Deformity - p. 328 310. 9-9 Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis - p. 329 311. 9-10 Osteonecrosis - p. 330 312. 9-11 Joint Stiffness - p. 331 313. 9-12 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - p. 332 314. 9-13 Nonunion of Fracture - p. 333 315. 9-14 Surgical Management of Nonunion - p. 334 316. 9-15 Electric Stimulation of Bone Growth - p. 335 317. 9-16 Noninvasive Coupling Methods of Electric Stimulation of Bone - p. 336 318. Selected References - p. 337
