Now updated and expanded to cover the latest technologies, this full-color text on clinical refraction uses an easy-to-read format to give optometry students and practitioners all the important information they need. Also covers a wide range of other aspects of the eye exam, including anterior and posterior segment evaluations, contact lens, ocular pharmacology, and visual field analysis. Four new chapters cover wavefront-guided refraction, optical correction with refractive surgeries, prosthetic devices, and patients with ocular pathology.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. iii 3. Copyright - p. iv 4. Dedication - p. ix 5. Contributors - p. v 6. Preface to the Second Edition of Borish’s Clinical Refraction - p. xi 7. Preface to the First Edition - p. xiii 8. Section I. Principles - p. 1 9. Chapter 1: Refractive Status of the Eye - p. 3 10. Chapter 2: Incidence and Distribution of Refractive Anomalies - p. 35 11. Chapter 3: Development of the Ametropias - p. 56 12. Chapter 4: Accommodation, the Pupil, and Presbyopia - p. 93 13. Chapter 5: Fusion and Binocularity - p. 145 14. Section II. Adjunct Examinations - p. 193 15. Chapter 6: The Ophthalmic Case Historian - p. 195 16. Chapter 7: Visual Acuity - p. 217 17. Chapter 8: Contrast Sensitivity and Glare Testing - p. 247 18. Chapter 9: Color Vision - p. 289 19. History - p. 289 20. The Two Types of Color Defect - p. 289 21. Common Misunderstandings about Color Blindness - p. 290 22. Occupational Aspects - p. 290 23. Classification of Color Vision Deficiencies - p. 291 24. What is Color? - p. 297 25. Essentials of the Principal Theories of Color Vision - p. 306 26. Color Perception - p. 310 27. Types of Color Vision Tests - p. 314 28. Test Administration - p. 331 29. Patient Management - p. 335 30. The Health Professional with Defective Color Vision - p. 341 31. Acknowledgements - p. 342 32. References - p. 342 33. Appendix 9-1: Making Your Own Color Test - p. 347 34. Appendix 9-2: Sample Score Forms - p. 349 35. Appendix 9-3: Color Difference Tables - p. 353 36. Chapter 10: Ocular Motility - p. 356 37. Chapter 11: The Physical Examination - p. 400 38. Chapter 12: Pharmacology and Refraction - p. 432 39. Routes of Drug Administration - p. 432 40. Instillation of Topical Agents - p. 433 41. Alternative forms Of Drug Delivery - p. 434 42. The Pharmacology of Dilation and Reversal - p. 438 43. Ocular Effects of Systemic Medications - p. 448 44. Summary - p. 472 45. Acknowledgements - p. 474 46. References - p. 474 47. Chapter 13: Anterior Segment Evaluation - p. 485 48. Chapter 14: Posterior Segment Evaluation - p. 511 49. Chapter 15: Visual-Field Screening and Analysis - p. 544 50. Chapter 16: Clinical Electrophysiology - p. 619 51. Section III. The Refraction - p. 643 52. Chapter 17: Corneal Topography - p. 645 53. Chapter 18: Objective Refraction: Retinoscopy, Autorefraction, and Photorefraction - p. 682 54. The Eye: A Closed Optical System - p. 682 55. Static Streak Retinoscopy - p. 685 56. Automated Objective Refraction - p. 712 57. Photographic and Videographic Refraction - p. 752 58. References - p. 762 59. Chapter 19: Wavefront Refraction - p. 765 60. Chapter 20: Monocular and Binocular Subjective Refraction - p. 790 61. Monocular Subjective Refraction - p. 795 62. Binocular Subjective Refraction - p. 847 63. Troubleshooting the Subjective Refraction - p. 858 64. Binocular Subjective Refraction at Near - p. 863 65. Epilogue - p. 868 66. References - p. 869 67. Other Rotating Dials for Astigmatic Testing - p. 873 68. Other Procedures for Astigmatism - p. 875 69. Esoteric Methods to Disclose the Cylinder - p. 878 70. Other Techniques for Determining the Spherical end Point - p. 880 71. Other Techniques for Equalization - p. 882 72. Trial Case Accessories - p. 883 73. Automated and Computerized Subjective Refraction - p. 888 74. Potential New Methods of Subjective Refraction - p. 895 75. Summary - p. 896 76. References - p. 897 77. Chapter 21: Phorometry and Stereopsis - p. 899 78. Representative Phorometric Tests and How to Perform Them - p. 899 79. Physiology of Phorometric Tests, or What do The tests Measure? - p. 925 80. Stereopsis: The Barometer of Binocularity and Visual Function - p. 950 81. Acknowledgements - p. 957 82. References - p. 957 83. Section IV. Analysis and Prescription of Optical Corrections - p. 961 84. Chapter 22: Analysis, Interpretation, and Prescription for the Ametropias and Heterophorias - p. 963 85. Chapter 23: Correction with Single-Vision Spectacle Lenses - p. 1026 86. Lens Shape and Power - p. 1026 87. Writing Spectacle Lens Power - p. 1031 88. Measurement of Lens Power - p. 1034 89. Some Special Properties of Spherocylinder Lenses - p. 1043 90. Ophthalmic Prism - p. 1045 91. Dynamic Spectacle Magnification - p. 1053 92. Positioning Lenses in the Spectacle Frame - p. 1056 93. Thickness and Power - p. 1061 94. Lens Design - p. 1061 95. Spectacle Magnification - p. 1072 96. Moderate Power Aspheric Lens Designs - p. 1075 97. Atoric and Double Aspheric Lens Designs - p. 1077 98. Lens Materials - p. 1077 99. Impact Resistance - p. 1081 100. High-Power SPECTACLE LENSES - p. 1087 101. Reflections - p. 1089 102. Summary - p. 1091 103. References - p. 1091 104. Optical Tolerances - p. 1095 105. Tolerances on Prism Reference Point Location and Prismatic Power - p. 1095 106. Geometric Tolerances - p. 1096 107. Mechanical Tolerances - p. 1096 108. Transmission and Attenuation Tolerances - p. 1097 109. Physical Quality and Appearance (Surface Imperfections and Internal Defects) - p. 1097 110. Appendix 23-1. ANSI Z80.1-1999 American National Standard for Ophthalmics—Prescription Ophthalmic Lenses—Recommendations (Summarized) - p. 1095 111. Appendix 23-2. Mathematical Solution to Obliquely Crossed Cylinders - p. 1098 112. Appendix 23-3. Combining Obliquely Crossed Cylinders—Graphical Method - p. 1100 113. Chapter 24: Correction with Multifocal Spectacle Lenses - p. 1101 114. Chapter 25: Prescription of Absorptive Lenses - p. 1153 115. Chapter 26: Applied Optics of Contact Lens Correction - p. 1188 116. Optics of the First 3 MM - p. 1188 117. Refractive correction with Contact Lenses - p. 1200 118. Contact Lens Optics: Binocular Vision and Perception - p. 1230 119. Summary: Optical Correction with Contact Lenses - p. 1242 120. Acknowledgements - p. 1243 121. References - p. 1243 122. Chapter 27: Clinical Optics of Contact Lens Prescription - p. 1246 123. Chapter 28: Correction of Presbyopia with Contact Lenses - p. 1274 124. Chapter 29: Optical Correction with Refractive Surgeries and Prosthetic Devices - p. 1320 125. Incisional Surgery and Radial Keratometry - p. 1321 126. Photorefractive Keratectomy - p. 1331 127. Lasik - p. 1347 128. Lasek - p. 1363 129. Intra-Lasik - p. 1365 130. Crystalline Lens Modifications - p. 1366 131. Presbyopic Corrections - p. 1371 132. Intrastromal rings And Ring Segments - p. 1372 133. Corneal Inlays and Onlays - p. 1373 134. Lamellar Thermal and Conductive Keratoplasty - p. 1374 135. Summary - p. 1375 136. References - p. 1376 137. Section V. Special Conditions - p. 1393 138. Chapter 30: Infants, Toddlers, and Children - p. 1395 139. Sensitive Periods of Vision Development - p. 1395 140. Physiological Optics of Developing Eyes - p. 1396 141. Definition of Retinoscopic Techniques - p. 1399 142. Refractive Management of Infants and Toddlers (Birth to 3 Years) - p. 1402 143. Refractive Management of Preschool Children (3 to 5 Years) - p. 1408 144. Refractive Management of Young Children (5 to 7 Years) - p. 1413 145. Refractive Management of Older Children (8 to 12 Years) - p. 1415 146. Refractive Management of Hyperopia - p. 1420 147. Refractive Management of Astigmatism - p. 1425 148. Refractive Management of Anisometropia - p. 1428 149. Refractive Management of Myopia - p. 1437 150. Summary - p. 1451 151. References - p. 1451 152. Chapter 31: Patients with Amblyopia and Strabismus - p. 1461 153. Chapter 32: Patients with Anisometropia and Aniseikonia - p. 1479 154. Chapter 33: Patients with High Refractive Error - p. 1509 155. Chapter 34: Patients with Keratoconus and Irregular Astigmatism - p. 1523 156. Chapter 35: The Elderly - p. 1571 157. Chapter 36: Patients with Low Vision - p. 1591 158. Chapter 37: Refractive Effects of Ocular Disease - p. 1619 159. Index - p. 1659
Now updated and expanded to cover the latest technologies, this full-color text on clinical refraction uses an easy-to-read format to give optometry students and practitioners all the important information they need. Also covers a wide range of other aspects of the eye exam, including anterior and posterior segment evaluations, contact lens, ocular pharmacology, and visual field analysis. Four new chapters cover wavefront-guided refraction, optical correction with refractive surgeries, prosthetic devices, and patients with ocular pathology.
1. Cover image - p. Cover 2. Title page - p. iii 3. Copyright - p. iv 4. Dedication - p. ix 5. Contributors - p. v 6. Preface to the Second Edition of Borish’s Clinical Refraction - p. xi 7. Preface to the First Edition - p. xiii 8. Section I. Principles - p. 1 9. Chapter 1: Refractive Status of the Eye - p. 3 10. Chapter 2: Incidence and Distribution of Refractive Anomalies - p. 35 11. Chapter 3: Development of the Ametropias - p. 56 12. Chapter 4: Accommodation, the Pupil, and Presbyopia - p. 93 13. Chapter 5: Fusion and Binocularity - p. 145 14. Section II. Adjunct Examinations - p. 193 15. Chapter 6: The Ophthalmic Case Historian - p. 195 16. Chapter 7: Visual Acuity - p. 217 17. Chapter 8: Contrast Sensitivity and Glare Testing - p. 247 18. Chapter 9: Color Vision - p. 289 19. History - p. 289 20. The Two Types of Color Defect - p. 289 21. Common Misunderstandings about Color Blindness - p. 290 22. Occupational Aspects - p. 290 23. Classification of Color Vision Deficiencies - p. 291 24. What is Color? - p. 297 25. Essentials of the Principal Theories of Color Vision - p. 306 26. Color Perception - p. 310 27. Types of Color Vision Tests - p. 314 28. Test Administration - p. 331 29. Patient Management - p. 335 30. The Health Professional with Defective Color Vision - p. 341 31. Acknowledgements - p. 342 32. References - p. 342 33. Appendix 9-1: Making Your Own Color Test - p. 347 34. Appendix 9-2: Sample Score Forms - p. 349 35. Appendix 9-3: Color Difference Tables - p. 353 36. Chapter 10: Ocular Motility - p. 356 37. Chapter 11: The Physical Examination - p. 400 38. Chapter 12: Pharmacology and Refraction - p. 432 39. Routes of Drug Administration - p. 432 40. Instillation of Topical Agents - p. 433 41. Alternative forms Of Drug Delivery - p. 434 42. The Pharmacology of Dilation and Reversal - p. 438 43. Ocular Effects of Systemic Medications - p. 448 44. Summary - p. 472 45. Acknowledgements - p. 474 46. References - p. 474 47. Chapter 13: Anterior Segment Evaluation - p. 485 48. Chapter 14: Posterior Segment Evaluation - p. 511 49. Chapter 15: Visual-Field Screening and Analysis - p. 544 50. Chapter 16: Clinical Electrophysiology - p. 619 51. Section III. The Refraction - p. 643 52. Chapter 17: Corneal Topography - p. 645 53. Chapter 18: Objective Refraction: Retinoscopy, Autorefraction, and Photorefraction - p. 682 54. The Eye: A Closed Optical System - p. 682 55. Static Streak Retinoscopy - p. 685 56. Automated Objective Refraction - p. 712 57. Photographic and Videographic Refraction - p. 752 58. References - p. 762 59. Chapter 19: Wavefront Refraction - p. 765 60. Chapter 20: Monocular and Binocular Subjective Refraction - p. 790 61. Monocular Subjective Refraction - p. 795 62. Binocular Subjective Refraction - p. 847 63. Troubleshooting the Subjective Refraction - p. 858 64. Binocular Subjective Refraction at Near - p. 863 65. Epilogue - p. 868 66. References - p. 869 67. Other Rotating Dials for Astigmatic Testing - p. 873 68. Other Procedures for Astigmatism - p. 875 69. Esoteric Methods to Disclose the Cylinder - p. 878 70. Other Techniques for Determining the Spherical end Point - p. 880 71. Other Techniques for Equalization - p. 882 72. Trial Case Accessories - p. 883 73. Automated and Computerized Subjective Refraction - p. 888 74. Potential New Methods of Subjective Refraction - p. 895 75. Summary - p. 896 76. References - p. 897 77. Chapter 21: Phorometry and Stereopsis - p. 899 78. Representative Phorometric Tests and How to Perform Them - p. 899 79. Physiology of Phorometric Tests, or What do The tests Measure? - p. 925 80. Stereopsis: The Barometer of Binocularity and Visual Function - p. 950 81. Acknowledgements - p. 957 82. References - p. 957 83. Section IV. Analysis and Prescription of Optical Corrections - p. 961 84. Chapter 22: Analysis, Interpretation, and Prescription for the Ametropias and Heterophorias - p. 963 85. Chapter 23: Correction with Single-Vision Spectacle Lenses - p. 1026 86. Lens Shape and Power - p. 1026 87. Writing Spectacle Lens Power - p. 1031 88. Measurement of Lens Power - p. 1034 89. Some Special Properties of Spherocylinder Lenses - p. 1043 90. Ophthalmic Prism - p. 1045 91. Dynamic Spectacle Magnification - p. 1053 92. Positioning Lenses in the Spectacle Frame - p. 1056 93. Thickness and Power - p. 1061 94. Lens Design - p. 1061 95. Spectacle Magnification - p. 1072 96. Moderate Power Aspheric Lens Designs - p. 1075 97. Atoric and Double Aspheric Lens Designs - p. 1077 98. Lens Materials - p. 1077 99. Impact Resistance - p. 1081 100. High-Power SPECTACLE LENSES - p. 1087 101. Reflections - p. 1089 102. Summary - p. 1091 103. References - p. 1091 104. Optical Tolerances - p. 1095 105. Tolerances on Prism Reference Point Location and Prismatic Power - p. 1095 106. Geometric Tolerances - p. 1096 107. Mechanical Tolerances - p. 1096 108. Transmission and Attenuation Tolerances - p. 1097 109. Physical Quality and Appearance (Surface Imperfections and Internal Defects) - p. 1097 110. Appendix 23-1. ANSI Z80.1-1999 American National Standard for Ophthalmics—Prescription Ophthalmic Lenses—Recommendations (Summarized) - p. 1095 111. Appendix 23-2. Mathematical Solution to Obliquely Crossed Cylinders - p. 1098 112. Appendix 23-3. Combining Obliquely Crossed Cylinders—Graphical Method - p. 1100 113. Chapter 24: Correction with Multifocal Spectacle Lenses - p. 1101 114. Chapter 25: Prescription of Absorptive Lenses - p. 1153 115. Chapter 26: Applied Optics of Contact Lens Correction - p. 1188 116. Optics of the First 3 MM - p. 1188 117. Refractive correction with Contact Lenses - p. 1200 118. Contact Lens Optics: Binocular Vision and Perception - p. 1230 119. Summary: Optical Correction with Contact Lenses - p. 1242 120. Acknowledgements - p. 1243 121. References - p. 1243 122. Chapter 27: Clinical Optics of Contact Lens Prescription - p. 1246 123. Chapter 28: Correction of Presbyopia with Contact Lenses - p. 1274 124. Chapter 29: Optical Correction with Refractive Surgeries and Prosthetic Devices - p. 1320 125. Incisional Surgery and Radial Keratometry - p. 1321 126. Photorefractive Keratectomy - p. 1331 127. Lasik - p. 1347 128. Lasek - p. 1363 129. Intra-Lasik - p. 1365 130. Crystalline Lens Modifications - p. 1366 131. Presbyopic Corrections - p. 1371 132. Intrastromal rings And Ring Segments - p. 1372 133. Corneal Inlays and Onlays - p. 1373 134. Lamellar Thermal and Conductive Keratoplasty - p. 1374 135. Summary - p. 1375 136. References - p. 1376 137. Section V. Special Conditions - p. 1393 138. Chapter 30: Infants, Toddlers, and Children - p. 1395 139. Sensitive Periods of Vision Development - p. 1395 140. Physiological Optics of Developing Eyes - p. 1396 141. Definition of Retinoscopic Techniques - p. 1399 142. Refractive Management of Infants and Toddlers (Birth to 3 Years) - p. 1402 143. Refractive Management of Preschool Children (3 to 5 Years) - p. 1408 144. Refractive Management of Young Children (5 to 7 Years) - p. 1413 145. Refractive Management of Older Children (8 to 12 Years) - p. 1415 146. Refractive Management of Hyperopia - p. 1420 147. Refractive Management of Astigmatism - p. 1425 148. Refractive Management of Anisometropia - p. 1428 149. Refractive Management of Myopia - p. 1437 150. Summary - p. 1451 151. References - p. 1451 152. Chapter 31: Patients with Amblyopia and Strabismus - p. 1461 153. Chapter 32: Patients with Anisometropia and Aniseikonia - p. 1479 154. Chapter 33: Patients with High Refractive Error - p. 1509 155. Chapter 34: Patients with Keratoconus and Irregular Astigmatism - p. 1523 156. Chapter 35: The Elderly - p. 1571 157. Chapter 36: Patients with Low Vision - p. 1591 158. Chapter 37: Refractive Effects of Ocular Disease - p. 1619 159. Index - p. 1659
