Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing

1. Title of Book - p. i 2. Cover image - p. i 3. Title page - p. ii 4. Table of Contents - p. iii 5. Copyright - p. iv 6. Contributors - p. v 7. Reviewers - p. vii 8. Dedication - p. ix 9. Preface - p. x 10. Special Features - p. xiii 11. Acknowledgments - p. xiv 12. Unit 1. Children, Their Families, and the Nurse - p. xiv 13. 1. Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing - p. 1 14. 2. Social, Cultural, Religious, and Family Influences on Child Health Promotion∗  - p. 15 15. 3. Developmental and Genetic Influences on Child Health Promotion - p. 38 16. Unit 2. Assessment of the Child and Family - p. 56 17. 4. Communication and Physical Assessment of the Child and Family - p. 57 18. Guidelines for Communication and Interviewing - p. 57 19. Establishing a Setting for Communication - p. 57 20. Computer Privacy and Applications in Nursing - p. 57 21. Telephone Triage and Counseling - p. 58 22. Communicating with Families - p. 58 23. Communicating with Children - p. 60 24. Communication Techniques - p. 62 25. History Taking - p. 64 26. Performing a Health History - p. 64 27. Identifying Information - p. 64 28. Chief Complaint - p. 64 29. History of Present Illness - p. 65 30. Past Medical History - p. 66 31. Sexual History - p. 67 32. Family Health History - p. 68 33. Family Structure - p. 68 34. Psychosocial History - p. 68 35. Review of Systems - p. 68 36. Nutritional Assessmentb - p. 71 37. Clinical Examination of Nutrition - p. 71 38. Evaluation of Nutritional Assessment - p. 73 39. General Approaches to Examining the Child - p. 73 40. Preparation of the Child - p. 74 41. Physical Examination - p. 75 42. Growth Measurements - p. 75 43. Height - p. 79 44. Weight - p. 79 45. Skinfold Thickness and Arm Circumference - p. 80 46. Head Circumference - p. 81 47. Physiologic Measurements - p. 81 48. Temperature - p. 81 49. Pulse - p. 85 50. Respiration - p. 85 51. Blood Pressure - p. 85 52. General Appearance - p. 88 53. Skin - p. 88 54. Lymph Nodes - p. 89 55. Head and Neck - p. 90 56. Eyes - p. 90 57. Ears - p. 93 58. Nose - p. 96 59. Mouth and Throat - p. 97 60. Chest - p. 98 61. Lungs - p. 99 62. Heart - p. 100 63. Auscultation - p. 101 64. Abdomen - p. 102 65. Genitalia - p. 105 66. Anus - p. 107 67. Back and Extremities - p. 107 68. Neurologic Assessment - p. 108 69. 5. Pain Assessment and Management in Children - p. 114 70. Pain Assessment - p. 114 71. Behavioral Pain Measures - p. 114 72. Self-Report Pain Rating Scales - p. 116 73. Multidimensional Measures - p. 117 74. Chronic and Recurrent Pain Assessment - p. 118 75. Assessment of Pain in Specific Populations - p. 119 76. Children with Communication and Cognitive Impairment - p. 119 77. Cultural Differences - p. 120 78. Children with Chronic Illness and Complex Pain - p. 121 79. Pain Management - p. 121 80. Nonpharmacologic Management - p. 121 81. Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches to Pain Management - p. 123 82. Classification of Complementary and Integrative Medicine (McClafferty et al., 2017) - p. 123 83. Pharmacologic Management - p. 123 84. Transmucosal and Transdermal Analgesia - p. 131 85. Monitoring Side Effects - p. 131 86. Consequences of Untreated Pain in Infants - p. 135 87. Common Pain States in Children - p. 135 88. Procedural Sedation and Analgesia - p. 138 89. Burn Pain - p. 139 90. Recurrent Headaches in Children - p. 139 91. Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children - p. 139 92. Pain in Children with Sickle Cell Disease - p. 141 93. Cancer Pain in Children - p. 141 94. Pain and Sedation in End-of-Life Care - p. 142 95. 6. Childhood Communicable and Infectious Diseases - p. 148 96. Unit 3. Family-Centered Care of the Newborn - p. 174 97. 7. Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family - p. 175 98. Adjustment to Extrauterine Life - p. 175 99. Immediate Adjustments - p. 175 100. Physiologic Status of Other Systems - p. 176 101. Gastrointestinal System - p. 176 102. Renal System - p. 177 103. Integumentary System - p. 177 104. Musculoskeletal System - p. 177 105. Defenses Against Infection - p. 177 106. Endocrine System - p. 177 107. Neurologic System - p. 177 108. Sensory Functions - p. 177 109. Nursing Care of the Newborn and Family - p. 178 110. Assessment - p. 178 111. Initial Assessment: Apgar Scoring - p. 178 112. Clinical Assessment of Gestational Age - p. 178 113. Transitional Assessment: Periods of Reactivity - p. 188 114. Behavioral Assessment - p. 188 115. Patterns of Sleep and Activity - p. 189 116. Cry - p. 190 117. Assessment of Attachment Behaviors - p. 190 118. Physical Assessment - p. 190 119. Maintain a Patent Airway - p. 190 120. Maintain a Stable Body Temperature - p. 194 121. Protect From Infection and Injury - p. 195 122. Provide Optimal Nutrition - p. 200 123. Promote Parent-Infant Bonding (Attachment) - p. 205 124. Prepare for Discharge and Home Care - p. 207 125. 8. Health Problems of Newborns - p. 213 126. Birth Injuries - p. 213 127. Soft Tissue Injury - p. 213 128. Head Trauma - p. 213 129. Fractures - p. 215 130. Paralysis - p. 216 131. Cranial Deformities - p. 217 132. Prognosis - p. 217 133. Nursing Care Management - p. 217 134. Structural Defects - p. 218 135. Common Problems in the Newborn - p. 220 136. Candidiasis - p. 220 137. Herpes Simplex Virus - p. 221 138. Birthmarks - p. 221 139. Nursing Care of the High-Risk Newborn and Family - p. 222 140. Care of High-Risk Newborns - p. 223 141. Monitoring Physiologic Data - p. 223 142. Respiratory Support - p. 225 143. Thermoregulation - p. 225 144. Protection From Infection - p. 226 145. Hydration - p. 226 146. Nutrition - p. 227 147. Feeding Resistance - p. 230 148. Energy Conservation - p. 230 149. Skin Care - p. 230 150. Administration of Medications - p. 232 151. Developmental Outcome - p. 232 152. Family Support and Involvement - p. 234 153. Facilitating Parent-Infant Relationships - p. 236 154. Discharge Planning and Home Care - p. 238 155. Neonatal Loss - p. 239 156. High Risk Related to Dysmaturity - p. 240 157. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 241 158. Therapeutic Management - p. 241 159. Nursing Care Management - p. 241 160. Postterm Infants - p. 241 161. High Risk Related to Physiologic Factors - p. 243 162. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn - p. 249 163. Metabolic Complications - p. 252 164. Respiratory Distress Syndrome - p. 253 165. Respiratory Complications - p. 257 166. Acid-Base Imbalance - p. 258 167. Neurologic Complications - p. 261 168. Neonatal Seizures - p. 262 169. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 263 170. Therapeutic Management - p. 263 171. Nursing Care Management - p. 264 172. High Risk Related to Infectious Processes - p. 264 173. Necrotizing Enterocolitis - p. 266 174. High Risk Related to Maternal Conditions - p. 267 175. Infants of Diabetic Mothers - p. 267 176. Drug-Exposed Infantsg - p. 268 177. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 269 178. Therapeutic Management - p. 269 179. Nursing Care Management - p. 269 180. Alcohol Exposure - p. 270 181. Cocaine Exposure - p. 270 182. Methamphetamine Exposure - p. 271 183. Marijuana Exposure - p. 271 184. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - p. 271 185. Maternal Infections - p. 271 186. Defects Caused by Chemical Agents - p. 272 187. Congenital Hypothyroidism - p. 272 188. Phenylketonuria - p. 277 189. Galactosemia - p. 278 190. Genetic Evaluation and Counseling - p. 279 191. Psychological Aspects of Genetic Disease - p. 280 192. Unit 4. Family-Centered Care of the Infant - p. 285 193. 9. Health Promotion of the Infant and Family - p. 286 194. 10. Health Problems of Infants - p. 315 195. Unit 5. Family-Centered Care of the Young Child - p. 338 196. 11. Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family - p. 339 197. 12. Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family - p. 365 198. 13. Health Problems of Toddlers and Preschoolers - p. 379 199. Unit 6. Family-Centered Care of the School-Age Child and Adolescent - p. 398 200. 14. Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family - p. 399 201. 15. Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family - p. 419 202. 16. Health Problems of School-Age Children and Adolescents - p. 437 203. Health Problems of School-Age Children - p. 437 204. School-Age Disorders With Behavioral Components - p. 439 205. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - p. 442 206. School Phobia - p. 442 207. Conversion Reaction - p. 442 208. Childhood Depression - p. 443 209. Anxiety - p. 444 210. Childhood Schizophrenia - p. 444 211. Health Problems of Adolescents - p. 444 212. Health Conditions of the Male Reproductive System - p. 446 213. Health Conditions of the Female Reproductive System - p. 447 214. Health Conditions Related to Reproduction - p. 449 215. Sexually Transmitted Infections - p. 451 216. Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections - p. 451 217. Sexually Transmitted Protozoa Infections - p. 451 218. Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections - p. 451 219. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - p. 453 220. Sexual Violence - p. 453 221. Nutrition and Eating Disorders - p. 455 222. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa - p. 460 223. Adolescent Disorders With a Behavioral Component - p. 463 224. Unit 7. Family-Centered Care of the Child With Special Needs - p. 472 225. 17. Impact of Chronic Illness, Disability, or End-of-Life Care on the Child and Family - p. 473 226. Perspectives on the Care of Children and Families Living With or Dying From Chronic or Complex Conditions - p. 473 227. Trends in Care - p. 474 228. The Family of the Child With a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 476 229. Impact of the Child’s Chronic Illness - p. 476 230. Coping With Ongoing Stress and Periodic Crises - p. 478 231. Parental Empowerment - p. 479 232. Assisting Family Members in Managing Their Feelings - p. 479 233. Establishing a Support System - p. 480 234. The Child With a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 481 235. Developmental Aspects - p. 481 236. Coping Mechanisms - p. 481 237. Responses to Parental Behavior - p. 481 238. Type of Illness or Condition - p. 481 239. Nursing Care of the Family and Child With a Chronic or Complex Condition - p. 484 240. Provide Support at the Time of Diagnosis - p. 484 241. Support the Family’s Coping Methods - p. 486 242. Educate About the Disorder and General Health Care - p. 487 243. Promote Normal Development - p. 488 244. Establish Realistic Future Goals - p. 490 245. Perspectives on the Care of Children at the end of Life - p. 490 246. Principles of Palliative Care - p. 490 247. Decision Making at the end of Life - p. 492 248. Treatment Options for Terminally Ill Children - p. 496 249. Nursing Care of the Child and Family at the end of Life - p. 497 250. Fear of Pain and Suffering - p. 497 251. Fear of Dying Alone or of not Being Present When the Child Dies - p. 498 252. Fear of Actual Death - p. 498 253. Organ or Tissue Donation and Autopsy - p. 499 254. Grief and Mourning - p. 499 255. Nurses’ Reactions to Caring for Dying Children - p. 500 256. 18. Impact of Cognitive or Sensory Impairment on the Child and Family - p. 505 257. Unit 8. The Child Who Is Hospitalized - p. 529 258. 19. Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization - p. 530 259. 20. Pediatric Nursing Interventions and Skills - p. 551 260. General Concepts Related to Pediatric Procedures - p. 551 261. Requirements for Obtaining Informed Consent - p. 551 262. Preparation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures - p. 553 263. Establish Trust and Provide Support - p. 555 264. Parental Presence and Support - p. 556 265. Provide an Explanation - p. 556 266. Physical Preparation - p. 556 267. Performance of the Procedure - p. 556 268. Postprocedural Support - p. 557 269. Use of Play in Procedures - p. 558 270. Preparing the Family - p. 558 271. Surgical Procedures - p. 559 272. Preoperative Care - p. 559 273. Intraoperative Care - p. 560 274. Postoperative Care - p. 560 275. Compliance - p. 561 276. Compliance Strategies - p. 562 277. Skin Care and General Hygiene - p. 562 278. Bathing - p. 564 279. Oral Hygiene - p. 564 280. Hair Care - p. 564 281. Feeding the Sick Child - p. 565 282. Controlling Elevated Temperatures - p. 566 283. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 567 284. Safety - p. 567 285. Environmental Factors - p. 567 286. Infection Control - p. 569 287. Transporting Infants and Children - p. 570 288. Restraining Methods - p. 571 289. Positioning for Procedures - p. 572 290. Femoral Venipuncture - p. 573 291. Extremity Venipuncture or Injection - p. 573 292. Lumbar Puncture - p. 573 293. Bone Marrow Aspiration or Biopsy - p. 573 294. Collection of Specimens - p. 574 295. Fundamental Steps Common to All Procedures - p. 574 296. Urine Specimens - p. 574 297. Respiratory Secretion Specimens - p. 577 298. Administration of Medication - p. 581 299. Oral Administration - p. 582 300. Intramuscular Administration - p. 583 301. Subcutaneous and Intradermal Administration - p. 587 302. Intravenous Administration - p. 587 303. Central Venous Access Device - p. 590 304. Intraosseous Infusion - p. 592 305. Maintaining Fluid Balance - p. 592 306. Parenteral Fluid Therapy - p. 593 307. Securement of a Peripheral Intravenous Line - p. 594 308. Safety Catheters and Needleless Systems - p. 594 309. Infusion Pumps - p. 595 310. Maintenance - p. 596 311. Complications - p. 596 312. Removal of a Peripheral Intravenous Line - p. 596 313. Rectal Administration - p. 597 314. OPTIC, OTIC, and Nasal Administration - p. 597 315. Aerosol Therapy - p. 598 316. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 599 317. Alternative Feeding Techniques - p. 599 318. Nasogastric, Orogastric, and Gastrostomy Administration - p. 600 319. Gavage Feeding - p. 600 320. Nasoduodenal and Nasojejunal Tubes - p. 604 321. Total Parenteral Nutrition - p. 605 322. Procedures Related to Elimination - p. 605 323. Ostomies - p. 606 324. Family Teaching and Home Care - p. 606 325. Procedures for Maintaining Respiratory Function - p. 607 326. End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring - p. 608 327. Bronchial (Postural) Drainage - p. 608 328. Chest Physical Therapy - p. 608 329. Intubation - p. 609 330. Mechanical Ventilation - p. 609 331. Routine Care - p. 612 332. Emergency Care: Tube Occlusion and Accidental Decannulation - p. 613 333. Chest Tube Procedures - p. 613 334. Unit 9. The Child With Problems Related to the Transfer of Oxygen and Nutrients - p. 618 335. 21. The Child With Respiratory Dysfunction - p. 619 336. Respiratory Infections - p. 619 337. Etiology and Characteristics - p. 619 338. Seasonal Variations - p. 620 339. Clinical Manifestations - p. 620 340. Nursing Care of the Child With a Respiratory Tract Infection - p. 620 341. Ease Respiratory Efforts - p. 621 342. Promote Comfort - p. 621 343. Prevent Spread of Infection - p. 624 344. Reduce Body Temperature - p. 624 345. Promote Hydration - p. 624 346. Observe for Deterioration - p. 624 347. Provide Nutrition - p. 624 348. Provide Family Support and Home Care - p. 624 349. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections - p. 624 350. Nursing Care Management - p. 625 351. Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis - p. 625 352. Tonsillitis - p. 627 353. Influenza - p. 629 354. Otitis Media - p. 630 355. Therapeutic Management - p. 631 356. Nursing Care Management - p. 632 357. Acute Otitis Externa - p. 632 358. Infectious Mononucleosis - p. 633 359. Prognosis - p. 633 360. Nursing Care Management - p. 634 361. Croup Syndromes - p. 634 362. Acute Epiglottitis - p. 634 363. Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis - p. 636 364. Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis - p. 636 365. Bacterial Tracheitis - p. 637 366. Infections of the Lower Airways - p. 637 367. Bronchitis - p. 637 368. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis - p. 638 369. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 638 370. Therapeutic Management - p. 638 371. Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection - p. 639 372. Nursing Care Management - p. 639 373. Pneumonia - p. 640 374. Pertussis (Whooping Cough) - p. 642 375. Tuberculosis - p. 643 376. Therapeutic Management - p. 646 377. Nursing Care Management - p. 646 378. Pulmonary Dysfunction Caused by Noninfectious Irritants - p. 647 379. Clinical Manifestations - p. 647 380. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 647 381. Therapeutic Management - p. 647 382. Nursing Care Management - p. 647 383. Aspiration Pneumonia - p. 648 384. Pulmonary Edema - p. 648 385. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury - p. 649 386. Smoke Inhalation Injury - p. 650 387. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure - p. 651 388. Long-Term Respiratory Dysfunction - p. 652 389. Etiology - p. 653 390. Pathophysiology - p. 653 391. Clinical Manifestations - p. 654 392. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 654 393. Therapeutic Management - p. 655 394. Nursing Care Management - p. 660 395. Avoid Allergens - p. 661 396. Cystic Fibrosis - p. 663 397. Therapeutic Management - p. 665 398. Nursing Care Management - p. 668 399. Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing - p. 670 400. Respiratory Emergency - p. 671 401. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - p. 672 402. Airway Obstruction - p. 675 403. 22. The Child With Gastrointestinal Dysfunction - p. 680 404. Distribution of Body Fluids - p. 680 405. Water Balance - p. 680 406. Changes in Fluid Volume Related to Growth - p. 681 407. Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance - p. 681 408. Dehydration - p. 684 409. Water Intoxication - p. 688 410. Edema - p. 688 411. Disorders of Motility - p. 688 412. Diarrhea - p. 688 413. Types of Diarrhea - p. 689 414. Etiology - p. 691 415. Pathophysiology - p. 691 416. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 692 417. Therapeutic Management - p. 692 418. Nursing Care Management - p. 693 419. Prevention - p. 694 420. Constipation - p. 694 421. Childhood - p. 695 422. Therapeutic Management - p. 695 423. Nursing Care Management - p. 696 424. Vomiting - p. 696 425. Nursing Care Management - p. 698 426. Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon) - p. 698 427. Clinical Manifestations - p. 698 428. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 699 429. Therapeutic Management - p. 699 430. Nursing Care Management - p. 699 431. Gastroesophageal Reflux - p. 699 432. Pathophysiology - p. 700 433. Clinical Manifestations - p. 700 434. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 700 435. Therapeutic Management - p. 700 436. Nursing Care Management - p. 701 437. Irritable Bowel Syndrome - p. 702 438. Inflammatory Conditions - p. 702 439. Meckel Diverticulum - p. 704 440. Clinical Manifestations - p. 706 441. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 706 442. Therapeutic Management - p. 706 443. Nursing Care Management - p. 707 444. Inflammatory Bowel Disease - p. 707 445. Peptic Ulcer Disease - p. 710 446. Clinical Manifestations - p. 710 447. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 710 448. Therapeutic Management - p. 711 449. Nursing Care Management - p. 711 450. Obstructive Disorders - p. 711 451. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - p. 712 452. Intussusception - p. 713 453. Malrotation and Volvulus - p. 714 454. Malabsorption Syndromes - p. 715 455. Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy) - p. 715 456. Therapeutic Management - p. 716 457. Nursing Care Management - p. 716 458. Short Bowel Syndrome - p. 716 459. Hepatic Disorders - p. 717 460. Acute Hepatitis - p. 717 461. Biliary Atresia - p. 721 462. Cirrhosis - p. 722 463. Structural Defects - p. 723 464. Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula - p. 724 465. Hernias - p. 726 466. Anorectal Malformations - p. 727 467. Therapeutic Management - p. 728 468. Nursing Care Management - p. 729 469. Unit 10. The Child With Problems Related to the Production and Circulation of Blood - p. 732 470. 23. The Child With Cardiovascular Dysfunction - p. 733 471. Cardiovascular Dysfunction - p. 733 472. History and Physical Examination - p. 733 473. Congenital Heart Disease - p. 736 474. Circulatory Changes at Birth - p. 737 475. Altered Hemodynamics - p. 737 476. Classification of Defects - p. 738 477. Defects With Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow - p. 746 478. Mixed Defects - p. 746 479. Congestive Heart Failure - p. 747 480. Pathophysiology - p. 747 481. Clinical Manifestations - p. 747 482. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 747 483. Therapeutic Management - p. 747 484. Improve Cardiac Function - p. 748 485. Remove Accumulated Fluid and Sodium - p. 749 486. Decrease Cardiac Demands - p. 749 487. Improve Tissue Oxygenation - p. 749 488. Nursing Care Management - p. 749 489. Hypoxemia - p. 753 490. Nursing Care of the Family and Child With Congenital Heart Disease - p. 755 491. Help the Family Adjust to the Disorder - p. 755 492. Educate the Family About the Disorder - p. 756 493. Help the Family Manage the Illness at Home - p. 756 494. Prepare the Child and Family for Invasive Procedures - p. 757 495. Provide Postoperative Care - p. 757 496. Maintain Respiratory Status - p. 758 497. Monitor Fluids - p. 758 498. Provide Rest and Progressive Activity - p. 759 499. Provide Comfort and Emotional Support - p. 759 500. Plan for Discharge and Home Care - p. 759 501. Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders - p. 760 502. Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease - p. 761 503. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 761 504. Therapeutic Management - p. 762 505. Nursing Care Management - p. 763 506. Hyperlipidemia (Hypercholesterolemia) - p. 763 507. Therapeutic Management - p. 765 508. Nursing Care Management - p. 766 509. Cardiac Dysrhythmias - p. 766 510. Pulmonary Hypertension - p. 767 511. Cardiomyopathy - p. 768 512. Heart Transplantation - p. 769 513. Nursing Care Management - p. 770 514. Vascular Dysfunction - p. 770 515. Etiology - p. 770 516. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 771 517. Kawasaki Disease - p. 772 518. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome - p. 774 519. Shock - p. 774 520. Therapeutic Management - p. 776 521. Nursing Care Management - p. 776 522. Anaphylaxis - p. 777 523. Septic Shock - p. 778 524. Toxic Shock Syndrome - p. 779 525. 24. The Child With Hematologic or Immunologic Dysfunction - p. 783 526. Hematologic and Immunologic Dysfunction - p. 783 527. Red Blood Cell Disorders - p. 783 528. Iron-Deficiency Anemia - p. 786 529. Sickle Cell Anemia - p. 788 530. Prognosis - p. 793 531. Nursing Care Management - p. 793 532. Educate the Family and Child - p. 793 533. Promote Supportive Therapies During Crises - p. 796 534. Recognize Other Complications - p. 796 535. Support the Family - p. 796 536. Beta Thalassemia (Cooley Anemia) - p. 797 537. Pathophysiology - p. 797 538. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 797 539. Therapeutic Management - p. 798 540. Nursing Care Management - p. 798 541. Aplastic Anemia - p. 798 542. Defects in Hemostasis - p. 799 543. Hemophilia - p. 799 544. Immune Thrombocytopenia (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) - p. 802 545. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 803 546. Therapeutic Management - p. 803 547. Nursing Care Management - p. 803 548. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - p. 804 549. Epistaxis (Nosebleeding) - p. 804 550. Immunologic Deficiency Disorders - p. 805 551. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome - p. 805 552. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease - p. 808 553. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome - p. 808 554. Technologic Management of Hematologic and Immunologic Disorders - p. 809 555. Apheresis - p. 811 556. 25. The Child With Cancer - p. 817 557. Cancer in Children - p. 817 558. Epidemiology: Incidence Rates - p. 817 559. Etiology - p. 817 560. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 819 561. Treatment Modalities - p. 819 562. Complications of Therapy - p. 823 563. General Nursing Care Management - p. 824 564. Signs and Symptoms of Cancer in Children - p. 824 565. Managing Common Acute Side Effects of Treatment - p. 824 566. Hemorrhage - p. 825 567. Anemia - p. 825 568. Nausea and Vomiting - p. 826 569. Altered Nutrition - p. 826 570. Mucosal Ulceration - p. 826 571. Neurologic Problems - p. 827 572. Hemorrhagic Cystitis - p. 827 573. Steroid Effects - p. 828 574. Nursing Care During Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - p. 828 575. Preparation for Procedures - p. 828 576. Pain Management - p. 829 577. Health Promotion - p. 829 578. Patient and Family Education - p. 830 579. Completion of Therapy - p. 830 580. Cancers of Blood and Lymph Systems - p. 830 581. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - p. 830 582. Lymphomas - p. 833 583. Nervous System Tumors - p. 836 584. Neuroblastoma - p. 841 585. Bone Tumors - p. 842 586. Clinical Manifestations - p. 842 587. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 842 588. Prognosis - p. 842 589. Osteosarcoma - p. 843 590. Ewing Sarcoma (Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Bone) - p. 844 591. Other Solid Tumors - p. 844 592. Wilms Tumor - p. 844 593. Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 846 594. Retinoblastoma - p. 847 595. Germ Cell Tumors - p. 849 596. Liver Tumors - p. 849 597. The Childhood Cancer Survivor - p. 849 598. Unit 11. The Child With a Disturbance of Regulatory Mechanisms - p. 854 599. 26. The Child With Genitourinary Dysfunction - p. 855 600. 27. The Child With Cerebral Dysfunction - p. 882 601. The Brain and Increased Intracranial Pressure - p. 882 602. Evaluation of Neurologic Status - p. 882 603. Assessment: General Aspects - p. 882 604. History - p. 883 605. Physical Examination - p. 883 606. Altered States of Consciousness - p. 884 607. Neurologic Examination - p. 885 608. Special Diagnostic Procedures - p. 888 609. The Child With Cerebral Compromise - p. 890 610. Head Injury - p. 894 611. Etiology - p. 894 612. Pathophysiology - p. 894 613. Complications - p. 896 614. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 897 615. Initial Assessment - p. 898 616. Special Tests - p. 899 617. Therapeutic Management - p. 899 618. Nursing Care Management - p. 900 619. Submersion Injury - p. 902 620. Intracranial Infections - p. 903 621. Bacterial Meningitis - p. 903 622. Pathophysiology - p. 904 623. Clinical Manifestations - p. 904 624. Infants and Young Children - p. 905 625. Neonates - p. 905 626. Complications - p. 905 627. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 906 628. Therapeutic Management - p. 906 629. Nursing Care Management - p. 907 630. Nonbacterial (Aseptic) Meningitis - p. 908 631. Tuberculous Meningitis - p. 908 632. Brain Abscess - p. 908 633. Encephalitis - p. 908 634. Nursing Care Management - p. 909 635. Rabies - p. 909 636. Reye Syndrome - p. 910 637. Seizures and Epilepsy - p. 911 638. Epilepsy - p. 911 639. Incidence - p. 912 640. Pathophysiology - p. 912 641. Seizure Classification and Clinical Manifestations - p. 912 642. Generalized Seizures - p. 914 643. Unknown Onset Epileptic Seizures - p. 915 644. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 916 645. Therapeutic Management - p. 917 646. Prognosis - p. 919 647. Nursing Care Management - p. 920 648. Triggering Factors - p. 923 649. Family Support - p. 924 650. Febrile Seizures - p. 924 651. Headache - p. 925 652. Assessment - p. 925 653. Migraine Headache - p. 925 654. The Child With Cerebral Malformation - p. 926 655. 28. The Child With Endocrine Dysfunction - p. 935 656. The Endocrine System - p. 935 657. Hormones - p. 935 658. Disorders of Pituitary Function - p. 935 659. Hypopituitarism - p. 935 660. Clinical Manifestations - p. 939 661. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 939 662. Therapeutic Management - p. 939 663. Nursing Care Management - p. 940 664. Pituitary Hyperfunction - p. 940 665. Precocious Puberty - p. 940 666. Therapeutic Management - p. 941 667. Nursing Care Management - p. 941 668. Diabetes Insipidus - p. 941 669. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion - p. 942 670. Disorders of Thyroid Function - p. 943 671. Juvenile Hypothyroidism - p. 943 672. Goiter - p. 944 673. Lymphocytic Thyroiditis - p. 944 674. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 944 675. Therapeutic Management - p. 944 676. Nursing Care Management - p. 944 677. Hyperthyroidism - p. 944 678. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 945 679. Therapeutic Management - p. 945 680. Nursing Care Management - p. 945 681. Disorders of Parathyroid Function - p. 946 682. Hypoparathyroidism - p. 946 683. Therapeutic Management - p. 946 684. Nursing Care Management - p. 947 685. Hyperparathyroidism - p. 947 686. Disorders of Adrenal Function - p. 947 687. Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency - p. 947 688. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 948 689. Therapeutic Management - p. 948 690. Nursing Care Management - p. 948 691. Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease) - p. 948 692. Therapeutic Management - p. 949 693. Nursing Care Management - p. 949 694. Cushing Syndrome - p. 949 695. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - p. 950 696. Pheochromocytoma - p. 951 697. Disorders of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion - p. 952 698. Unit 12. The Child With a Problem That Interferes With Physical Mobility - p. 968 699. 29. The Child With Musculoskeletal or Articular Dysfunction - p. 969 700. 30. The Child With Neuromuscular or Muscular Dysfunction - p. 1005 701. Congenital Neuromuscular or Muscular Disorders - p. 1005 702. Therapeutic Management: General Concepts - p. 1009 703. Associated Problems - p. 1011 704. Therapeutic Management: Therapies, Education, Recreation - p. 1011 705. Nursing Care Management - p. 1013 706. Defects of Neural Tube Closure - p. 1014 707. Etiology - p. 1014 708. Anencephaly - p. 1016 709. Spina Bifida and Myelodysplasia - p. 1016 710. Myelomeningocele (Meningomyelocele) - p. 1016 711. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 1017 712. Therapeutic Management - p. 1018 713. Nursing Care Management - p. 1021 714. Latex Allergy - p. 1023 715. Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1 (Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease) - p. 1024 716. Nursing Care Management - p. 1025 717. Juvenile Spinal Muscular Atrophy (Kugelberg-Welander Disease) - p. 1025 718. Guillain-Barré Syndrome - p. 1025 719. Tetanus - p. 1027 720. Botulism - p. 1029 721. Spinal Cord Injuries - p. 1029 722. Muscular Dysfunction - p. 1038 723. Muscular Dystrophies - p. 1038 724. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - p. 1038 725. 31. The Child With Integumentary Dysfunction - p. 1047 726. Integumentary Dysfunction - p. 1047 727. Wounds - p. 1048 728. Infections of the Skin - p. 1054 729. Viral Infections - p. 1054 730. Systemic Mycotic (Fungal) Infections - p. 1056 731. Skin Disorders Related to Chemical or Physical Contacts - p. 1056 732. Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac - p. 1057 733. Therapeutic Management - p. 1060 734. Nursing Care Management - p. 1060 735. Drug Reactions - p. 1061 736. Foreign Bodies - p. 1061 737. Skin Disorders Related to Animal Contacts - p. 1061 738. Scabies - p. 1063 739. Pediculosis Capitis - p. 1064 740. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 1064 741. Therapeutic Management - p. 1065 742. Nursing Care Management - p. 1065 743. Rickettsial Diseases - p. 1065 744. Lyme Disease - p. 1065 745. Human Bites - p. 1067 746. Cat Scratch Disease - p. 1068 747. Miscellaneous Skin Disorders - p. 1068 748. Skin Disorders Associated with Specific Age-Groups - p. 1068 749. Diaper Dermatitis - p. 1068 750. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - p. 1070 751. Nursing Care Management - p. 1072 752. Seborrheic Dermatitis - p. 1072 753. Acne - p. 1073 754. Burns - p. 1074 755. Nursing Care Management - p. 1082 756. Sunburn - p. 1086 757. Cold Injury - p. 1086 758. Clinical Judgment and Next-Generation NCLEX® Examination-Style Questions Answer Key - p. 1089 759. Next-Generation NCLEX® Examination-Style Unfolding Case Study Answer Key - p. 1102 760. Index - p. 1111 761. IBC - p. ES1