Written and edited by world-renowned experts in the field, Benzel’s Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management, 5th Edition, provides expert, step-by-step guidance on the evaluation and management of disorders of the spine. This definitive, two-volume work explores the full spectrum of techniques used in spine surgery, giving you the tools you need to hone your skills and increase your knowledge in this challenging area. Clearly organized and extensively revised throughout, it features contributions from both neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons to present a truly comprehensive approach to spine disease.
Offers a thorough overview of the effective management of patients with spinal disorders, including fundamental principles, biomechanics, applied anatomy, instrumentation, pathophysiology of spinal disorders, surgical techniques, motion preservation strategies, non-surgical management, and complication avoidance and management, as well as controversies.
Focuses on both pathophysiology and surgical treatment of spine disease, with an increased emphasis on minimally invasive surgery.
Contains new features such as key points boxes at the beginning of chapters and algorithms to help streamline the decision making process.
Covers today’s hot topics in spine surgery, such as health economics, artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, new less invasive techniques including endoscopic spine surgery, and the future of spine surgery.
Provides expert coverage of key topics including biomechanics of motion preservation techniques, spinal injuries in sports, biologics in spine fusion surgery, anterior sub-axial cervical fixation and fusion techniques, complex lumbosacropelvic fixation techniques, and many more.
Features more than 1,500 high-quality illustrations, as well as new procedural videos on en bloc spondylectomy, minimally invasive endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy, cervical total disc replacement, minimally invasive lumbar decompression of stenosis, and more.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. List of Contributors - p. vii 7. Preface - p. xxi 8. Videos - p. xxii 9. Part 1. Fundamentals of the Spine - p. xxii 10. 1. History of Spine Surgery - p. 1 11. 2. History of Spine Biomechanics - p. 19 12. 3. History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era - p. 30 13. 4. Functional Anatomy of the Spine - p. 40 14. 5. Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine - p. 49 15. 6. The Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Aging - p. 56 16. 7. Muscles and the Spine: Dynamic Stabilization - p. 61 17. 8. Bone Physiology and Osteoporosis - p. 67 18. 9. Applied Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Spine - p. 77 19. 10. Fundamentals of Spinal Alignment and Balance - p. 98 20. 11. Applied Anatomy of the Spinal Cord - p. 106 21. 12. Molecular and Anatomic Mechanisms of Nerve Root, Spinal Nerve, and Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. 117 22. 13. Spine Fusion: Biology and Biomechanics - p. 122 23. 14. Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation - p. 130 24. 15. Biomechanics and Implant Materials: The Anterior Column - p. 136 25. 16. Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques - p. 142 26. 17. Complications in Spine Surgery: Expected Rates and Classification - p. 149 27. Pathophysiology of Spinal Disorders - p. 157 28. Section 2.1. Pathophysiology of Congenital and Developmental Disorders - p. 157 29. 18. Spinal Cord Dysraphism and Myelodysplasia - p. 158 30. 19. Congenital Spinal Deformity - p. 170 31. 20. Early-Onset Scoliosis - p. 189 32. 21. Late-Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 200 33. 22. Scheuermann Disease - p. 206 34. 23. Developmental Spondylolisthesis - p. 230 35. 24. Craniovertebral Junction Deformities - p. 237 36. 25. Developmental Deformity in the Cervical Spine - p. 250 37. 26. Tarlov Cysts - p. 256 38. 27. Dural and Meningeal Pathologies - p. 263 39. 28. Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia - p. 271 40. Section 2.2. Pathophysiology of Degenerative Disorders - p. 278.e3 41. 29. Pathophysiology of Cervical Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy - p. 279 42. 30. Pathophysiology of Thoracic Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy - p. 287 43. 31. Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Pain - p. 296 44. 32. Deformity in the Cervical Spine - p. 307 45. 33. Adult Degenerative Scoliosis - p. 313 46. 34. Lumbar Spondylolisthesis - p. 318 47. Section 2.3. Pathophysiology of Traumatic Disorders - p. 321 48. 35. Occipitocervical Injuries - p. 322 49. 36. Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries - p. 331 50. 37. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries - p. 347 51. 38. Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. 356 52. 39. Spinal Cord Injury - p. 371 53. 40. Spinal Injuries in Sports - p. 378 54. Section 2.4. Pathophysiology of Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders - p. 387.e3 55. 41. Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 388 56. 42. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders - p. 405 57. 43. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - p. 412 58. 44. Primary Infections of the Spine - p. 419 59. 45. Secondary Infections of the Spine - p. 442 60. 46. Primary Tumors of the Spine - p. 447 61. 47. Metastatic Tumors of the Spine - p. 462 62. 48. Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors - p. 470 63. 49. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions - p. 479 64. 50. Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending Into the Cervicothoracic Spine - p. 490 65. Section 2.6. Pathophysiology of Syndromic Disorders Affecting the Spine: Connective Tissue and Vascular - p. 495 66. 51. Spinal Disorders Associated With Connective Tissue Disorders - p. 496 67. 52. Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and Metabolic Bone Disease - p. 505 68. 53. Vascular Malformations of the Spine - p. 518 69. 54. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Pediatric Spine - p. 527 70. 55. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Adult Spine - p. 536 71. Section 2.7. Pathophysiology of Postoperative Spinal Disorders - p. 544.e3 72. 56. Postoperative Spinal Disorders—Cervical - p. 545 73. 57. Postoperative Spinal Deformity - p. 551 74. 58. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical Spine - p. 561 75. 59. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Lumbar Spine - p. 566 76. 60. Proximal and Distal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure - p. 572 77. Part 3. Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Disorders - p. 578.e2 78. 61. Physical and Neurological Examination - p. 579 79. 62. Sagittal Spinal Alignment: An Evolutionary Perspective - p. 587 80. 63. Spinal Alignment: Significance and Preoperative Planning - p. 596 81. 64. Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis - p. 600 82. 65. Electrodiagnostic Studies - p. 605 83. 66. Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine - p. 615 84. 67. Patient Selection for Spine Surgery: Preoperative Optimization - p. 634 85. 68. Evaluation of the Aging Patient - p. 638 86. 69. Preoperative Evaluation of Psychosocial Aspects and Work-Related Issues - p. 643 87. 70. Preoperative Evaluation of Patients With Tumors Affecting the Spine - p. 646 88. 71. Measuring Preoperative Health-Related Quality of Life: What Metrics Matter - p. 657 89. Management of Spinal Disorders - p. 661.e2 90. Section 4.1. Nonoperative Approaches - p. 661.e2 91. 72. Rehabilitation and Interventions in Management of Spinal Disorders - p. 662 92. 73. Spine Injections - p. 668 93. 74. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Back Pain - p. 684 94. 75. Regenerative Strategies and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration - p. 692 95. 76. Neuromodulation and Rehabilitative Interventions for the Spine - p. 695 96. 77. Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives - p. 701 97. Section 4.2. Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Overview and Principles - p. 704.e2 98. 78. Fundamentals of Spine Surgery - p. 705 99. 79. Perioperative Management Protocols: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - p. 710 100. 80. Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction - p. 724 101. 81. Intraoperative Imaging Protocols - p. 743 102. 82. Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications - p. 752 103. 83. Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery - p. 765 104. 84. Blood Management and Complex Spine Surgery - p. 773 105. 85. Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad - p. 785 106. 86. Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery - p. 795 107. 87. Osteointegration: The Bone and Implant Interface - p. 801 108. 88. Common Complications in Spine Surgery: Pseudoarthrosis - p. 806 109. 89. Postoperative Medical Complications - p. 816 110. 90. Preventing Postoperative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach - p. 821 111. 91. Neurological Complications of Common Spine Operations - p. 826 112. 92. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Repair and Outcomes - p. 831 113. 93. Arachnoiditis - p. 836 114. 94. Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia - p. 841 115. 95. Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia - p. 847 116. 96. Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications - p. 851 117. 97. Postoperative Spinal Deformities - p. 863 118. 98. Implant Wear, Degradation, and Breakage - p. 871 119. 99. Spine Readmissions and Reoperations - p. 878 120. Section 4.3. Operative Management of Spinal Disoders: Occipital and Cervical - p. 882 121. 100. Cervical Spine Construct Design - p. 884 122. 101. Occipitocervical Spine Approaches for Decompression - p. 892 123. 102. Occipitocervical Spine Posterior Approaches for Fusion - p. 903 124. 103. Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction - p. 916 125. 104. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Posterior - p. 926 126. 105. Posterior Cervical Decompressions: Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy - p. 935 127. 106. Cervical Laminoplasty - p. 938 128. 107. Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques - p. 942 129. 108. Posterior Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine - p. 949 130. 109. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Anterior Approach - p. 957 131. 110. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy - p. 969 132. 111. Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance - p. 980 133. 112. Anterior Subaxial Cervical Fixation and Fusion Techniques - p. 984 134. 113. Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty - p. 990 135. 114. Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery - p. 994 136. Section 4.4. Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Thoracolumbar - p. 998 137. 115. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design - p. 999 138. 116. Posterior Approaches to the Thoracic Spine - p. 1008 139. 117. Anterior and Lateral Approaches to the Thoracic Spine - p. 1015 140. 118. Minimally Invasive Lateral Thoracic Decompression - p. 1026 141. 119. Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction - p. 1031 142. 120. Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion - p. 1040 143. 121. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spine Instrumentation - p. 1045 144. 122. Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Cortical Bone Trajectory Pedicle Screw Placement - p. 1059 145. 123. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. 1067 146. 124. Dorsal Semirigid Stabilization - p. 1078 147. 125. Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty - p. 1088 148. 126. Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale - p. 1099 149. 127. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Decompression - p. 1107 150. 128. Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine - p. 1116 151. 129. Endoscopic Surgical Approaches to the Lumbar Spine - p. 1122 152. 130. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Fusion - p. 1128 153. 131. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. 1135 154. 132. Anterior and Anterolateral Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion: Minimally Invasive Surgery Approaches - p. 1146 155. 133. Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques - p. 1157 156. 134. Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures - p. 1165 157. Operative Management of Specific Disorders of the Spine - p. 1172.e2 158. Section 5.1. Degenerative Pathologies - p. 1172.e2 159. 135. Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain - p. 1173 160. 136. Cervical Disc Herniation - p. 1182 161. 137. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 1190 162. 138. Thoracic Discectomy - p. 1194 163. 139. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis - p. 1202 164. 140. Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 1205 165. Section 5.2. Spinal Deformity - p. 1213.e2 166. 141. Surgical Principles for Spinal Deformity - p. 1214 167. 142. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity - p. 1222 168. 143. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Pediatric Spinal Deformity - p. 1229 169. 144. Cervicothoracic Deformity: The Role of Anterior Surgery - p. 1248 170. 145. Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction: Posterior-Based Osteotomies - p. 1256 171. 146. The Role of Anterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Deformity - p. 1263 172. 147. Anterior Column Release in Deformity - p. 1274 173. 148. Posterior-Based Management of Spinal Deformity - p. 1279 174. 149. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Spinal Deformity - p. 1283 175. 150. Surgical Management of High-Grade Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis - p. 1291 176. 151. Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 1301 177. 152. Failed Back Surgery Syndrome - p. 1309 178. Section 5.3. Tumors of the Spine - p. 1314 179. 153. Oncological Approaches, and Outcomes for Primary Spine Tumors - p. 1315 180. 154. Staging, Classification, and Oncological Approaches for Metastatic Tumors Involving the Spine - p. 1325 181. 155. Tumors at the Foramen Magnum and Craniocervical Junction - p. 1343 182. 156. Cervicothoracic Junction Tumors - p. 1357 183. 157. Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors: Regional Challenges - p. 1366 184. 158. Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges - p. 1379 185. 159. Radiosurgery for Spinal Tumors - p. 1391 186. Section 5.4. Trauma and the Spine - p. 1398.e3 187. 160. The Acute Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Polytrauma - p. 1399 188. 161. Timing of Surgery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1404 189. 162. Medical Management of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1410 190. 163. Spinal Traction - p. 1418 191. 164. Medical Management of Fractures Without Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1424 192. 165. Anterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma - p. 1437 193. 166. Posterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma - p. 1449 194. 167. Surgical Approaches to Thoracolumbar Trauma - p. 1456 195. 168. Surgical Approaches for Sacral Fractures and Sacropelvic Injuries - p. 1473 196. 169. Rehabilitation and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1480 197. Section 5.5. General Surgical Technique - p. 1493.e5 198. 170. Harvest of Autograft for Spinal Fusion - p. 1494 199. 171. Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery - p. 1501 200. 172. Spinal Wound Closure - p. 1507 201. Part 6. Evidence Development and Guidance of Informed Choice for Optimal Outcomes - p. 1516.e2 202. 173. Big Data in Healthcare - p. 1517 203. 174. Spine Registries - p. 1528 204. 175. Conflicts of Interest in Spine Surgery - p. 1534 205. 176. Art of the Clinical Trial - p. 1539 206. 177. Meaningful Retrospective Analysis - p. 1545 207. 178. Art and Science of Guideline Formation - p. 1549 208. 179. Appropriate Use Criteria in Spine Surgery - p. 1555 209. 180. Precision Medicine: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Evaluation and Management of Spinal Disorders - p. 1561 210. 181. Healthcare Reform and Spine Surgery - p. 1567 211. 182. Development of New Technologies in Spine Surgery - p. 1574 212. Index - p. I1
Written and edited by world-renowned experts in the field, Benzel’s Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management, 5th Edition, provides expert, step-by-step guidance on the evaluation and management of disorders of the spine. This definitive, two-volume work explores the full spectrum of techniques used in spine surgery, giving you the tools you need to hone your skills and increase your knowledge in this challenging area. Clearly organized and extensively revised throughout, it features contributions from both neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons to present a truly comprehensive approach to spine disease.
Offers a thorough overview of the effective management of patients with spinal disorders, including fundamental principles, biomechanics, applied anatomy, instrumentation, pathophysiology of spinal disorders, surgical techniques, motion preservation strategies, non-surgical management, and complication avoidance and management, as well as controversies.
Focuses on both pathophysiology and surgical treatment of spine disease, with an increased emphasis on minimally invasive surgery.
Contains new features such as key points boxes at the beginning of chapters and algorithms to help streamline the decision making process.
Covers today’s hot topics in spine surgery, such as health economics, artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, new less invasive techniques including endoscopic spine surgery, and the future of spine surgery.
Provides expert coverage of key topics including biomechanics of motion preservation techniques, spinal injuries in sports, biologics in spine fusion surgery, anterior sub-axial cervical fixation and fusion techniques, complex lumbosacropelvic fixation techniques, and many more.
Features more than 1,500 high-quality illustrations, as well as new procedural videos on en bloc spondylectomy, minimally invasive endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy, cervical total disc replacement, minimally invasive lumbar decompression of stenosis, and more.
1. Cover image - p. i 2. Title page - p. ii 3. Table of Contents - p. iii 4. Copyright - p. iv 5. Dedication - p. v 6. List of Contributors - p. vii 7. Preface - p. xxi 8. Videos - p. xxii 9. Part 1. Fundamentals of the Spine - p. xxii 10. 1. History of Spine Surgery - p. 1 11. 2. History of Spine Biomechanics - p. 19 12. 3. History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era - p. 30 13. 4. Functional Anatomy of the Spine - p. 40 14. 5. Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine - p. 49 15. 6. The Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Aging - p. 56 16. 7. Muscles and the Spine: Dynamic Stabilization - p. 61 17. 8. Bone Physiology and Osteoporosis - p. 67 18. 9. Applied Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Spine - p. 77 19. 10. Fundamentals of Spinal Alignment and Balance - p. 98 20. 11. Applied Anatomy of the Spinal Cord - p. 106 21. 12. Molecular and Anatomic Mechanisms of Nerve Root, Spinal Nerve, and Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. 117 22. 13. Spine Fusion: Biology and Biomechanics - p. 122 23. 14. Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation - p. 130 24. 15. Biomechanics and Implant Materials: The Anterior Column - p. 136 25. 16. Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques - p. 142 26. 17. Complications in Spine Surgery: Expected Rates and Classification - p. 149 27. Pathophysiology of Spinal Disorders - p. 157 28. Section 2.1. Pathophysiology of Congenital and Developmental Disorders - p. 157 29. 18. Spinal Cord Dysraphism and Myelodysplasia - p. 158 30. 19. Congenital Spinal Deformity - p. 170 31. 20. Early-Onset Scoliosis - p. 189 32. 21. Late-Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis - p. 200 33. 22. Scheuermann Disease - p. 206 34. 23. Developmental Spondylolisthesis - p. 230 35. 24. Craniovertebral Junction Deformities - p. 237 36. 25. Developmental Deformity in the Cervical Spine - p. 250 37. 26. Tarlov Cysts - p. 256 38. 27. Dural and Meningeal Pathologies - p. 263 39. 28. Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia - p. 271 40. Section 2.2. Pathophysiology of Degenerative Disorders - p. 278.e3 41. 29. Pathophysiology of Cervical Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy - p. 279 42. 30. Pathophysiology of Thoracic Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy - p. 287 43. 31. Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Pain - p. 296 44. 32. Deformity in the Cervical Spine - p. 307 45. 33. Adult Degenerative Scoliosis - p. 313 46. 34. Lumbar Spondylolisthesis - p. 318 47. Section 2.3. Pathophysiology of Traumatic Disorders - p. 321 48. 35. Occipitocervical Injuries - p. 322 49. 36. Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries - p. 331 50. 37. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries - p. 347 51. 38. Peripheral Nerve Injury - p. 356 52. 39. Spinal Cord Injury - p. 371 53. 40. Spinal Injuries in Sports - p. 378 54. Section 2.4. Pathophysiology of Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders - p. 387.e3 55. 41. Rheumatoid Arthritis - p. 388 56. 42. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders - p. 405 57. 43. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - p. 412 58. 44. Primary Infections of the Spine - p. 419 59. 45. Secondary Infections of the Spine - p. 442 60. 46. Primary Tumors of the Spine - p. 447 61. 47. Metastatic Tumors of the Spine - p. 462 62. 48. Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors - p. 470 63. 49. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions - p. 479 64. 50. Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending Into the Cervicothoracic Spine - p. 490 65. Section 2.6. Pathophysiology of Syndromic Disorders Affecting the Spine: Connective Tissue and Vascular - p. 495 66. 51. Spinal Disorders Associated With Connective Tissue Disorders - p. 496 67. 52. Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and Metabolic Bone Disease - p. 505 68. 53. Vascular Malformations of the Spine - p. 518 69. 54. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Pediatric Spine - p. 527 70. 55. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Adult Spine - p. 536 71. Section 2.7. Pathophysiology of Postoperative Spinal Disorders - p. 544.e3 72. 56. Postoperative Spinal Disorders—Cervical - p. 545 73. 57. Postoperative Spinal Deformity - p. 551 74. 58. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical Spine - p. 561 75. 59. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Lumbar Spine - p. 566 76. 60. Proximal and Distal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure - p. 572 77. Part 3. Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Disorders - p. 578.e2 78. 61. Physical and Neurological Examination - p. 579 79. 62. Sagittal Spinal Alignment: An Evolutionary Perspective - p. 587 80. 63. Spinal Alignment: Significance and Preoperative Planning - p. 596 81. 64. Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis - p. 600 82. 65. Electrodiagnostic Studies - p. 605 83. 66. Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine - p. 615 84. 67. Patient Selection for Spine Surgery: Preoperative Optimization - p. 634 85. 68. Evaluation of the Aging Patient - p. 638 86. 69. Preoperative Evaluation of Psychosocial Aspects and Work-Related Issues - p. 643 87. 70. Preoperative Evaluation of Patients With Tumors Affecting the Spine - p. 646 88. 71. Measuring Preoperative Health-Related Quality of Life: What Metrics Matter - p. 657 89. Management of Spinal Disorders - p. 661.e2 90. Section 4.1. Nonoperative Approaches - p. 661.e2 91. 72. Rehabilitation and Interventions in Management of Spinal Disorders - p. 662 92. 73. Spine Injections - p. 668 93. 74. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Back Pain - p. 684 94. 75. Regenerative Strategies and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration - p. 692 95. 76. Neuromodulation and Rehabilitative Interventions for the Spine - p. 695 96. 77. Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives - p. 701 97. Section 4.2. Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Overview and Principles - p. 704.e2 98. 78. Fundamentals of Spine Surgery - p. 705 99. 79. Perioperative Management Protocols: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - p. 710 100. 80. Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction - p. 724 101. 81. Intraoperative Imaging Protocols - p. 743 102. 82. Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications - p. 752 103. 83. Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery - p. 765 104. 84. Blood Management and Complex Spine Surgery - p. 773 105. 85. Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad - p. 785 106. 86. Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery - p. 795 107. 87. Osteointegration: The Bone and Implant Interface - p. 801 108. 88. Common Complications in Spine Surgery: Pseudoarthrosis - p. 806 109. 89. Postoperative Medical Complications - p. 816 110. 90. Preventing Postoperative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach - p. 821 111. 91. Neurological Complications of Common Spine Operations - p. 826 112. 92. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Repair and Outcomes - p. 831 113. 93. Arachnoiditis - p. 836 114. 94. Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia - p. 841 115. 95. Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia - p. 847 116. 96. Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications - p. 851 117. 97. Postoperative Spinal Deformities - p. 863 118. 98. Implant Wear, Degradation, and Breakage - p. 871 119. 99. Spine Readmissions and Reoperations - p. 878 120. Section 4.3. Operative Management of Spinal Disoders: Occipital and Cervical - p. 882 121. 100. Cervical Spine Construct Design - p. 884 122. 101. Occipitocervical Spine Approaches for Decompression - p. 892 123. 102. Occipitocervical Spine Posterior Approaches for Fusion - p. 903 124. 103. Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction - p. 916 125. 104. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Posterior - p. 926 126. 105. Posterior Cervical Decompressions: Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy - p. 935 127. 106. Cervical Laminoplasty - p. 938 128. 107. Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques - p. 942 129. 108. Posterior Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine - p. 949 130. 109. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction—Anterior Approach - p. 957 131. 110. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy - p. 969 132. 111. Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance - p. 980 133. 112. Anterior Subaxial Cervical Fixation and Fusion Techniques - p. 984 134. 113. Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty - p. 990 135. 114. Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery - p. 994 136. Section 4.4. Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Thoracolumbar - p. 998 137. 115. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design - p. 999 138. 116. Posterior Approaches to the Thoracic Spine - p. 1008 139. 117. Anterior and Lateral Approaches to the Thoracic Spine - p. 1015 140. 118. Minimally Invasive Lateral Thoracic Decompression - p. 1026 141. 119. Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction - p. 1031 142. 120. Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion - p. 1040 143. 121. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spine Instrumentation - p. 1045 144. 122. Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Cortical Bone Trajectory Pedicle Screw Placement - p. 1059 145. 123. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. 1067 146. 124. Dorsal Semirigid Stabilization - p. 1078 147. 125. Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty - p. 1088 148. 126. Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale - p. 1099 149. 127. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Decompression - p. 1107 150. 128. Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine - p. 1116 151. 129. Endoscopic Surgical Approaches to the Lumbar Spine - p. 1122 152. 130. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Fusion - p. 1128 153. 131. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion - p. 1135 154. 132. Anterior and Anterolateral Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion: Minimally Invasive Surgery Approaches - p. 1146 155. 133. Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques - p. 1157 156. 134. Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures - p. 1165 157. Operative Management of Specific Disorders of the Spine - p. 1172.e2 158. Section 5.1. Degenerative Pathologies - p. 1172.e2 159. 135. Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain - p. 1173 160. 136. Cervical Disc Herniation - p. 1182 161. 137. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation - p. 1190 162. 138. Thoracic Discectomy - p. 1194 163. 139. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis - p. 1202 164. 140. Sacroiliac Joint Pain - p. 1205 165. Section 5.2. Spinal Deformity - p. 1213.e2 166. 141. Surgical Principles for Spinal Deformity - p. 1214 167. 142. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity - p. 1222 168. 143. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Pediatric Spinal Deformity - p. 1229 169. 144. Cervicothoracic Deformity: The Role of Anterior Surgery - p. 1248 170. 145. Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction: Posterior-Based Osteotomies - p. 1256 171. 146. The Role of Anterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Deformity - p. 1263 172. 147. Anterior Column Release in Deformity - p. 1274 173. 148. Posterior-Based Management of Spinal Deformity - p. 1279 174. 149. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Spinal Deformity - p. 1283 175. 150. Surgical Management of High-Grade Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis - p. 1291 176. 151. Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis - p. 1301 177. 152. Failed Back Surgery Syndrome - p. 1309 178. Section 5.3. Tumors of the Spine - p. 1314 179. 153. Oncological Approaches, and Outcomes for Primary Spine Tumors - p. 1315 180. 154. Staging, Classification, and Oncological Approaches for Metastatic Tumors Involving the Spine - p. 1325 181. 155. Tumors at the Foramen Magnum and Craniocervical Junction - p. 1343 182. 156. Cervicothoracic Junction Tumors - p. 1357 183. 157. Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors: Regional Challenges - p. 1366 184. 158. Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges - p. 1379 185. 159. Radiosurgery for Spinal Tumors - p. 1391 186. Section 5.4. Trauma and the Spine - p. 1398.e3 187. 160. The Acute Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Polytrauma - p. 1399 188. 161. Timing of Surgery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1404 189. 162. Medical Management of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1410 190. 163. Spinal Traction - p. 1418 191. 164. Medical Management of Fractures Without Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1424 192. 165. Anterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma - p. 1437 193. 166. Posterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma - p. 1449 194. 167. Surgical Approaches to Thoracolumbar Trauma - p. 1456 195. 168. Surgical Approaches for Sacral Fractures and Sacropelvic Injuries - p. 1473 196. 169. Rehabilitation and Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1480 197. Section 5.5. General Surgical Technique - p. 1493.e5 198. 170. Harvest of Autograft for Spinal Fusion - p. 1494 199. 171. Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery - p. 1501 200. 172. Spinal Wound Closure - p. 1507 201. Part 6. Evidence Development and Guidance of Informed Choice for Optimal Outcomes - p. 1516.e2 202. 173. Big Data in Healthcare - p. 1517 203. 174. Spine Registries - p. 1528 204. 175. Conflicts of Interest in Spine Surgery - p. 1534 205. 176. Art of the Clinical Trial - p. 1539 206. 177. Meaningful Retrospective Analysis - p. 1545 207. 178. Art and Science of Guideline Formation - p. 1549 208. 179. Appropriate Use Criteria in Spine Surgery - p. 1555 209. 180. Precision Medicine: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Evaluation and Management of Spinal Disorders - p. 1561 210. 181. Healthcare Reform and Spine Surgery - p. 1567 211. 182. Development of New Technologies in Spine Surgery - p. 1574 212. Index - p. I1
