Abeloff's Clinical Oncology
1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Section A Biology and Cancer - p. 1 3. 1 Molecular Tools in Cancer Research - p. 2 4. 2 Intracellular Signaling - p. 24 5. Abstract - p. 24 6. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling - p. 29 7. G Protein–Coupled Receptor Signaling - p. 35 8. Cytokine Receptor Signaling - p. 37 9. Serine/Threonine Receptor Signaling - p. 38 10. Notch Receptor Signaling - p. 39 11. Nuclear Hormone Receptor Signaling - p. 39 12. Integrin Receptor Signaling - p. 39 13. Non–Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling - p. 40 14. Ras/MAP Kinase Pathway Signaling - p. 41 15. PI3 Kinase/Akt/mTOR Pathway Signaling - p. 43 16. Translational Implications - p. 44 17. References - p. 46.e1 18. Self-Assessment Review Questions - p. 46.e12 19. Answers - p. 46.e12 20. 3 Cellular Microenvironment and Metastases - p. 47 21. 4 Control of the Cell Cycle - p. 56 22. 5 Pathophysiology of Cancer Cell Death - p. 74 23. 6 Cancer Immunology - p. 84 24. 7 Stem Cells, Cell Differentiation, and Cancer - p. 97 25. 8 Tumor Microenvironment - p. 108 26. 9 Cancer Metabolism - p. 127 27. Section B Genesis of Cancer - p. 138.e4 28. 10 Environmental Factors - p. 139 29. 11 DNA Damage Response Pathways and Cancer - p. 154 30. 12 Viruses and Human Cancer - p. 165 31. 13 Genetic Factors - p. 180 32. Abstract - p. 180 33. Common Syndromes of Cancer Predisposition - p. 194 34. A Selection of Cancer Predisposition Syndromes With Targeted Therapies - p. 203 35. BAP1 Inherited Cancer Susceptibility - p. 206 36. Tumor-Normal Sequencing - p. 206 37. Conclusion - p. 206 38. Acknowledgments - p. 207 39. References - p. 208.e1 40. 14 Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer - p. 209 41. Section C Diagnosis of Cancer - p. 224.e2 42. 15 Pathology, Biomarkers, and Molecular Diagnostics - p. 225 43. Abstract - p. 225 44. Early Detection of Cancer: Three Successes in Reducing Cancer Mortality Discussed as Early Detection Models - p. 225 45. Diagnosis and Classification of Solid Malignancies: Histology and Expanding Role of Molecular Diagnostics - p. 234 46. Treatment Targets and Molecular Analysis - p. 236 47. Regulatory Considerations - p. 251 48. References - p. 253.e1 49. 16 Imaging - p. 254 50. Section D Clinical Trials - p. 283.e5 51. 17 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics in Clinical Trials - p. 284 52. 18 Clinical Trial Designs in Oncology - p. 296 53. 19 Structures Supporting Cancer Clinical Trials - p. 308 54. 20 Oncology and Health Care Policy - p. 317 55. Section E Prevention and Early Detection - p. 322.e1 56. 21 Discovery and Characterization of Cancer Genetic Susceptibility Alleles - p. 323 57. 22 Lifestyle and Cancer Prevention - p. 337 58. Abstract - p. 337 59. Rationale for Prevention - p. 337 60. Prevention Through Lifestyle Interventions - p. 338 61. Molecular Prevention - p. 349 62. References - p. 374.e1 63. 23 Screening and Early Detection - p. 375 64. Abstract - p. 375 65. Risk Assessment - p. 375 66. Screening and Early Detection - p. 376 67. Breast Cancer - p. 377 68. Colorectal Cancer - p. 380 69. Cervical Cancer - p. 382 70. Lung Cancer - p. 383 71. Prostate Cancer - p. 384 72. Pancreatic Cancer - p. 387 73. Liver Cancer - p. 388 74. Gastric Cancer - p. 389 75. Esophageal Cancer - p. 390 76. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 391 77. Ovarian Cancer - p. 393 78. Endometrial Cancer - p. 395 79. Skin Cancer - p. 396 80. References - p. 398.e1 81. 24 Nicotine Dependence - p. 399 82. Section F Treatment - p. 410.e5 83. 25 Cancer Pharmacology - p. 411 84. 26 Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Cells - p. 420 85. 27 Basics of Radiation Therapy - p. 431 86. 28 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - p. 461 87. 29 Gene Therapy in Oncology - p. 470 88. 30 Therapeutic Antibodies and Immunologic Conjugates - p. 486 89. 31 Complementary and Alternative Medicine - p. 500 90. Part II Problems Common to Cancer and Therapy - p. 511.e4 91. Introduction - p. 513 92. Section A Hematologic Problems and Infections - p. 513 93. 32 Disorders of Blood Cell Production in Clinical Oncology - p. 514 94. 33 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis - p. 523 95. Abstract - p. 523 96. Epidemiology of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism - p. 524 97. Pathogenesis of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism - p. 526 98. Prevention of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism - p. 529 99. Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer - p. 534 100. Management of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism - p. 536 101. References - p. 543.e1 102. 34 Infection in the Patient With Cancer - p. 544 103. Section B Symptom Management - p. 564.e6 104. 35 Hypercalcemia - p. 565 105. 36 Tumor Lysis Syndrome - p. 572 106. 37 Cancer-Related Pain - p. 581 107. 38 Cancer Cachexia - p. 593 108. 39 Nausea and Vomiting - p. 598 109. Section C Treatment Complications - p. 606.e3 110. 40 Oral Complications - p. 607 111. 41 Dermatologic Toxicities of Anticancer Therapy - p. 621 112. 42 Cardiovascular Effects of Cancer Therapy - p. 649 113. 43 Reproductive Complications - p. 665 114. 44 Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes - p. 676 115. 45 Neurologic Complications - p. 688 116. 46 Endocrine Complications - p. 707 117. 47 Pulmonary Complications of Anticancer Treatment - p. 715 118. Section D Posttreatment Considerations - p. 724.e2 119. 48 Rehabilitation of Individuals With Cancer - p. 725 120. 49 Survivorship - p. 732 121. 50 Second Malignant Neoplasms - p. 741 122. 51 Caring for Patients at the End of Life - p. 751 123. Section E Local Effects of Cancer and Its Metastasis - p. 763.e2 124. 52 Acute Abdomen, Bowel Obstruction, and Fistula - p. 764 125. 53 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome - p. 775 126. 54 Spinal Cord Compression - p. 786 127. 55 Brain Metastases and Neoplastic Meningitis - p. 794 128. 56 Bone Metastases - p. 809 129. 57 Lung Metastases - p. 831 130. 58 Liver Metastases - p. 846 131. 59 Malignancy-Related Effusions - p. 863 132. Section F Special Populations - p. 873.e4 133. 60 Cancer in the Elderly - p. 874 134. 61 Special Issues in Pregnancy - p. 882 135. 62 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Cancer - p. 894 136. Part III Specific Malignancies - p. 903.e4 137. Introduction - p. 905 138. Section A Central Nervous System - p. 905 139. 63 Cancer of the Central Nervous System - p. 906 140. Abstract - p. 906 141. Epidemiology - p. 908 142. Tumor Biology - p. 911 143. Clinical Presentation - p. 912 144. Diagnostic Imaging - p. 916 145. Surgery: General Considerations - p. 920 146. Radiation Therapy: General Considerations - p. 920 147. General Principles of Chemotherapy - p. 924 148. Supratentorial Gliomas - p. 925 149. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma - p. 941 150. Meningioma - p. 946 151. Pituitary Adenoma - p. 948 152. Acoustic Neuroma - p. 951 153. Cerebellar Hemangioblastomas - p. 953 154. Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas Involving the Base of the Skull - p. 953 155. Glomus Tumors of the Base of the Skull - p. 954 156. Pineal Region Tumors - p. 955 157. Tumors of the Spinal Axis - p. 955 158. Childhood Brain Tumors - p. 957 159. References - p. 967.e1 160. Section B Head, Neck, and Eye - p. 967.e12 161. 64 Ocular Tumors - p. 968 162. Abstract - p. 968 163. Intraocular Tumors (Box 64.1) - p. 968 164. Conjunctival Tumors (Box 64.2) - p. 986 165. Eyelid Tumors (Box 64.3) - p. 989 166. Orbital Tumors (Box 64.4) - p. 991 167. References - p. 998.e1 168. 65 Cancer of the Head and Neck - p. 999 169. Abstract - p. 999 170. Clinical Presentation and Patient Evaluation - p. 1000 171. Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 1001 172. Treatment Overview - p. 1001 173. Nutrition Considerations - p. 1011 174. Specific Anatomic Sites - p. 1011 175. Recurrent and Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 1030 176. References - p. 1033.e1 177. Self-Assessment Review Questions - p. 1033.e7 178. Answers - p. 1033.e7 179. Section C Skin - p. 1033.e7 180. 66 Melanoma - p. 1034 181. 67 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers - p. 1052 182. Abstract - p. 1052 183. Best Practices for Patient Screening and Tumor Prevention - p. 1053 184. When and How to Perform Biopsy - p. 1053 185. Genetics of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer - p. 1053 186. Basal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1055 187. Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Bowen Disease - p. 1059 188. Keratoacanthoma - p. 1062 189. Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Immunocompromised Hosts - p. 1063 190. Sebaceous Carcinoma - p. 1064 191. Merkel Cell Carcinoma - p. 1066 192. Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans - p. 1069 193. Cutaneous Angiosarcoma - p. 1071 194. References - p. 1073.e1 195. Section D Endocrine - p. 1073.e8 196. 68 Cancer of the Endocrine System - p. 1074 197. Abstract - p. 1074 198. Thyroid Cancer - p. 1077 199. Adrenocortical Cancer - p. 1088 200. Malignant Pheochromocytoma - p. 1090 201. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes - p. 1093 202. Carcinoid Tumors - p. 1094 203. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors - p. 1100 204. Parathyroid Carcinoma - p. 1104 205. References - p. 1107.e1 206. Section E Thoracic - p. 1107.e11 207. 69 Cancer of the Lung - p. 1108 208. Abstract - p. 1108 209. Epidemiology - p. 1109 210. Smoking Cessation - p. 1112 211. Pathology - p. 1112 212. Biology of Lung Cancer - p. 1119 213. Early Detection and Screening - p. 1121 214. Clinical Presentation - p. 1124 215. Diagnostic Workup and Staging - p. 1126 216. Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer - p. 1128 217. Small Cell Lung Cancer - p. 1150 218. References - p. 1158.e1 219. Self-Assessment Review Questions - p. 1158.e16 220. Answers - p. 1158.e16 221. 70 Diseases of the Pleura and Mediastinum - p. 1159 222. 71 Cancer of the Esophagus - p. 1174 223. Section F Gastrointestinal - p. 1196.e6 224. 72 Cancer of the Stomach - p. 1197 225. 73 Cancer of the Small Bowel - p. 1211 226. 74 Colorectal Cancer - p. 1219 227. Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer - p. 1222 228. Screening and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer - p. 1224 229. Diagnosis and Staging of Colorectal Cancer - p. 1227 230. Molecular Pathogenesis (Molecular Basis of Colorectal Cancer) - p. 1235 231. Surgical Treatment - p. 1239 232. Outcomes of Surgical Treatment and Role of Adjuvant Therapy - p. 1249 233. Indications for Adjuvant Therapy - p. 1251 234. Medical Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer - p. 1262 235. The Role of Biological Agents - p. 1270 236. Combination Targeted Therapies - p. 1277 237. Future Directions - p. 1278 238. Acknowledgment - p. 1279 239. References - p. 1280.e1 240. 75 Cancer of the Rectum - p. 1281 241. 76 Cancer of the Anal Canal - p. 1300 242. 77 Liver and Bile Duct Cancer - p. 1314 243. Abstract - p. 1314 244. Liver Cancer - p. 1314 245. Gallbladder Cancer - p. 1327 246. Bile Duct Carcinoma - p. 1333 247. References - p. 1341.e1 248. 78 Carcinoma of the Pancreas - p. 1342 249. Section G Genitourinary - p. 1360.e7 250. 79 Cancer of the Kidney - p. 1361 251. 80 Carcinoma of the Bladder - p. 1382 252. 81 Prostate Cancer - p. 1401 253. Abstract - p. 1401 254. Prostate Anatomy and Function - p. 1402 255. Genetics and Epidemiology - p. 1404 256. Etiologic and Biologic Characteristics - p. 1405 257. Pathology and Pathways of Spread - p. 1409 258. Prostate Cancer Screening, Early Detection, and Prevention - p. 1410 259. Clinical Manifestations, Patient Evaluation, and Staging - p. 1414 260. Primary Therapy - p. 1414 261. Treatment of Metastatic Disease - p. 1424 262. Summary (Fig. 81.18) - p. 1430 263. References - p. 1432.e1 264. 82 Cancer of the Penis - p. 1433 265. 83 Testicular Cancer - p. 1442 266. Abstract - p. 1442 267. Epidemiology - p. 1443 268. Molecular Biology - p. 1443 269. Histology and Natural History - p. 1444 270. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1447 271. Evaluation of the Patient: Diagnosis, Clinical Staging, and Risk Assessment - p. 1447 272. Management of Low-Stage Disease - p. 1451 273. Management of Advanced Disease - p. 1456 274. Risk Assessment of Residual Masses After Chemotherapy: the Need for Adjunctive Surgery - p. 1460 275. Second-Line and Salvage Therapy - p. 1461 276. Risk Assessment in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Germ Cell Tumor - p. 1462 277. Late Consequences - p. 1463 278. References - p. 1467.e1 279. Section H Gynecological - p. 1467.e5 280. 84 Cancers of the Cervix, Vulva, and Vagina - p. 1468 281. Abstract - p. 1468 282. Cervical Cancer - p. 1470 283. Vulvar Cancer - p. 1490 284. Cancer of the Vagina - p. 1501 285. References - p. 1507.e1 286. 85 Uterine Cancer - p. 1508 287. 86 Carcinoma of the Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes - p. 1525 288. 87 Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - p. 1544 289. 88 Cancer of the Breast - p. 1560 290. Abstract - p. 1560 291. Epidemiology - p. 1562 292. Biologic Characteristics and Pathology - p. 1564 293. Prevention and Early Detection - p. 1572 294. Clinical Manifestations and Patient Evaluation - p. 1573 295. Staging - p. 1579 296. Primary Therapy - p. 1579 297. Management of Metastatic Disease - p. 1596 298. Unusual Problems Encountered in Breast Cancer - p. 1600 299. Future Strategies - p. 1602 300. References - p. 1603.e1 301. Section I Sarcomas - p. 1603.e12 302. 89 Sarcomas of Bone - p. 1604 303. Abstract - p. 1604 304. Staging - p. 1604 305. Osteosarcoma - p. 1606 306. Chondrosarcoma - p. 1633 307. Ewing Sarcoma - p. 1637 308. Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone - p. 1646 309. Adamantinoma of Bone - p. 1646 310. Primary Sarcomas of the Spine - p. 1646 311. Primary Malignant Tumors of the Spine - p. 1648.e1 312. Future Possibilities - p. 1652 313. References - p. 1654.e1 314. 90 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue - p. 1655 315. Abstract - p. 1655 316. Etiology and Epidemiology - p. 1656 317. Pathology - p. 1660 318. Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis - p. 1662 319. Staging - p. 1664 320. Prognostic Factors - p. 1665 321. Treatment of Localized Primary Soft Tissue Sarcoma - p. 1667 322. Treatment of Sarcoma Patients at Specialty Centers - p. 1677 323. Treatment of Locally Recurrent Soft Tissue Sarcoma - p. 1678 324. Treatment of Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma - p. 1678 325. Special Sites and Subtypes of Sarcoma - p. 1684 326. References - p. 1693.e1 327. Section J Cancer of Undefined Site of Origin - p. 1693.e11 328. 91 Carcinoma of Unknown Primary - p. 1694 329. Section K Pediatrics - p. 1702 330. 92 Pediatric Solid Tumors - p. 1703 331. Abstract - p. 1703 332. Osteosarcoma - p. 1706 333. Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors - p. 1712 334. Neuroblastoma - p. 1717 335. Wilms Tumor - p. 1724 336. Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1729 337. Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 1730 338. Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma - p. 1733 339. Retinoblastoma - p. 1736 340. Hepatoblastoma - p. 1741 341. Adrenocortical Carcinoma - p. 1744 342. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma - p. 1745 343. References - p. 1747.e1 344. 93 Childhood Leukemia - p. 1748 345. 94 Childhood Lymphoma - p. 1765 346. Section L Hematological - p. 1782.e7 347. 95 Acute Leukemias in Adults - p. 1783 348. 96 Myelodysplastic Syndromes - p. 1798 349. Abstract - p. 1798 350. History and Terminology - p. 1799 351. Epidemiology and Etiology - p. 1800 352. Pathogenesis and Biology - p. 1802 353. Laboratory Evaluation and Pathologic Features - p. 1805 354. Disease Classification - p. 1808 355. Prognosis - p. 1809 356. Therapy - p. 1812 357. Acknowledgments - p. 1819 358. References - p. 1820.e1 359. Self-Assessment Review Questions - p. 1820.e10 360. Answers - p. 1820.e10 361. 97 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms - p. 1821 362. 98 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia - p. 1836 363. 99 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - p. 1850 364. 100 Hairy Cell Leukemia - p. 1872 365. 101 Multiple Myeloma and Related Disorders - p. 1884 366. Abstract - p. 1884 367. Multiple Myeloma - p. 1885 368. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance - p. 1901 369. Smoldering Multiple Myeloma - p. 1902 370. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia - p. 1904 371. Systemic AL (Immunoglobulin Light Chain) Amyloidosis - p. 1905 372. Solitary Plasmacytoma - p. 1907 373. POEMS Syndrome - p. 1908 374. Heavy Chain Diseases - p. 1908 375. Cryoglobulinemia - p. 1909 376. References - p. 1910.e1 377. 102 Hodgkin Lymphoma - p. 1911 378. 103 Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas - p. 1926 379. 104 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma - p. 1948 380. 105 Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma - p. 1965 381. Index - p. 1975
Abeloff's Clinical Oncology
1. Introduction - p. 1 2. Section A Biology and Cancer - p. 1 3. 1 Molecular Tools in Cancer Research - p. 2 4. 2 Intracellular Signaling - p. 24 5. Abstract - p. 24 6. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling - p. 29 7. G Protein–Coupled Receptor Signaling - p. 35 8. Cytokine Receptor Signaling - p. 37 9. Serine/Threonine Receptor Signaling - p. 38 10. Notch Receptor Signaling - p. 39 11. Nuclear Hormone Receptor Signaling - p. 39 12. Integrin Receptor Signaling - p. 39 13. Non–Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling - p. 40 14. Ras/MAP Kinase Pathway Signaling - p. 41 15. PI3 Kinase/Akt/mTOR Pathway Signaling - p. 43 16. Translational Implications - p. 44 17. References - p. 46.e1 18. Self-Assessment Review Questions - p. 46.e12 19. Answers - p. 46.e12 20. 3 Cellular Microenvironment and Metastases - p. 47 21. 4 Control of the Cell Cycle - p. 56 22. 5 Pathophysiology of Cancer Cell Death - p. 74 23. 6 Cancer Immunology - p. 84 24. 7 Stem Cells, Cell Differentiation, and Cancer - p. 97 25. 8 Tumor Microenvironment - p. 108 26. 9 Cancer Metabolism - p. 127 27. Section B Genesis of Cancer - p. 138.e4 28. 10 Environmental Factors - p. 139 29. 11 DNA Damage Response Pathways and Cancer - p. 154 30. 12 Viruses and Human Cancer - p. 165 31. 13 Genetic Factors - p. 180 32. Abstract - p. 180 33. Common Syndromes of Cancer Predisposition - p. 194 34. A Selection of Cancer Predisposition Syndromes With Targeted Therapies - p. 203 35. BAP1 Inherited Cancer Susceptibility - p. 206 36. Tumor-Normal Sequencing - p. 206 37. Conclusion - p. 206 38. Acknowledgments - p. 207 39. References - p. 208.e1 40. 14 Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer - p. 209 41. Section C Diagnosis of Cancer - p. 224.e2 42. 15 Pathology, Biomarkers, and Molecular Diagnostics - p. 225 43. Abstract - p. 225 44. Early Detection of Cancer: Three Successes in Reducing Cancer Mortality Discussed as Early Detection Models - p. 225 45. Diagnosis and Classification of Solid Malignancies: Histology and Expanding Role of Molecular Diagnostics - p. 234 46. Treatment Targets and Molecular Analysis - p. 236 47. Regulatory Considerations - p. 251 48. References - p. 253.e1 49. 16 Imaging - p. 254 50. Section D Clinical Trials - p. 283.e5 51. 17 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics in Clinical Trials - p. 284 52. 18 Clinical Trial Designs in Oncology - p. 296 53. 19 Structures Supporting Cancer Clinical Trials - p. 308 54. 20 Oncology and Health Care Policy - p. 317 55. Section E Prevention and Early Detection - p. 322.e1 56. 21 Discovery and Characterization of Cancer Genetic Susceptibility Alleles - p. 323 57. 22 Lifestyle and Cancer Prevention - p. 337 58. Abstract - p. 337 59. Rationale for Prevention - p. 337 60. Prevention Through Lifestyle Interventions - p. 338 61. Molecular Prevention - p. 349 62. References - p. 374.e1 63. 23 Screening and Early Detection - p. 375 64. Abstract - p. 375 65. Risk Assessment - p. 375 66. Screening and Early Detection - p. 376 67. Breast Cancer - p. 377 68. Colorectal Cancer - p. 380 69. Cervical Cancer - p. 382 70. Lung Cancer - p. 383 71. Prostate Cancer - p. 384 72. Pancreatic Cancer - p. 387 73. Liver Cancer - p. 388 74. Gastric Cancer - p. 389 75. Esophageal Cancer - p. 390 76. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 391 77. Ovarian Cancer - p. 393 78. Endometrial Cancer - p. 395 79. Skin Cancer - p. 396 80. References - p. 398.e1 81. 24 Nicotine Dependence - p. 399 82. Section F Treatment - p. 410.e5 83. 25 Cancer Pharmacology - p. 411 84. 26 Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Cells - p. 420 85. 27 Basics of Radiation Therapy - p. 431 86. 28 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - p. 461 87. 29 Gene Therapy in Oncology - p. 470 88. 30 Therapeutic Antibodies and Immunologic Conjugates - p. 486 89. 31 Complementary and Alternative Medicine - p. 500 90. Part II Problems Common to Cancer and Therapy - p. 511.e4 91. Introduction - p. 513 92. Section A Hematologic Problems and Infections - p. 513 93. 32 Disorders of Blood Cell Production in Clinical Oncology - p. 514 94. 33 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis - p. 523 95. Abstract - p. 523 96. Epidemiology of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism - p. 524 97. Pathogenesis of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism - p. 526 98. Prevention of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism - p. 529 99. Diagnosis of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer - p. 534 100. Management of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism - p. 536 101. References - p. 543.e1 102. 34 Infection in the Patient With Cancer - p. 544 103. Section B Symptom Management - p. 564.e6 104. 35 Hypercalcemia - p. 565 105. 36 Tumor Lysis Syndrome - p. 572 106. 37 Cancer-Related Pain - p. 581 107. 38 Cancer Cachexia - p. 593 108. 39 Nausea and Vomiting - p. 598 109. Section C Treatment Complications - p. 606.e3 110. 40 Oral Complications - p. 607 111. 41 Dermatologic Toxicities of Anticancer Therapy - p. 621 112. 42 Cardiovascular Effects of Cancer Therapy - p. 649 113. 43 Reproductive Complications - p. 665 114. 44 Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes - p. 676 115. 45 Neurologic Complications - p. 688 116. 46 Endocrine Complications - p. 707 117. 47 Pulmonary Complications of Anticancer Treatment - p. 715 118. Section D Posttreatment Considerations - p. 724.e2 119. 48 Rehabilitation of Individuals With Cancer - p. 725 120. 49 Survivorship - p. 732 121. 50 Second Malignant Neoplasms - p. 741 122. 51 Caring for Patients at the End of Life - p. 751 123. Section E Local Effects of Cancer and Its Metastasis - p. 763.e2 124. 52 Acute Abdomen, Bowel Obstruction, and Fistula - p. 764 125. 53 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome - p. 775 126. 54 Spinal Cord Compression - p. 786 127. 55 Brain Metastases and Neoplastic Meningitis - p. 794 128. 56 Bone Metastases - p. 809 129. 57 Lung Metastases - p. 831 130. 58 Liver Metastases - p. 846 131. 59 Malignancy-Related Effusions - p. 863 132. Section F Special Populations - p. 873.e4 133. 60 Cancer in the Elderly - p. 874 134. 61 Special Issues in Pregnancy - p. 882 135. 62 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Cancer - p. 894 136. Part III Specific Malignancies - p. 903.e4 137. Introduction - p. 905 138. Section A Central Nervous System - p. 905 139. 63 Cancer of the Central Nervous System - p. 906 140. Abstract - p. 906 141. Epidemiology - p. 908 142. Tumor Biology - p. 911 143. Clinical Presentation - p. 912 144. Diagnostic Imaging - p. 916 145. Surgery: General Considerations - p. 920 146. Radiation Therapy: General Considerations - p. 920 147. General Principles of Chemotherapy - p. 924 148. Supratentorial Gliomas - p. 925 149. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma - p. 941 150. Meningioma - p. 946 151. Pituitary Adenoma - p. 948 152. Acoustic Neuroma - p. 951 153. Cerebellar Hemangioblastomas - p. 953 154. Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas Involving the Base of the Skull - p. 953 155. Glomus Tumors of the Base of the Skull - p. 954 156. Pineal Region Tumors - p. 955 157. Tumors of the Spinal Axis - p. 955 158. Childhood Brain Tumors - p. 957 159. References - p. 967.e1 160. Section B Head, Neck, and Eye - p. 967.e12 161. 64 Ocular Tumors - p. 968 162. Abstract - p. 968 163. Intraocular Tumors (Box 64.1) - p. 968 164. Conjunctival Tumors (Box 64.2) - p. 986 165. Eyelid Tumors (Box 64.3) - p. 989 166. Orbital Tumors (Box 64.4) - p. 991 167. References - p. 998.e1 168. 65 Cancer of the Head and Neck - p. 999 169. Abstract - p. 999 170. Clinical Presentation and Patient Evaluation - p. 1000 171. Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 1001 172. Treatment Overview - p. 1001 173. Nutrition Considerations - p. 1011 174. Specific Anatomic Sites - p. 1011 175. Recurrent and Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 1030 176. References - p. 1033.e1 177. Self-Assessment Review Questions - p. 1033.e7 178. Answers - p. 1033.e7 179. Section C Skin - p. 1033.e7 180. 66 Melanoma - p. 1034 181. 67 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers - p. 1052 182. Abstract - p. 1052 183. Best Practices for Patient Screening and Tumor Prevention - p. 1053 184. When and How to Perform Biopsy - p. 1053 185. Genetics of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer - p. 1053 186. Basal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1055 187. Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Bowen Disease - p. 1059 188. Keratoacanthoma - p. 1062 189. Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Immunocompromised Hosts - p. 1063 190. Sebaceous Carcinoma - p. 1064 191. Merkel Cell Carcinoma - p. 1066 192. Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans - p. 1069 193. Cutaneous Angiosarcoma - p. 1071 194. References - p. 1073.e1 195. Section D Endocrine - p. 1073.e8 196. 68 Cancer of the Endocrine System - p. 1074 197. Abstract - p. 1074 198. Thyroid Cancer - p. 1077 199. Adrenocortical Cancer - p. 1088 200. Malignant Pheochromocytoma - p. 1090 201. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes - p. 1093 202. Carcinoid Tumors - p. 1094 203. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors - p. 1100 204. Parathyroid Carcinoma - p. 1104 205. References - p. 1107.e1 206. Section E Thoracic - p. 1107.e11 207. 69 Cancer of the Lung - p. 1108 208. Abstract - p. 1108 209. Epidemiology - p. 1109 210. Smoking Cessation - p. 1112 211. Pathology - p. 1112 212. Biology of Lung Cancer - p. 1119 213. Early Detection and Screening - p. 1121 214. Clinical Presentation - p. 1124 215. Diagnostic Workup and Staging - p. 1126 216. Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer - p. 1128 217. Small Cell Lung Cancer - p. 1150 218. References - p. 1158.e1 219. Self-Assessment Review Questions - p. 1158.e16 220. Answers - p. 1158.e16 221. 70 Diseases of the Pleura and Mediastinum - p. 1159 222. 71 Cancer of the Esophagus - p. 1174 223. Section F Gastrointestinal - p. 1196.e6 224. 72 Cancer of the Stomach - p. 1197 225. 73 Cancer of the Small Bowel - p. 1211 226. 74 Colorectal Cancer - p. 1219 227. Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer - p. 1222 228. Screening and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer - p. 1224 229. Diagnosis and Staging of Colorectal Cancer - p. 1227 230. Molecular Pathogenesis (Molecular Basis of Colorectal Cancer) - p. 1235 231. Surgical Treatment - p. 1239 232. Outcomes of Surgical Treatment and Role of Adjuvant Therapy - p. 1249 233. Indications for Adjuvant Therapy - p. 1251 234. Medical Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer - p. 1262 235. The Role of Biological Agents - p. 1270 236. Combination Targeted Therapies - p. 1277 237. Future Directions - p. 1278 238. Acknowledgment - p. 1279 239. References - p. 1280.e1 240. 75 Cancer of the Rectum - p. 1281 241. 76 Cancer of the Anal Canal - p. 1300 242. 77 Liver and Bile Duct Cancer - p. 1314 243. Abstract - p. 1314 244. Liver Cancer - p. 1314 245. Gallbladder Cancer - p. 1327 246. Bile Duct Carcinoma - p. 1333 247. References - p. 1341.e1 248. 78 Carcinoma of the Pancreas - p. 1342 249. Section G Genitourinary - p. 1360.e7 250. 79 Cancer of the Kidney - p. 1361 251. 80 Carcinoma of the Bladder - p. 1382 252. 81 Prostate Cancer - p. 1401 253. Abstract - p. 1401 254. Prostate Anatomy and Function - p. 1402 255. Genetics and Epidemiology - p. 1404 256. Etiologic and Biologic Characteristics - p. 1405 257. Pathology and Pathways of Spread - p. 1409 258. Prostate Cancer Screening, Early Detection, and Prevention - p. 1410 259. Clinical Manifestations, Patient Evaluation, and Staging - p. 1414 260. Primary Therapy - p. 1414 261. Treatment of Metastatic Disease - p. 1424 262. Summary (Fig. 81.18) - p. 1430 263. References - p. 1432.e1 264. 82 Cancer of the Penis - p. 1433 265. 83 Testicular Cancer - p. 1442 266. Abstract - p. 1442 267. Epidemiology - p. 1443 268. Molecular Biology - p. 1443 269. Histology and Natural History - p. 1444 270. Clinical Manifestations - p. 1447 271. Evaluation of the Patient: Diagnosis, Clinical Staging, and Risk Assessment - p. 1447 272. Management of Low-Stage Disease - p. 1451 273. Management of Advanced Disease - p. 1456 274. Risk Assessment of Residual Masses After Chemotherapy: the Need for Adjunctive Surgery - p. 1460 275. Second-Line and Salvage Therapy - p. 1461 276. Risk Assessment in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Germ Cell Tumor - p. 1462 277. Late Consequences - p. 1463 278. References - p. 1467.e1 279. Section H Gynecological - p. 1467.e5 280. 84 Cancers of the Cervix, Vulva, and Vagina - p. 1468 281. Abstract - p. 1468 282. Cervical Cancer - p. 1470 283. Vulvar Cancer - p. 1490 284. Cancer of the Vagina - p. 1501 285. References - p. 1507.e1 286. 85 Uterine Cancer - p. 1508 287. 86 Carcinoma of the Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes - p. 1525 288. 87 Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - p. 1544 289. 88 Cancer of the Breast - p. 1560 290. Abstract - p. 1560 291. Epidemiology - p. 1562 292. Biologic Characteristics and Pathology - p. 1564 293. Prevention and Early Detection - p. 1572 294. Clinical Manifestations and Patient Evaluation - p. 1573 295. Staging - p. 1579 296. Primary Therapy - p. 1579 297. Management of Metastatic Disease - p. 1596 298. Unusual Problems Encountered in Breast Cancer - p. 1600 299. Future Strategies - p. 1602 300. References - p. 1603.e1 301. Section I Sarcomas - p. 1603.e12 302. 89 Sarcomas of Bone - p. 1604 303. Abstract - p. 1604 304. Staging - p. 1604 305. Osteosarcoma - p. 1606 306. Chondrosarcoma - p. 1633 307. Ewing Sarcoma - p. 1637 308. Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone - p. 1646 309. Adamantinoma of Bone - p. 1646 310. Primary Sarcomas of the Spine - p. 1646 311. Primary Malignant Tumors of the Spine - p. 1648.e1 312. Future Possibilities - p. 1652 313. References - p. 1654.e1 314. 90 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue - p. 1655 315. Abstract - p. 1655 316. Etiology and Epidemiology - p. 1656 317. Pathology - p. 1660 318. Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis - p. 1662 319. Staging - p. 1664 320. Prognostic Factors - p. 1665 321. Treatment of Localized Primary Soft Tissue Sarcoma - p. 1667 322. Treatment of Sarcoma Patients at Specialty Centers - p. 1677 323. Treatment of Locally Recurrent Soft Tissue Sarcoma - p. 1678 324. Treatment of Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma - p. 1678 325. Special Sites and Subtypes of Sarcoma - p. 1684 326. References - p. 1693.e1 327. Section J Cancer of Undefined Site of Origin - p. 1693.e11 328. 91 Carcinoma of Unknown Primary - p. 1694 329. Section K Pediatrics - p. 1702 330. 92 Pediatric Solid Tumors - p. 1703 331. Abstract - p. 1703 332. Osteosarcoma - p. 1706 333. Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors - p. 1712 334. Neuroblastoma - p. 1717 335. Wilms Tumor - p. 1724 336. Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 1729 337. Rhabdomyosarcoma - p. 1730 338. Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma - p. 1733 339. Retinoblastoma - p. 1736 340. Hepatoblastoma - p. 1741 341. Adrenocortical Carcinoma - p. 1744 342. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma - p. 1745 343. References - p. 1747.e1 344. 93 Childhood Leukemia - p. 1748 345. 94 Childhood Lymphoma - p. 1765 346. Section L Hematological - p. 1782.e7 347. 95 Acute Leukemias in Adults - p. 1783 348. 96 Myelodysplastic Syndromes - p. 1798 349. Abstract - p. 1798 350. History and Terminology - p. 1799 351. Epidemiology and Etiology - p. 1800 352. Pathogenesis and Biology - p. 1802 353. Laboratory Evaluation and Pathologic Features - p. 1805 354. Disease Classification - p. 1808 355. Prognosis - p. 1809 356. Therapy - p. 1812 357. Acknowledgments - p. 1819 358. References - p. 1820.e1 359. Self-Assessment Review Questions - p. 1820.e10 360. Answers - p. 1820.e10 361. 97 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms - p. 1821 362. 98 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia - p. 1836 363. 99 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - p. 1850 364. 100 Hairy Cell Leukemia - p. 1872 365. 101 Multiple Myeloma and Related Disorders - p. 1884 366. Abstract - p. 1884 367. Multiple Myeloma - p. 1885 368. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance - p. 1901 369. Smoldering Multiple Myeloma - p. 1902 370. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia - p. 1904 371. Systemic AL (Immunoglobulin Light Chain) Amyloidosis - p. 1905 372. Solitary Plasmacytoma - p. 1907 373. POEMS Syndrome - p. 1908 374. Heavy Chain Diseases - p. 1908 375. Cryoglobulinemia - p. 1909 376. References - p. 1910.e1 377. 102 Hodgkin Lymphoma - p. 1911 378. 103 Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas - p. 1926 379. 104 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma - p. 1948 380. 105 Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma - p. 1965 381. Index - p. 1975
