Now fully revised and updated, Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 15th Edition, remains your go-to reference for authoritative content on the full spectrum of adult and pediatric endocrine system disorders. World-renowned authors and editors expertly bridge the gap between basic science and clinical information, keeping you up to date with recent advances in medications, therapies, clinical trials, and more. This essential reference is a must-have resource for endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, gynecologists, internists, pediatricians, and other clinicians who need current, comprehensive coverage of this multifaceted field.
1. Introduction - p. 751 2. The Sexual Response Cycle - p. 752 3. Sexual Function and Dysfunction in the Male - p. 752 4. Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Men - p. 764 5. Endocrinology of Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women - p. 774 6. Endocrinology and the Lifespan - p. 783.e12 7. A. Maternal-Fetal - p. 783.e12 8. 19. Endocrine Changes in Pregnancy - p. 785 9. 20. Endocrinology of Fetal Development - p. 802 10. Placental Transfer of Hormones - p. 803 11. Ectopic Fetal Hormone Production - p. 804 12. Fetal Endocrine Systems - p. 805 13. Fetal Growth - p. 835 14. Neutralization of Hormone Actions in the Fetus - p. 838 15. Programming of Fetal Endocrine Systems - p. 839 16. Transition to Extrauterine Life - p. 841 17. Maternal and Fetal Medicine - p. 844 18. B. Childhood - p. 844.e14 19. 21. Differences of Sex Development - p. 845 20. Terminology - p. 846 21. Development of the Reproductive Systems - p. 846 22. Differences of Sex Development - p. 862 23. Investigation and Management of Differences of Sex Development - p. 900 24. 22. Normal and Aberrant Growth in Children - p. 915 25. Normal Growth - p. 915 26. Endocrine Regulation of Growth - p. 921 27. Terminal Cell Differentiation in the Pituitary - p. 922 28. Pathologic Basis of Growth Retardation - p. 938 29. Pathologic Basis of Excess Growth - p. 963 30. Evaluation and Treatment of Growth Abnormalities - p. 964 31. 23. Physiology and Disorders of Puberty - p. 1001 32. Introduction - p. 1001 33. Evolution of Puberty - p. 1001 34. Adrenarche - p. 1002 35. Physiology of Puberty - p. 1004 36. Normal Pubertal Development - p. 1023 37. Delayed Puberty - p. 1043 38. Precocious Puberty - p. 1080 39. 24. Transgender Endocrinology - p. 1121 40. C. Adulthood - p. 1132.e4 41. 25. Hormones and Athletic Performance - p. 1133 42. 26. Endocrine Function and Aging - p. 1147 43. Introduction - p. 1148 44. The Endocrinology of Aging - p. 1148 45. Thyroid Axis in Aging - p. 1149 46. Adrenal Axis in Aging - p. 1150 47. Dehydroepiandrosterone in Aging - p. 1151 48. Male Gonadal Axis in Aging - p. 1153 49. Somatotropic Axis in Aging - p. 1161 50. Parathyroid Hormone in Aging - p. 1165 51. The Concept of Successful Aging - p. 1167 52. Section VII. Mineral Metabolism - p. 1169.e8 53. 27. Hormones and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism - p. 1171 54. Basic Biology of Mineral Metabolism: Roles of the Mineral Ions - p. 1171 55. Parathyroid Hormone - p. 1175 56. Calcitonin - p. 1183 57. Hypercalcemic Disorders - p. 1192 58. Hypocalcemic Disorders - p. 1211 59. Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism - p. 1219 60. Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism - p. 1223 61. 28. Endocrine Functions of Bone - p. 1227 62. 29. Osteoporosis: Basic and Clinical Aspects - p. 1232 63. Historical Context - p. 1232 64. Skeletal Biology - p. 1233 65. Bone Remodeling and Its Regulation - p. 1245 66. Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Fractures - p. 1252 67. Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis - p. 1259 68. Approach to Management of Osteoporosis - p. 1268 69. 30. Rickets and Osteomalacia - p. 1276 70. 31. Kidney Stones - p. 1296 71. Section VIII. Disorders of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism - p. 1312.e5 72. 32. Physiology of Insulin Secretion - p. 1313 73. 33. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1326 74. Epidemiology - p. 1326 75. Pathogenesis - p. 1328 76. Insulin Signaling - p. 1332 77. Insulin Resistance and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1337 78. Special Conditions That Induce Insulin Resistance - p. 1346 79. 34. Therapeutics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1349 80. Epidemiology - p. 1349 81. General Approaches to Management - p. 1351 82. Glucose-Lowering Pharmacotherapy - p. 1362 83. Practical Aspects of Treatment - p. 1375 84. A Standardized Initial Therapeutic Approach - p. 1376 85. Considerations in Personalizing Therapy - p. 1378 86. Special Situations in Clinical Management - p. 1381 87. Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1382 88. Future Directions - p. 1383 89. 35. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1384 90. Introduction - p. 1385 91. Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1385 92. Epidemiology - p. 1386 93. Pathophysiology - p. 1390 94. Genetics - p. 1393 95. Environmental Factors - p. 1395 96. Mouse Models of Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1396 97. Diagnosis - p. 1397 98. Differential Diagnosis - p. 1399 99. Chronic Complications of Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1403 100. Management - p. 1404 101. Insulin Therapy - p. 1405 102. Health Behavior Management: Nutrition and Exercise - p. 1409 103. Acute Diabetic Emergencies - p. 1414 104. Use of Adjunctive Drugs in T1D - p. 1416 105. β-Cell–Replacing Therapies - p. 1417 106. Prevention and Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1419 107. 36. Digitized Approaches to Diabetes Diagnostics and Therapeutics - p. 1423 108. Sensor Calibration and Accuracy - p. 1424 109. CGM Technology Is Transformative for Diabetes Care - p. 1426 110. CGM Data Make It Possible to Understand and Manage Multiple Risk Factors in Diabetes - p. 1426 111. Making Daily Decisions Using CGM Technology - p. 1428 112. Using CGM-Derived Glucose Metrics in Clinical Practice - p. 1430 113. Time in Range in T1D and T2D - p. 1430 114. Time in Range in Elderly People With Diabetes and Those at High Risk of Hypoglycemia - p. 1431 115. Time in Range During Pregnancy - p. 1433 116. Decision-Support Systems for Visualizing CGM Data and Beyond - p. 1434 117. Ambulatory Glucose Profile—A Graphical Tool for Reviewing CGM Data - p. 1436 118. Using the Ambulatory Glucose Profile Report in a Systematic Way - p. 1437 119. Using CGM Improves Measures of Glycemia Compared to SMBG - p. 1437 120. Improvements in Glycemic Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1439 121. CGM Is Effective in Daily Management of T2D on Insulin Regimens - p. 1440 122. Use of CGM in People With T2D Not on Insulin Therapy - p. 1440 123. Telemonitoring and Telemedicine Are Essential Attributes of CGM Technology - p. 1440 124. Insulin Delivery - p. 1441 125. Connected Insulin Pens - p. 1441 126. Insulin Pumps - p. 1442 127. Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy - p. 1443 128. Automated Insulin Delivery - p. 1445 129. Anticipated Developments for Insulin Delivery and Automated Insulin Delivery - p. 1446 130. Use of Diabetes Technologies in Special Situations - p. 1448 131. Future Directions - p. 1451 132. 37. Monogenic Diabetes - p. 1453 133. 38. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1466 134. Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology - p. 1467 135. Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Ocular Complications of Diabetes - p. 1493 136. Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 1509 137. Natural History and Histopathology - p. 1511 138. Structural Kidney Lesions in Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 1512 139. Epidemiology of Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 1514 140. Risk Factors and Markers for Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes - p. 1514 141. Comorbidities and Associated Complications - p. 1516 142. Prevention and Management of Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 1517 143. Further Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 or Poorer - p. 1525 144. Diabetic Neuropathies - p. 1527 145. Diabetic Heart Disease - p. 1547 146. The Diabetic Foot - p. 1568 147. 39. Hypoglycemia - p. 1576 148. Physiology of Defense Against Hypoglycemia - p. 1577 149. Clinical Hypoglycemia - p. 1581 150. Hypoglycemia in Persons With Diabetes - p. 1581 151. Hypoglycemia in Persons Without Diabetes - p. 1592 152. Hypoglycemia in Infancy and Childhood - p. 1598 153. Acknowledgments - p. 1605 154. Disclosures - p. 1605 155. 40. Obesity and Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Stores - p. 1606 156. 41. Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism - p. 1626 157. Lipid Biochemistry, Lipid Metabolism, and Lipoproteins - p. 1626 158. Lipoprotein Metabolism - p. 1643 159. Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemias - p. 1645 160. Combined Hyperlipoproteinemias - p. 1667 161. Secondary Forms of Hyper- and Dyslipoproteinemia - p. 1672 162. Section IX. Polyendocrine and Neoplastic Disorders - p. 1676.e8 163. 42. Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes - p. 1677 164. Introduction to the Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes - p. 1678 165. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) - p. 1678 166. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) and Type 3 (MEN3) - p. 1695 167. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 4 (MEN4) - p. 1710 168. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 5 (MEN5) - p. 1711 169. Multiple Endocrine and Other Organ Neoplasia Syndromes (MEONs) - p. 1711 170. Future Directions and Concluding Remarks - p. 1720 171. Acknowledgments - p. 1720 172. 43. Neuroendocrine Tumors and Disorders - p. 1721 173. 44. The Immunoendocrinopathy Syndromes - p. 1736 174. 45. Endocrinology of Cancer Management and Survivorship - p. 1750 175. 46. Endocrinology of HIV/AIDS - p. 1766 176. 47. Acute and Chronic COVID-19 and the Endocrine System - p. 1784 177. 48. Endocrine Disorders of Critical Illness - p. 1792 178. Index - p. 1799
Now fully revised and updated, Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 15th Edition, remains your go-to reference for authoritative content on the full spectrum of adult and pediatric endocrine system disorders. World-renowned authors and editors expertly bridge the gap between basic science and clinical information, keeping you up to date with recent advances in medications, therapies, clinical trials, and more. This essential reference is a must-have resource for endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, gynecologists, internists, pediatricians, and other clinicians who need current, comprehensive coverage of this multifaceted field.
1. Introduction - p. 751 2. The Sexual Response Cycle - p. 752 3. Sexual Function and Dysfunction in the Male - p. 752 4. Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Men - p. 764 5. Endocrinology of Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women - p. 774 6. Endocrinology and the Lifespan - p. 783.e12 7. A. Maternal-Fetal - p. 783.e12 8. 19. Endocrine Changes in Pregnancy - p. 785 9. 20. Endocrinology of Fetal Development - p. 802 10. Placental Transfer of Hormones - p. 803 11. Ectopic Fetal Hormone Production - p. 804 12. Fetal Endocrine Systems - p. 805 13. Fetal Growth - p. 835 14. Neutralization of Hormone Actions in the Fetus - p. 838 15. Programming of Fetal Endocrine Systems - p. 839 16. Transition to Extrauterine Life - p. 841 17. Maternal and Fetal Medicine - p. 844 18. B. Childhood - p. 844.e14 19. 21. Differences of Sex Development - p. 845 20. Terminology - p. 846 21. Development of the Reproductive Systems - p. 846 22. Differences of Sex Development - p. 862 23. Investigation and Management of Differences of Sex Development - p. 900 24. 22. Normal and Aberrant Growth in Children - p. 915 25. Normal Growth - p. 915 26. Endocrine Regulation of Growth - p. 921 27. Terminal Cell Differentiation in the Pituitary - p. 922 28. Pathologic Basis of Growth Retardation - p. 938 29. Pathologic Basis of Excess Growth - p. 963 30. Evaluation and Treatment of Growth Abnormalities - p. 964 31. 23. Physiology and Disorders of Puberty - p. 1001 32. Introduction - p. 1001 33. Evolution of Puberty - p. 1001 34. Adrenarche - p. 1002 35. Physiology of Puberty - p. 1004 36. Normal Pubertal Development - p. 1023 37. Delayed Puberty - p. 1043 38. Precocious Puberty - p. 1080 39. 24. Transgender Endocrinology - p. 1121 40. C. Adulthood - p. 1132.e4 41. 25. Hormones and Athletic Performance - p. 1133 42. 26. Endocrine Function and Aging - p. 1147 43. Introduction - p. 1148 44. The Endocrinology of Aging - p. 1148 45. Thyroid Axis in Aging - p. 1149 46. Adrenal Axis in Aging - p. 1150 47. Dehydroepiandrosterone in Aging - p. 1151 48. Male Gonadal Axis in Aging - p. 1153 49. Somatotropic Axis in Aging - p. 1161 50. Parathyroid Hormone in Aging - p. 1165 51. The Concept of Successful Aging - p. 1167 52. Section VII. Mineral Metabolism - p. 1169.e8 53. 27. Hormones and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism - p. 1171 54. Basic Biology of Mineral Metabolism: Roles of the Mineral Ions - p. 1171 55. Parathyroid Hormone - p. 1175 56. Calcitonin - p. 1183 57. Hypercalcemic Disorders - p. 1192 58. Hypocalcemic Disorders - p. 1211 59. Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism - p. 1219 60. Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism - p. 1223 61. 28. Endocrine Functions of Bone - p. 1227 62. 29. Osteoporosis: Basic and Clinical Aspects - p. 1232 63. Historical Context - p. 1232 64. Skeletal Biology - p. 1233 65. Bone Remodeling and Its Regulation - p. 1245 66. Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Fractures - p. 1252 67. Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis - p. 1259 68. Approach to Management of Osteoporosis - p. 1268 69. 30. Rickets and Osteomalacia - p. 1276 70. 31. Kidney Stones - p. 1296 71. Section VIII. Disorders of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism - p. 1312.e5 72. 32. Physiology of Insulin Secretion - p. 1313 73. 33. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1326 74. Epidemiology - p. 1326 75. Pathogenesis - p. 1328 76. Insulin Signaling - p. 1332 77. Insulin Resistance and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1337 78. Special Conditions That Induce Insulin Resistance - p. 1346 79. 34. Therapeutics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1349 80. Epidemiology - p. 1349 81. General Approaches to Management - p. 1351 82. Glucose-Lowering Pharmacotherapy - p. 1362 83. Practical Aspects of Treatment - p. 1375 84. A Standardized Initial Therapeutic Approach - p. 1376 85. Considerations in Personalizing Therapy - p. 1378 86. Special Situations in Clinical Management - p. 1381 87. Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1382 88. Future Directions - p. 1383 89. 35. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1384 90. Introduction - p. 1385 91. Natural History of Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1385 92. Epidemiology - p. 1386 93. Pathophysiology - p. 1390 94. Genetics - p. 1393 95. Environmental Factors - p. 1395 96. Mouse Models of Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1396 97. Diagnosis - p. 1397 98. Differential Diagnosis - p. 1399 99. Chronic Complications of Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1403 100. Management - p. 1404 101. Insulin Therapy - p. 1405 102. Health Behavior Management: Nutrition and Exercise - p. 1409 103. Acute Diabetic Emergencies - p. 1414 104. Use of Adjunctive Drugs in T1D - p. 1416 105. β-Cell–Replacing Therapies - p. 1417 106. Prevention and Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1419 107. 36. Digitized Approaches to Diabetes Diagnostics and Therapeutics - p. 1423 108. Sensor Calibration and Accuracy - p. 1424 109. CGM Technology Is Transformative for Diabetes Care - p. 1426 110. CGM Data Make It Possible to Understand and Manage Multiple Risk Factors in Diabetes - p. 1426 111. Making Daily Decisions Using CGM Technology - p. 1428 112. Using CGM-Derived Glucose Metrics in Clinical Practice - p. 1430 113. Time in Range in T1D and T2D - p. 1430 114. Time in Range in Elderly People With Diabetes and Those at High Risk of Hypoglycemia - p. 1431 115. Time in Range During Pregnancy - p. 1433 116. Decision-Support Systems for Visualizing CGM Data and Beyond - p. 1434 117. Ambulatory Glucose Profile—A Graphical Tool for Reviewing CGM Data - p. 1436 118. Using the Ambulatory Glucose Profile Report in a Systematic Way - p. 1437 119. Using CGM Improves Measures of Glycemia Compared to SMBG - p. 1437 120. Improvements in Glycemic Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes - p. 1439 121. CGM Is Effective in Daily Management of T2D on Insulin Regimens - p. 1440 122. Use of CGM in People With T2D Not on Insulin Therapy - p. 1440 123. Telemonitoring and Telemedicine Are Essential Attributes of CGM Technology - p. 1440 124. Insulin Delivery - p. 1441 125. Connected Insulin Pens - p. 1441 126. Insulin Pumps - p. 1442 127. Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy - p. 1443 128. Automated Insulin Delivery - p. 1445 129. Anticipated Developments for Insulin Delivery and Automated Insulin Delivery - p. 1446 130. Use of Diabetes Technologies in Special Situations - p. 1448 131. Future Directions - p. 1451 132. 37. Monogenic Diabetes - p. 1453 133. 38. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus - p. 1466 134. Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology - p. 1467 135. Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Ocular Complications of Diabetes - p. 1493 136. Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 1509 137. Natural History and Histopathology - p. 1511 138. Structural Kidney Lesions in Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 1512 139. Epidemiology of Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 1514 140. Risk Factors and Markers for Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes - p. 1514 141. Comorbidities and Associated Complications - p. 1516 142. Prevention and Management of Diabetic Nephropathy - p. 1517 143. Further Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 or Poorer - p. 1525 144. Diabetic Neuropathies - p. 1527 145. Diabetic Heart Disease - p. 1547 146. The Diabetic Foot - p. 1568 147. 39. Hypoglycemia - p. 1576 148. Physiology of Defense Against Hypoglycemia - p. 1577 149. Clinical Hypoglycemia - p. 1581 150. Hypoglycemia in Persons With Diabetes - p. 1581 151. Hypoglycemia in Persons Without Diabetes - p. 1592 152. Hypoglycemia in Infancy and Childhood - p. 1598 153. Acknowledgments - p. 1605 154. Disclosures - p. 1605 155. 40. Obesity and Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Stores - p. 1606 156. 41. Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism - p. 1626 157. Lipid Biochemistry, Lipid Metabolism, and Lipoproteins - p. 1626 158. Lipoprotein Metabolism - p. 1643 159. Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dyslipidemias - p. 1645 160. Combined Hyperlipoproteinemias - p. 1667 161. Secondary Forms of Hyper- and Dyslipoproteinemia - p. 1672 162. Section IX. Polyendocrine and Neoplastic Disorders - p. 1676.e8 163. 42. Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes - p. 1677 164. Introduction to the Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes - p. 1678 165. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) - p. 1678 166. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) and Type 3 (MEN3) - p. 1695 167. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 4 (MEN4) - p. 1710 168. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 5 (MEN5) - p. 1711 169. Multiple Endocrine and Other Organ Neoplasia Syndromes (MEONs) - p. 1711 170. Future Directions and Concluding Remarks - p. 1720 171. Acknowledgments - p. 1720 172. 43. Neuroendocrine Tumors and Disorders - p. 1721 173. 44. The Immunoendocrinopathy Syndromes - p. 1736 174. 45. Endocrinology of Cancer Management and Survivorship - p. 1750 175. 46. Endocrinology of HIV/AIDS - p. 1766 176. 47. Acute and Chronic COVID-19 and the Endocrine System - p. 1784 177. 48. Endocrine Disorders of Critical Illness - p. 1792 178. Index - p. 1799
