This book, The Science and Technology of Unconventional Oils: Finding Refining Opportunities, intends to report the collective physical and chemical knowledge of unconventional oils (heavy, extra-heavy, sour/acid, and shale oil) and the issues associated with their refining for the production of transportation fuels. It will focus on the discussion of the scientific results and technology activities of the refining of unconventional oils. The presence of reactive and refractory compounds and components that negatively impact refining processing (the "bad actors") are discussed and analyzed. The commercially available technologies, with their reported improvements and emerging ideas, concepts, and technologies, are described. This comprehensive overview constitutes the basis for establishing technology gaps, and in return sets the science and technology needs to be addressed in the future. In summary, this book incorporates the relevant knowledge of processing unconventional crude oils and of the "Bottom-of-the-Barrel" fraction, describing the related commercially available and emerging technologies to contribute to the identification of existing gaps.
1. 1. Introduction - p. 41 2. 2. Definition - p. 42 3. 3. Isolation - p. 44 4. 4. Properties - p. 50 5. 5. Impact on the Oil Industry - p. 156 6. 6. General Remarks - p. 171 7. Chapter 3. Metal Compounds - p. 223 8. 1. Introduction - p. 223 9. 2. Origin - p. 226 10. 3. Isolation - p. 232 11. 4. Description and Properties - p. 236 12. 5. Impact in the Oil Industry - p. 266 13. 6. General Remarks - p. 276 14. Chapter 4. Acidity in Crude Oils: Naphthenic Acids and Naphthenates - p. 295 15. 1. Introduction - p. 295 16. 2. Origin and Nature - p. 298 17. 3. Isolation and Identification - p. 300 18. 4. Physicochemical Properties - p. 319 19. 5. Reactivity/Stability - p. 334 20. 6. Impact in the Oil Industry - p. 348 21. 7. Current Practices - p. 362 22. 8. General Remarks - p. 369 23. Chapter 5. Bottom of the Barrel Upgrading Technologies - p. 387 24. 1. Introduction - p. 387 25. 2. Carbon Rejection - p. 389 26. 3. Hydrogen Addition - p. 417 27. 4. Integrated Processes and Combination of Available Technologies - p. 442 28. 5. General Remarks on Upgrading Technologies - p. 454 29. Chapter 6. Emerging Technologies and Ideas with Potential - p. 489 30. 1. Introduction - p. 489 31. 2. Asphaltenes - p. 490 32. 3. Metal Compounds - p. 494 33. 4. Naphthenic Acids (NAs) - p. 518 34. 5. Crude and Residue Upgrading - p. 549 35. 6. In Situ Upgrading and Downhole Refining - p. 560 36. 7. Radiation-Based Methods - p. 585 37. 8. Sonochemistry - p. 606 38. 9. Mechanochemistry - p. 619 39. 10. General Remarks - p. 629 40. Chapter 7. Shale Oils - p. 677 41. Chapter 8. Final Remarks and Future Aspirations - p. 695 42. Abbreviations and Acronyms - p. 743 43. Index - p. 745
This book, The Science and Technology of Unconventional Oils: Finding Refining Opportunities, intends to report the collective physical and chemical knowledge of unconventional oils (heavy, extra-heavy, sour/acid, and shale oil) and the issues associated with their refining for the production of transportation fuels. It will focus on the discussion of the scientific results and technology activities of the refining of unconventional oils. The presence of reactive and refractory compounds and components that negatively impact refining processing (the "bad actors") are discussed and analyzed. The commercially available technologies, with their reported improvements and emerging ideas, concepts, and technologies, are described. This comprehensive overview constitutes the basis for establishing technology gaps, and in return sets the science and technology needs to be addressed in the future. In summary, this book incorporates the relevant knowledge of processing unconventional crude oils and of the "Bottom-of-the-Barrel" fraction, describing the related commercially available and emerging technologies to contribute to the identification of existing gaps.
1. 1. Introduction - p. 41 2. 2. Definition - p. 42 3. 3. Isolation - p. 44 4. 4. Properties - p. 50 5. 5. Impact on the Oil Industry - p. 156 6. 6. General Remarks - p. 171 7. Chapter 3. Metal Compounds - p. 223 8. 1. Introduction - p. 223 9. 2. Origin - p. 226 10. 3. Isolation - p. 232 11. 4. Description and Properties - p. 236 12. 5. Impact in the Oil Industry - p. 266 13. 6. General Remarks - p. 276 14. Chapter 4. Acidity in Crude Oils: Naphthenic Acids and Naphthenates - p. 295 15. 1. Introduction - p. 295 16. 2. Origin and Nature - p. 298 17. 3. Isolation and Identification - p. 300 18. 4. Physicochemical Properties - p. 319 19. 5. Reactivity/Stability - p. 334 20. 6. Impact in the Oil Industry - p. 348 21. 7. Current Practices - p. 362 22. 8. General Remarks - p. 369 23. Chapter 5. Bottom of the Barrel Upgrading Technologies - p. 387 24. 1. Introduction - p. 387 25. 2. Carbon Rejection - p. 389 26. 3. Hydrogen Addition - p. 417 27. 4. Integrated Processes and Combination of Available Technologies - p. 442 28. 5. General Remarks on Upgrading Technologies - p. 454 29. Chapter 6. Emerging Technologies and Ideas with Potential - p. 489 30. 1. Introduction - p. 489 31. 2. Asphaltenes - p. 490 32. 3. Metal Compounds - p. 494 33. 4. Naphthenic Acids (NAs) - p. 518 34. 5. Crude and Residue Upgrading - p. 549 35. 6. In Situ Upgrading and Downhole Refining - p. 560 36. 7. Radiation-Based Methods - p. 585 37. 8. Sonochemistry - p. 606 38. 9. Mechanochemistry - p. 619 39. 10. General Remarks - p. 629 40. Chapter 7. Shale Oils - p. 677 41. Chapter 8. Final Remarks and Future Aspirations - p. 695 42. Abbreviations and Acronyms - p. 743 43. Index - p. 745
