Covering everything from preoperative evaluation to neonatal emergencies to the PACU, Cot�, Lerman and Anderson’s A Practice of Anesthesia in Infants and Children, 7th Edition, features state-of-the-art advice on the safe, effective administration of general and regional anesthesia and sedation strategies for young patients. This text reviews underlying scientific information, addresses preoperative assessment and anesthesia management in detail, and provides guidelines for postoperative care, emergencies, and special procedures. Comprehensive in scope and thoroughly up to date, this edition delivers unsurpassed coverage of every key aspect of pediatric anesthesia.
1. SECTION I. Introduction - p. xxvi 2. 1. Growth and development - p. 1 3. 2. Preoperative evaluation, premedication, and induction of anesthesia - p. 22 4. Preparation of children for anesthesia - p. 22 5. Premedication and induction principles - p. 36 6. Induction of anesthesia - p. 43 7. Special problems - p. 51 8. Acknowledgment - p. 64 9. Annotated references - p. 64 10. References - p. 64 11. 3. Ethical issues in pediatric anesthesiology - p. 65 12. SECTION II. Drug and Fluid Therapy - p. 78.e4 13. 4. Pharmacogenomics - p. 79 14. Historical perspectives - p. 79 15. Basic concepts and nomenclature - p. 80 16. Hepatic metabolism and developmental pharmacogenetics - p. 81 17. Genomics of drug metabolism, exposure, and effects - p. 84 18. Pharmacogenomics of pain and analgesia - p. 86 19. Genetic variations affecting opioid pharmacokinetics - p. 87 20. Genetic variations affecting opioid pharmacodynamics - p. 91 21. Genes of addiction - p. 92 22. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and genetics - p. 92 23. Acetaminophen and genetics - p. 93 24. Acute and chronic postsurgical pain – genetics and epigenetics - p. 93 25. Pharmacogenomics affecting anesthesia - p. 94 26. Perioperative outcomes - p. 96 27. Ancestry/race and genetics - p. 96 28. Pharmacogenomics methods - p. 97 29. Genetic counseling - p. 97 30. Clinical translation: Bench to bedside: Where are we now? - p. 97 31. Conclusion - p. 98 32. Annotated references - p. 99 33. References - p. 99 34. 5. Pharmacology of drugs used in children - p. 100 35. Pharmacokinetic principles and calculations - p. 101 36. Population modeling - p. 105 37. Pediatric pharmacokinetic considerations - p. 105 38. Pharmacodynamic models - p. 107 39. Linking pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics - p. 108 40. Drug distribution - p. 109 41. Absorption - p. 111 42. Bioavailability - p. 113 43. Metabolism and excretion - p. 113 44. Pharmacodynamics in children - p. 116.e1 45. Drug interactions - p. 118 46. The drug approval process, the package insert, and drug labeling - p. 119 47. Inhalation anesthetic agents - p. 120 48. Oxygen - p. 139 49. Intravenous anesthetic agents - p. 140 50. Neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 148.e1 51. Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 151 52. Intermediate-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 154 53. Long-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 156 54. Antagonism of neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 156 55. Neuromuscular blocking drugs in special situations - p. 159 56. Opioids - p. 160 57. Acetaminophen - p. 173 58. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs) - p. 175 59. Benzodiazepine sedatives - p. 178 60. Other sedatives - p. 180 61. Antihistamines - p. 185 62. Antiemetics - p. 185 63. Anticholinergics - p. 187 64. Antagonists - p. 188 65. Annotated references - p. 189 66. References - p. 189 67. 6. Total intraven ous anesthesia and target-controlled infusion - p. 190 68. 7. Fluid management - p. 216 69. 8. Essentials of hematology - p. 236 70. The basics - p. 236 71. Hemolytic anemias - p. 239 72. Hemoglobinopathies - p. 242 73. Thrombocytopenia - p. 248 74. Coagulation disorders - p. 249 75. Hematologic malignancies - p. 253 76. Annotated references - p. 260 77. References - p. 260 78. 9. Perioperative management of the oncology patient - p. 261 79. 10. Strategies for blood product management, reducing transfusions, and massive blood transfusion - p. 278 80. Blood volume - p. 279 81. Blood components and alternatives - p. 281 82. Massive blood transfusion - p. 289 83. Methods to reduce patient exposure to allogeneic blood components - p. 300 84. Acknowledgment - p. 304 85. Annotated references - p. 304 86. References - p. 305 87. SECTION III. The Chest - p. 306 88. 11. Essentials of pulmonology - p. 307 89. 12. The pediatric airway - p. 324 90. Developmental anatomy of the airway - p. 324 91. The larynx - p. 329 92. Physiology of the respiratory system - p. 331.e1 93. Evaluation of the airway - p. 333 94. Airway management: The normal airway - p. 336 95. Airway management: The abnormal airway - p. 349 96. Acknowledgments - p. 369 97. Annotated references - p. 369 98. References - p. 369 99. 13. Anesthesia for thoracic surgery - p. 370 100. SECTION IV. The Heart - p. 390.e4 101. 14. Essentials of cardiology - p. 391 102. Congenital heart disease - p. 391 103. Acquired heart disease - p. 395 104. Heart failure in children - p. 402 105. Syndromes, associations, and systemic disorders: Cardiovascular disease and anesthetic implications - p. 403 106. Selected vascular anomalies and their implications for anesthesia - p. 407 107. Evaluation of the child with a cardiac murmur - p. 409 108. Basic interpretation of the electrocardiogram in children - p. 409 109. Essentials of cardiac rhythm interpretation and acute management of arrhythmias in children - p. 412 110. Pacemaker and defibrillator therapy in the pediatric age group - p. 420 111. Diagnostic modalities in pediatric cardiology - p. 422 112. Perioperative considerations for children with cardiovascular disease - p. 429 113. Annotated references - p. 432 114. References - p. 432 115. 15. Anesthesia for children undergoing heart surgery - p. 433 116. Preoperative evaluation - p. 433 117. Perioperative challenges in pediatric cardiac anesthesia - p. 435 118. Anesthesia management for surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 438 119. Control of systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances during anesthesia - p. 443 120. Anesthetic drugs used in pediatric cardiac anesthesia - p. 443 121. Regional anesthesia and analgesia - p. 446 122. Fast track and enhanced recovery after surgery - p. 447 123. Stress response to cardiac surgery - p. 447 124. Anesthesia considerations for specific cardiac defects - p. 449 125. Transport and transfer to a pediatric intensive care unit - p. 465 126. Annotated references - p. 466 127. References - p. 467 128. 16. Cardiac physiology and pharmacology - p. 468 129. Cardiovascular physiology - p. 468 130. Incidence and prevalence of congenital heart disease - p. 474 131. Pathophysiologic classification of congenital heart disease - p. 475.e2 132. Special situations - p. 478 133. Cardiovascular pharmacology - p. 483 134. Annotated references - p. 503 135. References - p. 503 136. 17. Cardiopulmonary bypass and management - p. 504 137. Basic aspects of cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 504 138. Special coagulation and hematologic problems - p. 508 139. A perspective on blood preservation: Cardiopulmonary bypass in Jehovah’s witness patients - p. 511 140. Myocardial protection - p. 512 141. Phases of cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 512 142. Particular aspects of management on cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 515 143. Prebypass anesthetic management - p. 519 144. Anesthesia on cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 519 145. Special techniques - p. 520 146. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 522 147. Transport to the intensive care unit - p. 527 148. Fast tracking and recovery - p. 527 149. Annotated references - p. 527 150. References - p. 528 151. 18. Medications for hemostasis - p. 529 152. 19. Mechanical circulatory support - p. 549 153. 20. Interventional cardiology - p. 573 154. 21. Anesthesia for noncardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease - p. 587 155. Selected congenital heart defects - p. 588 156. Perioperative considerations in children with CHD during noncardiac surgery - p. 600 157. Perioperative problems and special considerations - p. 609 158. Types of noncardiac surgical procedures in children with CHD and implications for anesthesia care - p. 615 159. Outcomes of noncardiac surgery in children with CHD and risk analysis - p. 615 160. Annotated references - p. 616 161. References - p. 617 162. SECTION V. The Brain and Glands - p. 618 163. 22. Essentials of neurology and neuromuscular disorders - p. 619 164. General considerations - p. 619 165. Static neurologic disorders - p. 620 166. Progressive neurologic disorders - p. 625 167. Neuromuscular disorders - p. 632 168. Nerve palsies - p. 634 169. Epilepsy - p. 642 170. Annotated references - p. 648 171. References - p. 649 172. 23. Surgery, anesthesia, and the immature brain - p. 650 173. Background - p. 651 174. Normal brain development - p. 651 175. Effects of anesthetic exposure on the developing brain - p. 652 176. Putative mechanisms for neurotoxicity - p. 656 177. Specific anesthetic and sedative agents - p. 657 178. Exposure time, dose, and anesthetic combinations - p. 660 179. Deleterious effects of untreated pain and stress - p. 661 180. Potential alleviating strategies - p. 661 181. Anesthetic neuroprotection - p. 662 182. Critical evaluation of animal studies and interspecies comparisons - p. 663 183. Long-term outcome in children exposed to anesthesia and surgery - p. 668 184. Outcome after exposure to anesthesia outside of the operating room - p. 674 185. Limitations of the available clinical studies - p. 674 186. Future research - p. 675 187. Recommendations for clinical practice - p. 676 188. Annotated references - p. 676 189. References - p. 677 190. 24. Pediatric neurosurgical anesthesia - p. 678 191. Pathophysiology - p. 678 192. Management of anesthesia - p. 682 193. Special situations - p. 691 194. Annotated references - p. 704 195. References - p. 704 196. 25. Essentials of endocrinology - p. 705 197. Diabetes mellitus - p. 705 198. Diabetes insipidus - p. 712 199. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion - p. 715 200. Thyroid disorders - p. 716 201. Parathyroid and calcium disorders - p. 720 202. Adrenal disorders - p. 722 203. Pheochromocytoma - p. 724 204. Annotated references - p. 726 205. References - p. 727 206. SECTION VI. The Abdomen - p. 728 207. 26. Essentials of nephrology - p. 729 208. 27. General abdominal and urologic surgery - p. 745 209. General principles of abdominal surgery - p. 745 210. General principles of urologic surgery - p. 748 211. Laparoscopic surgery - p. 750 212. Robot-assisted surgery - p. 754 213. Specific general surgical and urologic conditions - p. 755 214. Bariatric surgery in children - p. 763 215. Acknowledgments - p. 767 216. Annotated references - p. 767 217. References - p. 767 218. 28. Essentials of hepatology - p. 768 219. 29. Organ transplantation - p. 775 220. Liver transplantation - p. 775 221. Renal transplantation - p. 787 222. Cardiac transplantation - p. 791 223. Pediatric lung and heart-lung transplantation - p. 800 224. Acknowledgements - p. 807 225. Annotated references - p. 807 226. References - p. 808 227. SECTION VII. Other Surgeries - p. 808.e11 228. 30. Orthopedic and spine surgery - p. 809 229. Scoliosis surgery - p. 810 230. Risk minimization and improving outcome from surgical intervention - p. 815 231. Spinal cord injury during surgery - p. 818 232. The patient journey: Preparation, planning, and pathways - p. 822 233. Anesthetic and intraoperative management - p. 826 234. Tourniquets - p. 832 235. Acute bone and joint infections - p. 834 236. Common syndromes - p. 835 237. Annotated references - p. 839 238. References - p. 840 239. 31. Otorhinolaryngologic procedures - p. 841 240. Anesthesia for otologic procedures - p. 841 241. Anesthesia for rhinologic procedures - p. 843.e1 242. Adenotonsillectomy - p. 845 243. Anesthesia for endoscopy - p. 872 244. Upper airway obstruction - p. 883 245. Tracheotomy - p. 889 246. Airway trauma and inhalational injury - p. 892.e1 247. Laryngeal clefts - p. 894 248. Laryngotracheal reconstruction - p. 895 249. Acknowledgments - p. 898 250. Annotated references - p. 898 251. References - p. 899 252. 32. Ophthalmologic surgery - p. 900 253. 33. Plastic and reconstructive surgery - p. 914 254. 34. Burn injuries - p. 932 255. SECTION VIII. Emergencies - p. 952.e14 256. 35. The extremely premature infant (micropremie) and common neonatal emergencies - p. 953 257. Physiology of prematurity related to anesthesia - p. 953 258. Anesthetics and the neonate/premature infant - p. 964 259. Neonatal surgical emergencies - p. 966 260. Emergency surgery - p. 968 261. Annotated references - p. 981 262. References - p. 981 263. 36. Fetal intervention and the EXIT procedure - p. 982 264. 37. Trauma and mass casualties - p. 1000 265. 38. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1016 266. 39. Malignant hyperthermia - p. 1030 267. SECTION IX. Pain - p. 1052.e7 268. 40. Regional anesthesia - p. 1053 269. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics - p. 1054 270. Ultrasound equipment - p. 1060 271. Essentials of musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging - p. 1064 272. Identification of structures - p. 1067 273. Special ultrasound techniques - p. 1069 274. Use of a nerve stimulator - p. 1072 275. Specific procedures - p. 1072.e1 276. Intravenous regional anesthesia - p. 1131 277. Acknowledgment - p. 1132 278. Annotated references - p. 1132 279. References - p. 1133 280. 41. Acute pain - p. 1134 281. Developmental neurobiology of pain - p. 1134 282. Pain assessment - p. 1135 283. Strategies for pain management - p. 1141.e1 284. Pharmacologic treatment of pain - p. 1145 285. Pain management in the cognitively impaired child - p. 1177 286. Annotated references - p. 1178 287. References - p. 1178 288. 42. Chronic pain - p. 1181 289. SECTION X. Special Topics - p. 1194.e4 290. 43. Anesthesia outside the operating room - p. 1195 291. 44. Sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside the operating room - p. 1215 292. The evolution of pediatric sedation and the anesthesiologist’s role - p. 1215 293. Sedation depth - p. 1216 294. The concept of “safety” - p. 1219 295. Guidelines - p. 1221 296. Goals of sedation - p. 1226 297. Specific sedation techniques - p. 1228.e5 298. Future of pediatric sedation - p. 1236 299. Acknowledgment - p. 1236 300. Annotated references - p. 1237 301. References - p. 1237 302. 45. The post anesthesia care unit and beyond - p. 1238 303. 46. Procedures for vascular access - p. 1255 304. 47. Infectious disease considerations for the operating room - p. 1278 305. Causative agent - p. 1280 306. Host - p. 1280 307. Methods of transmission - p. 1280 308. Coronavirus and future pandemics - p. 1284.e2 309. Strategy for preventing infection transmission in health care institutions - p. 1289 310. Measures for prevention of infection transmission in the operating room - p. 1290 311. Annotated references - p. 1298 312. References - p. 1298 313. 48. Pediatric anesthesia in developing countries - p. 1299 314. 49. Pediatric equipment and monitoring - p. 1314 315. Heating and cooling systems - p. 1314 316. Patient warming - p. 1315 317. Intravenous therapy - p. 1317 318. Airway apparatus - p. 1320 319. Intubation equipment - p. 1322 320. Suction devices - p. 1323 321. Anesthesia workstation - p. 1323 322. Equipment cart - p. 1327 323. Defibrillator and external pacemakers - p. 1327 324. Ultrasound for regional anesthesia and vascular cannulation - p. 1327 325. Monitoring equipment - p. 1329 326. Purchasing anesthesia equipment - p. 1344 327. Annotated references - p. 1345 328. References - p. 1346 329. 50. Simulation in pediatric anesthesia - p. 1347 330. Index - p. 1357 331. Drug card - p. ES3
Covering everything from preoperative evaluation to neonatal emergencies to the PACU, Cot�, Lerman and Anderson’s A Practice of Anesthesia in Infants and Children, 7th Edition, features state-of-the-art advice on the safe, effective administration of general and regional anesthesia and sedation strategies for young patients. This text reviews underlying scientific information, addresses preoperative assessment and anesthesia management in detail, and provides guidelines for postoperative care, emergencies, and special procedures. Comprehensive in scope and thoroughly up to date, this edition delivers unsurpassed coverage of every key aspect of pediatric anesthesia.
1. SECTION I. Introduction - p. xxvi 2. 1. Growth and development - p. 1 3. 2. Preoperative evaluation, premedication, and induction of anesthesia - p. 22 4. Preparation of children for anesthesia - p. 22 5. Premedication and induction principles - p. 36 6. Induction of anesthesia - p. 43 7. Special problems - p. 51 8. Acknowledgment - p. 64 9. Annotated references - p. 64 10. References - p. 64 11. 3. Ethical issues in pediatric anesthesiology - p. 65 12. SECTION II. Drug and Fluid Therapy - p. 78.e4 13. 4. Pharmacogenomics - p. 79 14. Historical perspectives - p. 79 15. Basic concepts and nomenclature - p. 80 16. Hepatic metabolism and developmental pharmacogenetics - p. 81 17. Genomics of drug metabolism, exposure, and effects - p. 84 18. Pharmacogenomics of pain and analgesia - p. 86 19. Genetic variations affecting opioid pharmacokinetics - p. 87 20. Genetic variations affecting opioid pharmacodynamics - p. 91 21. Genes of addiction - p. 92 22. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and genetics - p. 92 23. Acetaminophen and genetics - p. 93 24. Acute and chronic postsurgical pain – genetics and epigenetics - p. 93 25. Pharmacogenomics affecting anesthesia - p. 94 26. Perioperative outcomes - p. 96 27. Ancestry/race and genetics - p. 96 28. Pharmacogenomics methods - p. 97 29. Genetic counseling - p. 97 30. Clinical translation: Bench to bedside: Where are we now? - p. 97 31. Conclusion - p. 98 32. Annotated references - p. 99 33. References - p. 99 34. 5. Pharmacology of drugs used in children - p. 100 35. Pharmacokinetic principles and calculations - p. 101 36. Population modeling - p. 105 37. Pediatric pharmacokinetic considerations - p. 105 38. Pharmacodynamic models - p. 107 39. Linking pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics - p. 108 40. Drug distribution - p. 109 41. Absorption - p. 111 42. Bioavailability - p. 113 43. Metabolism and excretion - p. 113 44. Pharmacodynamics in children - p. 116.e1 45. Drug interactions - p. 118 46. The drug approval process, the package insert, and drug labeling - p. 119 47. Inhalation anesthetic agents - p. 120 48. Oxygen - p. 139 49. Intravenous anesthetic agents - p. 140 50. Neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 148.e1 51. Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 151 52. Intermediate-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 154 53. Long-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 156 54. Antagonism of neuromuscular blocking drugs - p. 156 55. Neuromuscular blocking drugs in special situations - p. 159 56. Opioids - p. 160 57. Acetaminophen - p. 173 58. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs) - p. 175 59. Benzodiazepine sedatives - p. 178 60. Other sedatives - p. 180 61. Antihistamines - p. 185 62. Antiemetics - p. 185 63. Anticholinergics - p. 187 64. Antagonists - p. 188 65. Annotated references - p. 189 66. References - p. 189 67. 6. Total intraven ous anesthesia and target-controlled infusion - p. 190 68. 7. Fluid management - p. 216 69. 8. Essentials of hematology - p. 236 70. The basics - p. 236 71. Hemolytic anemias - p. 239 72. Hemoglobinopathies - p. 242 73. Thrombocytopenia - p. 248 74. Coagulation disorders - p. 249 75. Hematologic malignancies - p. 253 76. Annotated references - p. 260 77. References - p. 260 78. 9. Perioperative management of the oncology patient - p. 261 79. 10. Strategies for blood product management, reducing transfusions, and massive blood transfusion - p. 278 80. Blood volume - p. 279 81. Blood components and alternatives - p. 281 82. Massive blood transfusion - p. 289 83. Methods to reduce patient exposure to allogeneic blood components - p. 300 84. Acknowledgment - p. 304 85. Annotated references - p. 304 86. References - p. 305 87. SECTION III. The Chest - p. 306 88. 11. Essentials of pulmonology - p. 307 89. 12. The pediatric airway - p. 324 90. Developmental anatomy of the airway - p. 324 91. The larynx - p. 329 92. Physiology of the respiratory system - p. 331.e1 93. Evaluation of the airway - p. 333 94. Airway management: The normal airway - p. 336 95. Airway management: The abnormal airway - p. 349 96. Acknowledgments - p. 369 97. Annotated references - p. 369 98. References - p. 369 99. 13. Anesthesia for thoracic surgery - p. 370 100. SECTION IV. The Heart - p. 390.e4 101. 14. Essentials of cardiology - p. 391 102. Congenital heart disease - p. 391 103. Acquired heart disease - p. 395 104. Heart failure in children - p. 402 105. Syndromes, associations, and systemic disorders: Cardiovascular disease and anesthetic implications - p. 403 106. Selected vascular anomalies and their implications for anesthesia - p. 407 107. Evaluation of the child with a cardiac murmur - p. 409 108. Basic interpretation of the electrocardiogram in children - p. 409 109. Essentials of cardiac rhythm interpretation and acute management of arrhythmias in children - p. 412 110. Pacemaker and defibrillator therapy in the pediatric age group - p. 420 111. Diagnostic modalities in pediatric cardiology - p. 422 112. Perioperative considerations for children with cardiovascular disease - p. 429 113. Annotated references - p. 432 114. References - p. 432 115. 15. Anesthesia for children undergoing heart surgery - p. 433 116. Preoperative evaluation - p. 433 117. Perioperative challenges in pediatric cardiac anesthesia - p. 435 118. Anesthesia management for surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 438 119. Control of systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances during anesthesia - p. 443 120. Anesthetic drugs used in pediatric cardiac anesthesia - p. 443 121. Regional anesthesia and analgesia - p. 446 122. Fast track and enhanced recovery after surgery - p. 447 123. Stress response to cardiac surgery - p. 447 124. Anesthesia considerations for specific cardiac defects - p. 449 125. Transport and transfer to a pediatric intensive care unit - p. 465 126. Annotated references - p. 466 127. References - p. 467 128. 16. Cardiac physiology and pharmacology - p. 468 129. Cardiovascular physiology - p. 468 130. Incidence and prevalence of congenital heart disease - p. 474 131. Pathophysiologic classification of congenital heart disease - p. 475.e2 132. Special situations - p. 478 133. Cardiovascular pharmacology - p. 483 134. Annotated references - p. 503 135. References - p. 503 136. 17. Cardiopulmonary bypass and management - p. 504 137. Basic aspects of cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 504 138. Special coagulation and hematologic problems - p. 508 139. A perspective on blood preservation: Cardiopulmonary bypass in Jehovah’s witness patients - p. 511 140. Myocardial protection - p. 512 141. Phases of cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 512 142. Particular aspects of management on cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 515 143. Prebypass anesthetic management - p. 519 144. Anesthesia on cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 519 145. Special techniques - p. 520 146. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass - p. 522 147. Transport to the intensive care unit - p. 527 148. Fast tracking and recovery - p. 527 149. Annotated references - p. 527 150. References - p. 528 151. 18. Medications for hemostasis - p. 529 152. 19. Mechanical circulatory support - p. 549 153. 20. Interventional cardiology - p. 573 154. 21. Anesthesia for noncardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease - p. 587 155. Selected congenital heart defects - p. 588 156. Perioperative considerations in children with CHD during noncardiac surgery - p. 600 157. Perioperative problems and special considerations - p. 609 158. Types of noncardiac surgical procedures in children with CHD and implications for anesthesia care - p. 615 159. Outcomes of noncardiac surgery in children with CHD and risk analysis - p. 615 160. Annotated references - p. 616 161. References - p. 617 162. SECTION V. The Brain and Glands - p. 618 163. 22. Essentials of neurology and neuromuscular disorders - p. 619 164. General considerations - p. 619 165. Static neurologic disorders - p. 620 166. Progressive neurologic disorders - p. 625 167. Neuromuscular disorders - p. 632 168. Nerve palsies - p. 634 169. Epilepsy - p. 642 170. Annotated references - p. 648 171. References - p. 649 172. 23. Surgery, anesthesia, and the immature brain - p. 650 173. Background - p. 651 174. Normal brain development - p. 651 175. Effects of anesthetic exposure on the developing brain - p. 652 176. Putative mechanisms for neurotoxicity - p. 656 177. Specific anesthetic and sedative agents - p. 657 178. Exposure time, dose, and anesthetic combinations - p. 660 179. Deleterious effects of untreated pain and stress - p. 661 180. Potential alleviating strategies - p. 661 181. Anesthetic neuroprotection - p. 662 182. Critical evaluation of animal studies and interspecies comparisons - p. 663 183. Long-term outcome in children exposed to anesthesia and surgery - p. 668 184. Outcome after exposure to anesthesia outside of the operating room - p. 674 185. Limitations of the available clinical studies - p. 674 186. Future research - p. 675 187. Recommendations for clinical practice - p. 676 188. Annotated references - p. 676 189. References - p. 677 190. 24. Pediatric neurosurgical anesthesia - p. 678 191. Pathophysiology - p. 678 192. Management of anesthesia - p. 682 193. Special situations - p. 691 194. Annotated references - p. 704 195. References - p. 704 196. 25. Essentials of endocrinology - p. 705 197. Diabetes mellitus - p. 705 198. Diabetes insipidus - p. 712 199. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion - p. 715 200. Thyroid disorders - p. 716 201. Parathyroid and calcium disorders - p. 720 202. Adrenal disorders - p. 722 203. Pheochromocytoma - p. 724 204. Annotated references - p. 726 205. References - p. 727 206. SECTION VI. The Abdomen - p. 728 207. 26. Essentials of nephrology - p. 729 208. 27. General abdominal and urologic surgery - p. 745 209. General principles of abdominal surgery - p. 745 210. General principles of urologic surgery - p. 748 211. Laparoscopic surgery - p. 750 212. Robot-assisted surgery - p. 754 213. Specific general surgical and urologic conditions - p. 755 214. Bariatric surgery in children - p. 763 215. Acknowledgments - p. 767 216. Annotated references - p. 767 217. References - p. 767 218. 28. Essentials of hepatology - p. 768 219. 29. Organ transplantation - p. 775 220. Liver transplantation - p. 775 221. Renal transplantation - p. 787 222. Cardiac transplantation - p. 791 223. Pediatric lung and heart-lung transplantation - p. 800 224. Acknowledgements - p. 807 225. Annotated references - p. 807 226. References - p. 808 227. SECTION VII. Other Surgeries - p. 808.e11 228. 30. Orthopedic and spine surgery - p. 809 229. Scoliosis surgery - p. 810 230. Risk minimization and improving outcome from surgical intervention - p. 815 231. Spinal cord injury during surgery - p. 818 232. The patient journey: Preparation, planning, and pathways - p. 822 233. Anesthetic and intraoperative management - p. 826 234. Tourniquets - p. 832 235. Acute bone and joint infections - p. 834 236. Common syndromes - p. 835 237. Annotated references - p. 839 238. References - p. 840 239. 31. Otorhinolaryngologic procedures - p. 841 240. Anesthesia for otologic procedures - p. 841 241. Anesthesia for rhinologic procedures - p. 843.e1 242. Adenotonsillectomy - p. 845 243. Anesthesia for endoscopy - p. 872 244. Upper airway obstruction - p. 883 245. Tracheotomy - p. 889 246. Airway trauma and inhalational injury - p. 892.e1 247. Laryngeal clefts - p. 894 248. Laryngotracheal reconstruction - p. 895 249. Acknowledgments - p. 898 250. Annotated references - p. 898 251. References - p. 899 252. 32. Ophthalmologic surgery - p. 900 253. 33. Plastic and reconstructive surgery - p. 914 254. 34. Burn injuries - p. 932 255. SECTION VIII. Emergencies - p. 952.e14 256. 35. The extremely premature infant (micropremie) and common neonatal emergencies - p. 953 257. Physiology of prematurity related to anesthesia - p. 953 258. Anesthetics and the neonate/premature infant - p. 964 259. Neonatal surgical emergencies - p. 966 260. Emergency surgery - p. 968 261. Annotated references - p. 981 262. References - p. 981 263. 36. Fetal intervention and the EXIT procedure - p. 982 264. 37. Trauma and mass casualties - p. 1000 265. 38. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - p. 1016 266. 39. Malignant hyperthermia - p. 1030 267. SECTION IX. Pain - p. 1052.e7 268. 40. Regional anesthesia - p. 1053 269. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics - p. 1054 270. Ultrasound equipment - p. 1060 271. Essentials of musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging - p. 1064 272. Identification of structures - p. 1067 273. Special ultrasound techniques - p. 1069 274. Use of a nerve stimulator - p. 1072 275. Specific procedures - p. 1072.e1 276. Intravenous regional anesthesia - p. 1131 277. Acknowledgment - p. 1132 278. Annotated references - p. 1132 279. References - p. 1133 280. 41. Acute pain - p. 1134 281. Developmental neurobiology of pain - p. 1134 282. Pain assessment - p. 1135 283. Strategies for pain management - p. 1141.e1 284. Pharmacologic treatment of pain - p. 1145 285. Pain management in the cognitively impaired child - p. 1177 286. Annotated references - p. 1178 287. References - p. 1178 288. 42. Chronic pain - p. 1181 289. SECTION X. Special Topics - p. 1194.e4 290. 43. Anesthesia outside the operating room - p. 1195 291. 44. Sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside the operating room - p. 1215 292. The evolution of pediatric sedation and the anesthesiologist’s role - p. 1215 293. Sedation depth - p. 1216 294. The concept of “safety” - p. 1219 295. Guidelines - p. 1221 296. Goals of sedation - p. 1226 297. Specific sedation techniques - p. 1228.e5 298. Future of pediatric sedation - p. 1236 299. Acknowledgment - p. 1236 300. Annotated references - p. 1237 301. References - p. 1237 302. 45. The post anesthesia care unit and beyond - p. 1238 303. 46. Procedures for vascular access - p. 1255 304. 47. Infectious disease considerations for the operating room - p. 1278 305. Causative agent - p. 1280 306. Host - p. 1280 307. Methods of transmission - p. 1280 308. Coronavirus and future pandemics - p. 1284.e2 309. Strategy for preventing infection transmission in health care institutions - p. 1289 310. Measures for prevention of infection transmission in the operating room - p. 1290 311. Annotated references - p. 1298 312. References - p. 1298 313. 48. Pediatric anesthesia in developing countries - p. 1299 314. 49. Pediatric equipment and monitoring - p. 1314 315. Heating and cooling systems - p. 1314 316. Patient warming - p. 1315 317. Intravenous therapy - p. 1317 318. Airway apparatus - p. 1320 319. Intubation equipment - p. 1322 320. Suction devices - p. 1323 321. Anesthesia workstation - p. 1323 322. Equipment cart - p. 1327 323. Defibrillator and external pacemakers - p. 1327 324. Ultrasound for regional anesthesia and vascular cannulation - p. 1327 325. Monitoring equipment - p. 1329 326. Purchasing anesthesia equipment - p. 1344 327. Annotated references - p. 1345 328. References - p. 1346 329. 50. Simulation in pediatric anesthesia - p. 1347 330. Index - p. 1357 331. Drug card - p. ES3
