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1. Introduction - p. 949 2. Definitions - p. 949 3. Etiology - p. 949 4. Diagnosis - p. 958 5. General Guidelines for Management - p. 964 6. Medical Management - p. 964 7. Surgical Management - p. 965 8. Prognosis - p. 968 9. Suggested Readings - p. 972 10. References - p. 972.e1 11. 47 Management of Abnormalities of the Genitalia in Girls - p. 973 12. 48 Disorders of Sexual Development - p. 990 13. Normal Sexual Development - p. 990 14. Abnormal Sexual Development - p. 997 15. Evaluation and Management of the Newborn With Ambiguous Genitalia - p. 998 16. Suggested Readings - p. 1018 17. References - p. 1018.e1 18. Section F Reconstruction and Trauma - p. 1018.e7 19. 49 Surgical Management of Differences of Sexual Differentiation and Cloacal and Anorectal Malformations - p. 1019 20. 50 Adolescent and Transitional Urology - p. 1043 21. 51 Urologic Considerations in Pediatric Renal Transplantation - p. 1054 22. 52 Pediatric Genitourinary Trauma - p. 1065 23. Section G Oncology - p. 1086.e4 24. 53 Pediatric Urologic Oncology - p. 1087 25. Neuroblastoma - p. 1087 26. Wilms Tumor - p. 1096 27. References - p. 1110.e1 28. 54 Pediatric Urologic Oncology - p. 1111 29. Part IV Infections and Inflammation - p. 1127.e5 30. 55 Infections of the Urinary Tract - p. 1129 31. Definitions - p. 1129 32. Incidence and Epidemiology - p. 1131 33. Pathogenesis - p. 1131 34. Evaluation - p. 1139.e1 35. Localization - p. 1142.e1 36. Imaging - p. 1142.e1 37. Microbiome - p. 1145 38. Asymptomatic Bacteriuria - p. 1147 39. Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy - p. 1148.e1 40. Bladder Infections - p. 1155 41. Kidney Infections - p. 1166 42. Other Infections - p. 1181.e2 43. Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock - p. 1181.e1 44. Bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly - p. 1188 45. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection - p. 1190 46. Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1191 47. Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 1192 48. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Common Urologic Procedures - p. 1193 49. Acknowledgments - p. 1201 50. References - p. 1201.e1 51. 56 Inflammatory and Pain Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract - p. 1202 52. Prostatitis - p. 1202 53. Acute and Chronic Orchitis and Orchialgia - p. 1218 54. References - p. 1223.e1 55. 57 Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome and Related Disorders - p. 1224 56. A Brief History and Overview - p. 1224 57. Definition, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy - p. 1224 58. Historical Perspective of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: Early 1800S to 1970S - p. 1224 59. Voiding Symptoms and Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome - p. 1225 60. Epidemiology of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome - p. 1226 61. The Epidemiology of Hunner Lesions - p. 1227 62. Etiology - p. 1231 63. Pathology - p. 1233 64. Beyond the History, Physical Examination, and Urine Studies - p. 1235 65. Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome - p. 1239 66. Final Thoughts - p. 1249 67. Suggested Readings - p. 1249 68. References - p. 1250.e1 69. 58 Sexually Transmitted Diseases* - p. 1251 70. 59 Cutaneous Diseases of the External Genitalia - p. 1273 71. Introduction to Basic Dermatology - p. 1273 72. Dermatologic Therapy - p. 1273 73. Allergic Dermatitis - p. 1275 74. Papulosquamous Disorders - p. 1278 75. Vesicobullous Disorders - p. 1283 76. Noninfectious Ulcers - p. 1286 77. Infections and Infestations - p. 1288 78. Neoplastic Conditions - p. 1296 79. Benign Cutaneous Disorders Specific to the Male Genitalia - p. 1302 80. Common Miscellaneous Cutaneous Disorders - p. 1304 81. Suggested Readings - p. 1306 82. References - p. 1306.e1 83. 60 Tuberculosis and Parasitic Infections of the Genitourinary Tract - p. 1307 84. Genitourinary Tuberculosis - p. 1307 85. Parasitic Infections of the Urogenital Tract - p. 1319 86. Suggested Readings - p. 1332 87. References - p. 1332.e1 88. Part V Molecular and Cellular Biology - p. 1332.e5 89. 61 Basic Principles of Immunology and Immunotherapy in Urologic Oncology - p. 1333 90. 62 Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology - p. 1346 91. Tumor Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes - p. 1346 92. Cell Cycle Deregulation - p. 1346.e1 93. DNA Methylation - p. 1347.e1 94. DNA Damage and Repair - p. 1350 95. Genomic Alterations - p. 1352 96. Telomeres and Telomerase - p. 1362 97. Apoptosis - p. 1365 98. Stem Cells and Cancer - p. 1366.e1 99. Checkpoint Inhibition - p. 1366.e1 100. Microbiome and Cancer: the Metagenome - p. 1368 101. Suggested Readings - p. 1369 102. References - p. 1369.e1 103. Part VI Reproductive and Sexual Function - p. 1369.e14 104. 63 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System - p. 1370 105. 64 Male Reproductive Physiology - p. 1390 106. 65 Integrated Men's Health - p. 1411 107. 66 Male Infertility - p. 1428 108. Epidemiology - p. 1428 109. History - p. 1428 110. Physical Examination - p. 1433.e1 111. Laboratory Evaluation of Male Infertility - p. 1436 112. Imaging in the Evaluation of Male Infertility - p. 1442.e1 113. Testis Histopathology - p. 1444.e1 114. Assisted Reproduction - p. 1445.e3 115. Fertility Preservation in Cancer - p. 1452.e2 116. Suggested Readings - p. 1452.e3 117. References - p. 1452.e1 118. 67 Surgical Management of Male Infertility - p. 1453 119. 68 Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1485 120. Physiology of Penile Erection - p. 1485 121. Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1500 122. Perspectives - p. 1512 123. Suggested Readings - p. 1512 124. References - p. 1512.e1 125. 69 Evaluation and Management of Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1513 126. Historical Perspective - p. 1513 127. Public Health Significance - p. 1513 128. Management Principles - p. 1515 129. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 1517 130. Specialized Evaluation and Testing - p. 1519 131. Treatment Considerations - p. 1529 132. Future Directions - p. 1538 133. Acknowledgment - p. 1538 134. References - p. 1538.e1 135. 70 Priapism - p. 1539 136. 71 Disorders of Male Orgasm and Ejaculation - p. 1564 137. Anatomy and Physiology of the Ejaculatory Response - p. 1564 138. Premature Ejaculation - p. 1564 139. Delayed Ejaculation, Anejaculation, and Anorgasmia - p. 1573 140. Retrograde Ejaculation - p. 1578.e1 141. Sperm Retrieval in Men With Anejaculation Pursuing Fertility - p. 1580 142. Ejaculatory Anhedonia - p. 1580 143. Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction - p. 1580 144. Orgasmic Headache - p. 1580 145. Painful Ejaculation - p. 1581 146. Postorgasmic Illness Syndrome - p. 1581 147. Conclusion - p. 1581.e2 148. Suggested Readings - p. 1581.e2 149. References - p. 1581.e1 150. 72 Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1582 151. 73 Diagnosis and Management of Peyronie's Disease - p. 1599 152. General Considerations - p. 1599 153. Natural History - p. 1599 154. Epidemiology - p. 1599 155. Penile Anatomy and Peyronie's Disease - p. 1602 156. Etiology of Peyronie's Disease - p. 1604 157. Symptoms - p. 1606 158. Evaluation of the Patient - p. 1607 159. Treatment Protocols - p. 1609 160. Nonsurgical Treatment of Peyronie's Disease - p. 1610 161. Surgical Management - p. 1616 162. Conclusion - p. 1626 163. Suggested Readings - p. 1626 164. References - p. 1626.e1 165. 74 Sexual Function and Dysfunction in the Female - p. 1627 166. Anatomy and Physiology of Female Sexual Organs - p. 1627 167. Evaluation of Sexual Wellness - p. 1628 168. Special Populations - p. 1637 169. Female Sexual Interest Disorder - p. 1640 170. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - p. 1648 171. Pharmacotherapy for Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - p. 1649 172. Genitopelvic Pain and Penetration Disorder - p. 1651 173. Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction and Female Sexual Dysfunction - p. 1653.e1 174. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Links and Treatments - p. 1655 175. Self-Image/Body Image Connected to Female Sexual Dysfunction and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms - p. 1657 176. Conclusion - p. 1657 177. References - p. 1657.e1 178. Part VII Male Genitalia - p. 1657.e9 179. 75 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum - p. 1658 180. 76 Neoplasms of the Testis - p. 1680 181. Germ Cell Tumors - p. 1680 182. Non–Germ Cell Tumors - p. 1707 183. Tumors of the Testicular Adnexa - p. 1709 184. Suggested Readings - p. 1709 185. References - p. 1710.e1 186. 77 Surgery of Testicular Tumors - p. 1711 187. 78 Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy for Testicular Tumors - p. 1734 188. 79 Tumors of the Penis - p. 1742 189. Premalignant Cutaneous Lesions - p. 1742 190. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 1743 191. Surgical Management of the Primary Tumor - p. 1751 192. Treatment of the Inguinal Nodes - p. 1753 193. Radiation Therapy - p. 1765 194. Chemotherapy - p. 1769 195. Nonsquamous Penile Malignant Neoplasms - p. 1771 196. References - p. 1775.e1 197. 80 Tumors of the Urethra - p. 1776 198. 81 Inguinal Node Dissection - p. 1790 199. 82 Surgery for Benign Disorders of the Penis and Urethra - p. 1804 200. Generalities of Reconstructive Surgical Techniques - p. 1804 201. Principles of Reconstructive Surgery - p. 1804 202. Surgical Anatomy of the Penis and Male Perineum - p. 1807 203. Selected Processes - p. 1808 204. Urethral Stricture Disease - p. 1814 205. Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries - p. 1828 206. Vesicourethral Distraction Defects (Vesicourethral Stenosis) - p. 1835 207. Complex Fistula of the Posterior Urethra - p. 1835 208. Curvatures of the Penis - p. 1836 209. Penile Transplantation - p. 1838 210. Suggested Readings - p. 1842 211. References - p. 1842.e1 212. 83 Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles - p. 1843 213. Part VIII Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology - p. 1864.e3 214. 84 Surgical, Radiologic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Kidney and Ureter - p. 1865 215. 85 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter - p. 1877 216. Cellular Anatomy - p. 1877 217. Development of the Ureter - p. 1877 218. Electric Activity - p. 1878 219. Contractile Activity - p. 1883 220. Role of the Nervous System in Ureteral Function - p. 1887 221. Mechanical Properties - p. 1890 222. Urine Transport - p. 1891 223. Pathologic Processes Affecting Ureteral Function - p. 1894 224. Effect of Pregnancy on Ureteral Function - p. 1900 225. Effect of Drugs on the Ureter - p. 1901 226. Cardiac Glycosides - p. 1903 227. Suggested Readings - p. 1904 228. References - p. 1904.e1 229. 86 Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Including Renovascular Hypertension - p. 1905 230. 87 Renal Insufficiency and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1921 231. 88 Urologic Complications of Renal Transplantation - p. 1936 232. Part IX Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma - p. 1941.e2 233. 89 Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction - p. 1942 234. 90 Upper Urinary Tract Trauma - p. 1982 235. Part X Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology - p. 2004.e4 236. 91 Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2005 237. Epidemiology of Renal Calculi - p. 2005 238. Physicochemistry and Pathogenesis - p. 2009 239. Mineral Metabolism - p. 2015 240. Pathophysiology of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi - p. 2017 241. Suggested Readings - p. 2035 242. References - p. 2035.e1 243. 92 Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2036 244. Evaluation of Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2036 245. Epidemiology and Morbidity From Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2036 246. Imaging for Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2036 247. Metabolic Evaluation - p. 2039 248. Stone Analysis - p. 2045 249. Classification of Nephrolithiasis - p. 2046 250. Calcium-Based Calculi - p. 2048 251. Hypercalciuria (>200 mg/day) - p. 2050 252. Hypocitraturia (<550 mg/day Female, <450 mg/day Male) - p. 2053 253. Hyperoxaluria (>40 mg/day) - p. 2056 254. Cystinuria - p. 2060 255. References - p. 2068.e1 256. 93 Strategies for Nonmedical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi - p. 2069 257. Kidney Calculi - p. 2069 258. Ureteral Calculi - p. 2069 259. Rise of Endourology - p. 2069.e2 260. Renal Calculi - p. 2070 261. Ureteral Calculi - p. 2084 262. Suggested Readings - p. 2093 263. References - p. 2093.e1 264. 94 Surgical Management for Upper Urinary Tract Calculi - p. 2094 265. 95 Lower Urinary Tract Calculi - p. 2114 266. Part XI Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract - p. 2120.e2 267. 96 Benign Renal Tumors - p. 2121 268. 97 Malignant Renal Tumors - p. 2133 269. Historical Considerations - p. 2133 270. Classification - p. 2133 271. Radiographic Evaluation of Renal Masses - p. 2134 272. Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 2138 273. Treatment of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 2162 274. Treatment of Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 2174 275. Other Malignant Renal Tumors - p. 2180 276. Suggested Readings - p. 2184 277. References - p. 2184.e1 278. 98 Urothelial Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract and Ureter - p. 2185 279. 99 Surgical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Tumors - p. 2199 280. 100 Retroperitoneal Tumors - p. 2226 281. 101 Open Surgery of the Kidney - p. 2248 282. 102 Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery of the Kidney - p. 2279 283. 103 Nonsurgical Focal Therapy for Renal Tumors - p. 2309 284. 104 Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 2324 285. Part XII The Adrenals - p. 2344.e5 286. 105 Surgical and Radiographic Anatomy of the Adrenals - p. 2345 287. 106 Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Adrenal Disorders - p. 2354 288. Historical Background - p. 2354 289. Adrenal Anatomy and Embryology - p. 2354 290. Adrenal Physiology - p. 2356 291. Adrenal Disorders - p. 2360 292. Evaluation of Adrenal Lesions in Urologic Practice - p. 2394 293. Conclusions - p. 2403 294. Suggested Readings - p. 2404 295. References - p. 2404.e1 296. 107 Surgery of the Adrenal Glands - p. 2405 297. Part XIII Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying - p. 2426.e2 298. 108 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Female Pelvis - p. 2427 299. 109 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Pelvis - p. 2444 300. 110 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra - p. 2461 301. Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy - p. 2461 302. Bladder Compartments - p. 2461 303. Overview of the Urethra - p. 2465 304. Urothelial Physiology - p. 2467 305. Smooth Muscle Physiology - p. 2470 306. Bladder Mechanics - p. 2478 307. Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract - p. 2480 308. Pharmacology - p. 2497 309. Clinical Relevance - p. 2503 310. Future Research - p. 2512 311. References - p. 2513.e1 312. 111 Pathophysiology and Classification of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction - p. 2514 313. 112 Evaluation and Management of Women With Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse - p. 2525 314. 113 Evaluation and Management of Men With Urinary Incontinence - p. 2539 315. 114 Urodynamic and Video-Urodynamic Evaluation of the Lower Urinary Tract - p. 2550 316. Role of Urodynamics in Clinical Practice - p. 2550 317. Conducting a Urodynamic Study: Patient and Technical Factors - p. 2551 318. Components of the Urodynamic Study - p. 2556 319. Urodynamic Equipment - p. 2557 320. The Urodynamic Study: Analysis and Interpetation - p. 2559 321. Videourodynamics - p. 2569 322. Ambulatory Urodynamics - p. 2571 323. Clinical Applications of Urodynamic Studies: Evidence-Based Review and Guidelines Pertaining to Urodynamics - p. 2574 324. Future Directions - p. 2578 325. References - p. 2579.e1 326. 115 Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse - p. 2580 327. 116 Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract - p. 2600 328. Objectives - p. 2600 329. Patterns of Neuropathic Voiding Dysfunction - p. 2600 330. Diseases at or Above the Brainstem - p. 2602 331. Diseases Primarily Involving the Spinal Cord - p. 2607 332. Disease Distal to the Spinal Cord - p. 2619 333. Miscellaneous Neurologic Diseases Causing Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction - p. 2624 334. Miscellaneous Conditions Definitely, Probably, or Possibly Related to Neuromuscular Dysfunction - p. 2627 335. Treatment of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Overview - p. 2634 336. Suggested Readings - p. 2635 337. References - p. 2636.e1 338. 117 Overactive Bladder - p. 2637 339. 118 The Underactive Detrusor - p. 2650 340. 119 Nocturia - p. 2664 341. 120 Pharmacologic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Storage and Emptying Failure - p. 2679 342. Introduction - p. 2679 343. Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Filling and Urine Storage - p. 2679 344. Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Emptying - p. 2716 345. Suggested Readings - p. 2720.e1 346. References - p. 2721.e1 347. 121 Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence - p. 2722 348. 122 Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation in Storage and Emptying Failure - p. 2739 349. 123 Retropubic Suspension Surgery for Incontinence in Women - p. 2756 350. 124 Vaginal and Abdominal Reconstructive Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse - p. 2776 351. Preparing the Patient for Prolapse Surgery - p. 2776 352. Use of Mesh in Vaginal Surgery: Current Controversy - p. 2776 353. Surgical Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse - p. 2778 354. References - p. 2829.e1 355. 125 Slings - p. 2830 356. The Evolution of Slings - p. 2830 357. Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence and Sling Mechanism of Action - p. 2831 358. The Age of the Mid-Urethral Sling - p. 2831 359. Preoperative Assessment - p. 2832 360. Alternative Treatment Options - p. 2833 361. Pubovaginal Sling (PVS) - p. 2833 362. Pubovaginal Sling Operative Procedure - p. 2836 363. Outcomes of Pubovaginal Slings for Predominantly Stress Urinary Incontinence - p. 2839 364. Outcomes of Autologous Pubovaginal Slings for Mixed Urinary Incontinence - p. 2844 365. Outcomes of Autologous Pubovaginal Slings for Urethral Reconstruction - p. 2845 366. Voiding Dysfunction Secondary to Bladder Outlet Obstruction After Pubovaginal Sling Surgery - p. 2845 367. Complications of Pubovaginal Slings - p. 2848 368. Mid-Urethral Slings - p. 2849 369. Mid-Urethral Sling Operative Procedures - p. 2851 370. Complications of Retropubic, Transobturator, and Single-Incision Mid-Urethral Slings - p. 2863 371. Mid-Urethral Sling Trocar Injury to the Urinary Tract - p. 2866 372. Sexual Dysfunction After Mid-Urethral Sling Surgery - p. 2873 373. Other Complications After Mid-Urethral Sling Surgery - p. 2873 374. Suggested Readings - p. 2876 375. References - p. 2876.e1 376. 126 Complications Related to the Use of Mesh and Their Repair - p. 2877 377. 127 Additional Therapies for Storage and Emptying Failure - p. 2889 378. 128 Aging and Geriatric Urology - p. 2905 379. Biology and Principles of Aging - p. 2905 380. Demographics of Aging - p. 2906 381. Clinical Evaluation of the Geriatric Urology Patient - p. 2908 382. End-of-Life Care and Urology - p. 2922 383. Summary - p. 2922 384. Suggested Readings - p. 2923 385. References - p. 2923.e1 386. 129 Urinary Tract Fistulae - p. 2924 387. General Considerations - p. 2924 388. Vesicovaginal Fistulae - p. 2924 389. Iatrogenic Fistulae - p. 2926 390. Ureteric Fistulae - p. 2942 391. Vesicouterine Fistulae - p. 2946 392. Urethrovaginal Fistulae - p. 2947 393. Uroenteric Fistulae - p. 2952 394. Pyeloenteric Fistulae - p. 2953 395. Rectourethral Fistulae - p. 2955 396. Urovascular Fistulae - p. 2958 397. Renovascular and Pyelovascular Fistulae - p. 2958 398. Ureterovascular Fistulae - p. 2958 399. Oncologic and Radiation Fistulae - p. 2959 400. Cancer Surgery - p. 2959 401. Radiation Fistulae - p. 2960 402. Other Urinary Fistulae - p. 2962 403. Acknowledgments - p. 2962 404. Suggested Readings - p. 2963 405. References - p. 2963.e1 406. 130 Bladder and Female Urethral Diverticula - p. 2964 407. Bladder Diverticula - p. 2964 408. Female Urethral Diverticula - p. 2972 409. Urethral Diverticula - p. 2975 410. Suggested Readings - p. 2992 411. References - p. 2992.e1 412. 131 Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male - p. 2993 413. Part XIV Benign and Malignant Bladder Disorders - p. 3009.e4 414. 132 Bladder Surgery for Benign Disease - p. 3010 415. 133 Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma - p. 3048 416. 134 Special Urologic Considerations in Transgender Individuals - p. 3062 417. 135 Tumors of the Bladder - p. 3073 418. 136 Management Strategies for Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS) - p. 3091 419. Pathology: Grading and Staging - p. 3091 420. Endoscopic Surgical Management - p. 3094 421. Intravesical Therapy - p. 3098 422. Refractory High-Grade Disease - p. 3105 423. Surveillance and Prevention - p. 3107 424. Suggested Readings - p. 3111 425. References - p. 3111.e1 426. 137 Management of Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer - p. 3112 427. Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Evaluation - p. 3112 428. Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer - p. 3114 429. Neoadjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer - p. 3119 430. Adjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer - p. 3120 431. Prognostic Nomograms for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer - p. 3125 432. Management of Metastatic Bladder Cancer - p. 3127 433. Suggested Readings - p. 3131 434. References - p. 3132.e1 435. 138 Surgical Management of Bladder Cancer - p. 3133 436. 139 Use of Intestinal Segments in Urinary Diversion - p. 3160 437. Surgical Anatomy - p. 3160 438. Selecting the Segment of Intestine - p. 3161 439. Preparing the Bowel for Surgery and Postoperative Recovery - p. 3162 440. Intestinal Anastomoses - p. 3174 441. Ureterointestinal Anastomoses - p. 3184 442. Renal Deterioration - p. 3192 443. Urinary Diversion - p. 3193 444. Metabolic and Neurochemical Problems of Urinary Intestinal Diversion - p. 3198 445. Summary - p. 3205 446. References - p. 3205.e1 447. 140 Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion - p. 3206 448. 141 Orthotopic Urinary Diversion - p. 3233 449. 142 Minimally Invasive Urinary Diversion - p. 3258 450. Part XV The Prostate - p. 3273.e2 451. 143 Development, Molecular Biology, and Physiology of the Prostate - p. 3274 452. Developmental and Cell Biology - p. 3274 453. Endocrine Control of Prostate Growth - p. 3280 454. Prostatic Secretions and Proteins - p. 3295 455. Suggested Readings - p. 3304 456. References - p. 3304.e1 457. 144 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3305 458. Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3305 459. Pathophysiology - p. 3313 460. Epidemiology and Natural History - p. 3316 461. Complications of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3335 462. Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3339 463. Suggested Readings - p. 3341 464. References - p. 3342.e1 465. 145 Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3343 466. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 3343 467. Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Caused by Benign Prostatic Enlargement - p. 3351 468. Androgen Manipulation - p. 3371 469. Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists - p. 3379 470. β3-Agonist (Mirabegron) - p. 3381 471. Phytotherapy - p. 3393 472. Prognosis of Patients Receiving Medical Treatment for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms - p. 3399 473. Acute Urinary Retention - p. 3400 474. Future Directions in Medical Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3401 475. References - p. 3402.e1 476. 146 Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3403 477. Introduction - p. 3403 478. Epidemiology and Marketshare - p. 3403 479. Workup - p. 3404 480. Defining Outcomes - p. 3405 481. Presurgical Factors - p. 3407 482. Specific Technologies - p. 3409 483. Failed, Failing, and Future Directions - p. 3443 484. Conclusion - p. 3447 485. Suggested Readings - p. 3448 486. References - p. 3448.e1 487. 147 Simple Prostatectomy - p. 3449 488. 148 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer - p. 3457 489. 149 Prostate Cancer Biomarkers - p. 3478 490. 150 Prostate Biopsy - p. 3490 491. 151 Pathology of Prostatic Neoplasia - p. 3506 492. 152 Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer - p. 3514 493. 153 Active Management Strategies for Localized Prostate Cancer - p. 3522 494. 154 Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer - p. 3537 495. 155 Open Radical Prostatectomy - p. 3548 496. 156 Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy - p. 3566 497. 157 Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer - p. 3587 498. Historical Perspective and Technological Advances - p. 3587 499. External Beam Radiation Treatment (Also See Outcomes for External Beam Radiation) - p. 3593 500. Brachytherapy - p. 3596 501. Androgen Suppression Combined With Radiation - p. 3600 502. Role of Prophylactic Pelvic Nodal Treatment - p. 3602 503. Treatment Morbidity and Quality-of-Life Outcomes - p. 3603 504. Evaluating the Response to Radiation Therapy - p. 3606 505. Treatment Efficacy - p. 3609 506. Suggested Readings - p. 3615 507. References - p. 3615.e1 508. 158 Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer - p. 3616 509. 159 Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer - p. 3640 510. 160 Management Strategies for Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer - p. 3659 511. 161 Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer - p. 3671 512. 162 Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer - p. 3687 513. Index - p. I-1
NIL
1. Introduction - p. 949 2. Definitions - p. 949 3. Etiology - p. 949 4. Diagnosis - p. 958 5. General Guidelines for Management - p. 964 6. Medical Management - p. 964 7. Surgical Management - p. 965 8. Prognosis - p. 968 9. Suggested Readings - p. 972 10. References - p. 972.e1 11. 47 Management of Abnormalities of the Genitalia in Girls - p. 973 12. 48 Disorders of Sexual Development - p. 990 13. Normal Sexual Development - p. 990 14. Abnormal Sexual Development - p. 997 15. Evaluation and Management of the Newborn With Ambiguous Genitalia - p. 998 16. Suggested Readings - p. 1018 17. References - p. 1018.e1 18. Section F Reconstruction and Trauma - p. 1018.e7 19. 49 Surgical Management of Differences of Sexual Differentiation and Cloacal and Anorectal Malformations - p. 1019 20. 50 Adolescent and Transitional Urology - p. 1043 21. 51 Urologic Considerations in Pediatric Renal Transplantation - p. 1054 22. 52 Pediatric Genitourinary Trauma - p. 1065 23. Section G Oncology - p. 1086.e4 24. 53 Pediatric Urologic Oncology - p. 1087 25. Neuroblastoma - p. 1087 26. Wilms Tumor - p. 1096 27. References - p. 1110.e1 28. 54 Pediatric Urologic Oncology - p. 1111 29. Part IV Infections and Inflammation - p. 1127.e5 30. 55 Infections of the Urinary Tract - p. 1129 31. Definitions - p. 1129 32. Incidence and Epidemiology - p. 1131 33. Pathogenesis - p. 1131 34. Evaluation - p. 1139.e1 35. Localization - p. 1142.e1 36. Imaging - p. 1142.e1 37. Microbiome - p. 1145 38. Asymptomatic Bacteriuria - p. 1147 39. Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy - p. 1148.e1 40. Bladder Infections - p. 1155 41. Kidney Infections - p. 1166 42. Other Infections - p. 1181.e2 43. Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock - p. 1181.e1 44. Bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly - p. 1188 45. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection - p. 1190 46. Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury - p. 1191 47. Kidney Transplant Recipients - p. 1192 48. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Common Urologic Procedures - p. 1193 49. Acknowledgments - p. 1201 50. References - p. 1201.e1 51. 56 Inflammatory and Pain Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract - p. 1202 52. Prostatitis - p. 1202 53. Acute and Chronic Orchitis and Orchialgia - p. 1218 54. References - p. 1223.e1 55. 57 Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome and Related Disorders - p. 1224 56. A Brief History and Overview - p. 1224 57. Definition, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy - p. 1224 58. Historical Perspective of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: Early 1800S to 1970S - p. 1224 59. Voiding Symptoms and Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome - p. 1225 60. Epidemiology of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome - p. 1226 61. The Epidemiology of Hunner Lesions - p. 1227 62. Etiology - p. 1231 63. Pathology - p. 1233 64. Beyond the History, Physical Examination, and Urine Studies - p. 1235 65. Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome - p. 1239 66. Final Thoughts - p. 1249 67. Suggested Readings - p. 1249 68. References - p. 1250.e1 69. 58 Sexually Transmitted Diseases* - p. 1251 70. 59 Cutaneous Diseases of the External Genitalia - p. 1273 71. Introduction to Basic Dermatology - p. 1273 72. Dermatologic Therapy - p. 1273 73. Allergic Dermatitis - p. 1275 74. Papulosquamous Disorders - p. 1278 75. Vesicobullous Disorders - p. 1283 76. Noninfectious Ulcers - p. 1286 77. Infections and Infestations - p. 1288 78. Neoplastic Conditions - p. 1296 79. Benign Cutaneous Disorders Specific to the Male Genitalia - p. 1302 80. Common Miscellaneous Cutaneous Disorders - p. 1304 81. Suggested Readings - p. 1306 82. References - p. 1306.e1 83. 60 Tuberculosis and Parasitic Infections of the Genitourinary Tract - p. 1307 84. Genitourinary Tuberculosis - p. 1307 85. Parasitic Infections of the Urogenital Tract - p. 1319 86. Suggested Readings - p. 1332 87. References - p. 1332.e1 88. Part V Molecular and Cellular Biology - p. 1332.e5 89. 61 Basic Principles of Immunology and Immunotherapy in Urologic Oncology - p. 1333 90. 62 Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology - p. 1346 91. Tumor Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes - p. 1346 92. Cell Cycle Deregulation - p. 1346.e1 93. DNA Methylation - p. 1347.e1 94. DNA Damage and Repair - p. 1350 95. Genomic Alterations - p. 1352 96. Telomeres and Telomerase - p. 1362 97. Apoptosis - p. 1365 98. Stem Cells and Cancer - p. 1366.e1 99. Checkpoint Inhibition - p. 1366.e1 100. Microbiome and Cancer: the Metagenome - p. 1368 101. Suggested Readings - p. 1369 102. References - p. 1369.e1 103. Part VI Reproductive and Sexual Function - p. 1369.e14 104. 63 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System - p. 1370 105. 64 Male Reproductive Physiology - p. 1390 106. 65 Integrated Men's Health - p. 1411 107. 66 Male Infertility - p. 1428 108. Epidemiology - p. 1428 109. History - p. 1428 110. Physical Examination - p. 1433.e1 111. Laboratory Evaluation of Male Infertility - p. 1436 112. Imaging in the Evaluation of Male Infertility - p. 1442.e1 113. Testis Histopathology - p. 1444.e1 114. Assisted Reproduction - p. 1445.e3 115. Fertility Preservation in Cancer - p. 1452.e2 116. Suggested Readings - p. 1452.e3 117. References - p. 1452.e1 118. 67 Surgical Management of Male Infertility - p. 1453 119. 68 Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1485 120. Physiology of Penile Erection - p. 1485 121. Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1500 122. Perspectives - p. 1512 123. Suggested Readings - p. 1512 124. References - p. 1512.e1 125. 69 Evaluation and Management of Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1513 126. Historical Perspective - p. 1513 127. Public Health Significance - p. 1513 128. Management Principles - p. 1515 129. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 1517 130. Specialized Evaluation and Testing - p. 1519 131. Treatment Considerations - p. 1529 132. Future Directions - p. 1538 133. Acknowledgment - p. 1538 134. References - p. 1538.e1 135. 70 Priapism - p. 1539 136. 71 Disorders of Male Orgasm and Ejaculation - p. 1564 137. Anatomy and Physiology of the Ejaculatory Response - p. 1564 138. Premature Ejaculation - p. 1564 139. Delayed Ejaculation, Anejaculation, and Anorgasmia - p. 1573 140. Retrograde Ejaculation - p. 1578.e1 141. Sperm Retrieval in Men With Anejaculation Pursuing Fertility - p. 1580 142. Ejaculatory Anhedonia - p. 1580 143. Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction - p. 1580 144. Orgasmic Headache - p. 1580 145. Painful Ejaculation - p. 1581 146. Postorgasmic Illness Syndrome - p. 1581 147. Conclusion - p. 1581.e2 148. Suggested Readings - p. 1581.e2 149. References - p. 1581.e1 150. 72 Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1582 151. 73 Diagnosis and Management of Peyronie's Disease - p. 1599 152. General Considerations - p. 1599 153. Natural History - p. 1599 154. Epidemiology - p. 1599 155. Penile Anatomy and Peyronie's Disease - p. 1602 156. Etiology of Peyronie's Disease - p. 1604 157. Symptoms - p. 1606 158. Evaluation of the Patient - p. 1607 159. Treatment Protocols - p. 1609 160. Nonsurgical Treatment of Peyronie's Disease - p. 1610 161. Surgical Management - p. 1616 162. Conclusion - p. 1626 163. Suggested Readings - p. 1626 164. References - p. 1626.e1 165. 74 Sexual Function and Dysfunction in the Female - p. 1627 166. Anatomy and Physiology of Female Sexual Organs - p. 1627 167. Evaluation of Sexual Wellness - p. 1628 168. Special Populations - p. 1637 169. Female Sexual Interest Disorder - p. 1640 170. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - p. 1648 171. Pharmacotherapy for Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - p. 1649 172. Genitopelvic Pain and Penetration Disorder - p. 1651 173. Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction and Female Sexual Dysfunction - p. 1653.e1 174. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Links and Treatments - p. 1655 175. Self-Image/Body Image Connected to Female Sexual Dysfunction and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms - p. 1657 176. Conclusion - p. 1657 177. References - p. 1657.e1 178. Part VII Male Genitalia - p. 1657.e9 179. 75 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum - p. 1658 180. 76 Neoplasms of the Testis - p. 1680 181. Germ Cell Tumors - p. 1680 182. Non–Germ Cell Tumors - p. 1707 183. Tumors of the Testicular Adnexa - p. 1709 184. Suggested Readings - p. 1709 185. References - p. 1710.e1 186. 77 Surgery of Testicular Tumors - p. 1711 187. 78 Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy for Testicular Tumors - p. 1734 188. 79 Tumors of the Penis - p. 1742 189. Premalignant Cutaneous Lesions - p. 1742 190. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - p. 1743 191. Surgical Management of the Primary Tumor - p. 1751 192. Treatment of the Inguinal Nodes - p. 1753 193. Radiation Therapy - p. 1765 194. Chemotherapy - p. 1769 195. Nonsquamous Penile Malignant Neoplasms - p. 1771 196. References - p. 1775.e1 197. 80 Tumors of the Urethra - p. 1776 198. 81 Inguinal Node Dissection - p. 1790 199. 82 Surgery for Benign Disorders of the Penis and Urethra - p. 1804 200. Generalities of Reconstructive Surgical Techniques - p. 1804 201. Principles of Reconstructive Surgery - p. 1804 202. Surgical Anatomy of the Penis and Male Perineum - p. 1807 203. Selected Processes - p. 1808 204. Urethral Stricture Disease - p. 1814 205. Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries - p. 1828 206. Vesicourethral Distraction Defects (Vesicourethral Stenosis) - p. 1835 207. Complex Fistula of the Posterior Urethra - p. 1835 208. Curvatures of the Penis - p. 1836 209. Penile Transplantation - p. 1838 210. Suggested Readings - p. 1842 211. References - p. 1842.e1 212. 83 Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles - p. 1843 213. Part VIII Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology - p. 1864.e3 214. 84 Surgical, Radiologic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Kidney and Ureter - p. 1865 215. 85 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter - p. 1877 216. Cellular Anatomy - p. 1877 217. Development of the Ureter - p. 1877 218. Electric Activity - p. 1878 219. Contractile Activity - p. 1883 220. Role of the Nervous System in Ureteral Function - p. 1887 221. Mechanical Properties - p. 1890 222. Urine Transport - p. 1891 223. Pathologic Processes Affecting Ureteral Function - p. 1894 224. Effect of Pregnancy on Ureteral Function - p. 1900 225. Effect of Drugs on the Ureter - p. 1901 226. Cardiac Glycosides - p. 1903 227. Suggested Readings - p. 1904 228. References - p. 1904.e1 229. 86 Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Including Renovascular Hypertension - p. 1905 230. 87 Renal Insufficiency and Ischemic Nephropathy - p. 1921 231. 88 Urologic Complications of Renal Transplantation - p. 1936 232. Part IX Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma - p. 1941.e2 233. 89 Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction - p. 1942 234. 90 Upper Urinary Tract Trauma - p. 1982 235. Part X Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology - p. 2004.e4 236. 91 Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2005 237. Epidemiology of Renal Calculi - p. 2005 238. Physicochemistry and Pathogenesis - p. 2009 239. Mineral Metabolism - p. 2015 240. Pathophysiology of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi - p. 2017 241. Suggested Readings - p. 2035 242. References - p. 2035.e1 243. 92 Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2036 244. Evaluation of Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2036 245. Epidemiology and Morbidity From Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2036 246. Imaging for Urinary Lithiasis - p. 2036 247. Metabolic Evaluation - p. 2039 248. Stone Analysis - p. 2045 249. Classification of Nephrolithiasis - p. 2046 250. Calcium-Based Calculi - p. 2048 251. Hypercalciuria (>200 mg/day) - p. 2050 252. Hypocitraturia (<550 mg/day Female, <450 mg/day Male) - p. 2053 253. Hyperoxaluria (>40 mg/day) - p. 2056 254. Cystinuria - p. 2060 255. References - p. 2068.e1 256. 93 Strategies for Nonmedical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi - p. 2069 257. Kidney Calculi - p. 2069 258. Ureteral Calculi - p. 2069 259. Rise of Endourology - p. 2069.e2 260. Renal Calculi - p. 2070 261. Ureteral Calculi - p. 2084 262. Suggested Readings - p. 2093 263. References - p. 2093.e1 264. 94 Surgical Management for Upper Urinary Tract Calculi - p. 2094 265. 95 Lower Urinary Tract Calculi - p. 2114 266. Part XI Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract - p. 2120.e2 267. 96 Benign Renal Tumors - p. 2121 268. 97 Malignant Renal Tumors - p. 2133 269. Historical Considerations - p. 2133 270. Classification - p. 2133 271. Radiographic Evaluation of Renal Masses - p. 2134 272. Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 2138 273. Treatment of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 2162 274. Treatment of Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 2174 275. Other Malignant Renal Tumors - p. 2180 276. Suggested Readings - p. 2184 277. References - p. 2184.e1 278. 98 Urothelial Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract and Ureter - p. 2185 279. 99 Surgical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Tumors - p. 2199 280. 100 Retroperitoneal Tumors - p. 2226 281. 101 Open Surgery of the Kidney - p. 2248 282. 102 Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery of the Kidney - p. 2279 283. 103 Nonsurgical Focal Therapy for Renal Tumors - p. 2309 284. 104 Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma - p. 2324 285. Part XII The Adrenals - p. 2344.e5 286. 105 Surgical and Radiographic Anatomy of the Adrenals - p. 2345 287. 106 Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Adrenal Disorders - p. 2354 288. Historical Background - p. 2354 289. Adrenal Anatomy and Embryology - p. 2354 290. Adrenal Physiology - p. 2356 291. Adrenal Disorders - p. 2360 292. Evaluation of Adrenal Lesions in Urologic Practice - p. 2394 293. Conclusions - p. 2403 294. Suggested Readings - p. 2404 295. References - p. 2404.e1 296. 107 Surgery of the Adrenal Glands - p. 2405 297. Part XIII Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying - p. 2426.e2 298. 108 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Female Pelvis - p. 2427 299. 109 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Pelvis - p. 2444 300. 110 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra - p. 2461 301. Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy - p. 2461 302. Bladder Compartments - p. 2461 303. Overview of the Urethra - p. 2465 304. Urothelial Physiology - p. 2467 305. Smooth Muscle Physiology - p. 2470 306. Bladder Mechanics - p. 2478 307. Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract - p. 2480 308. Pharmacology - p. 2497 309. Clinical Relevance - p. 2503 310. Future Research - p. 2512 311. References - p. 2513.e1 312. 111 Pathophysiology and Classification of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction - p. 2514 313. 112 Evaluation and Management of Women With Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse - p. 2525 314. 113 Evaluation and Management of Men With Urinary Incontinence - p. 2539 315. 114 Urodynamic and Video-Urodynamic Evaluation of the Lower Urinary Tract - p. 2550 316. Role of Urodynamics in Clinical Practice - p. 2550 317. Conducting a Urodynamic Study: Patient and Technical Factors - p. 2551 318. Components of the Urodynamic Study - p. 2556 319. Urodynamic Equipment - p. 2557 320. The Urodynamic Study: Analysis and Interpetation - p. 2559 321. Videourodynamics - p. 2569 322. Ambulatory Urodynamics - p. 2571 323. Clinical Applications of Urodynamic Studies: Evidence-Based Review and Guidelines Pertaining to Urodynamics - p. 2574 324. Future Directions - p. 2578 325. References - p. 2579.e1 326. 115 Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse - p. 2580 327. 116 Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract - p. 2600 328. Objectives - p. 2600 329. Patterns of Neuropathic Voiding Dysfunction - p. 2600 330. Diseases at or Above the Brainstem - p. 2602 331. Diseases Primarily Involving the Spinal Cord - p. 2607 332. Disease Distal to the Spinal Cord - p. 2619 333. Miscellaneous Neurologic Diseases Causing Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction - p. 2624 334. Miscellaneous Conditions Definitely, Probably, or Possibly Related to Neuromuscular Dysfunction - p. 2627 335. Treatment of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Overview - p. 2634 336. Suggested Readings - p. 2635 337. References - p. 2636.e1 338. 117 Overactive Bladder - p. 2637 339. 118 The Underactive Detrusor - p. 2650 340. 119 Nocturia - p. 2664 341. 120 Pharmacologic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Storage and Emptying Failure - p. 2679 342. Introduction - p. 2679 343. Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Filling and Urine Storage - p. 2679 344. Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Emptying - p. 2716 345. Suggested Readings - p. 2720.e1 346. References - p. 2721.e1 347. 121 Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence - p. 2722 348. 122 Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation in Storage and Emptying Failure - p. 2739 349. 123 Retropubic Suspension Surgery for Incontinence in Women - p. 2756 350. 124 Vaginal and Abdominal Reconstructive Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse - p. 2776 351. Preparing the Patient for Prolapse Surgery - p. 2776 352. Use of Mesh in Vaginal Surgery: Current Controversy - p. 2776 353. Surgical Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse - p. 2778 354. References - p. 2829.e1 355. 125 Slings - p. 2830 356. The Evolution of Slings - p. 2830 357. Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence and Sling Mechanism of Action - p. 2831 358. The Age of the Mid-Urethral Sling - p. 2831 359. Preoperative Assessment - p. 2832 360. Alternative Treatment Options - p. 2833 361. Pubovaginal Sling (PVS) - p. 2833 362. Pubovaginal Sling Operative Procedure - p. 2836 363. Outcomes of Pubovaginal Slings for Predominantly Stress Urinary Incontinence - p. 2839 364. Outcomes of Autologous Pubovaginal Slings for Mixed Urinary Incontinence - p. 2844 365. Outcomes of Autologous Pubovaginal Slings for Urethral Reconstruction - p. 2845 366. Voiding Dysfunction Secondary to Bladder Outlet Obstruction After Pubovaginal Sling Surgery - p. 2845 367. Complications of Pubovaginal Slings - p. 2848 368. Mid-Urethral Slings - p. 2849 369. Mid-Urethral Sling Operative Procedures - p. 2851 370. Complications of Retropubic, Transobturator, and Single-Incision Mid-Urethral Slings - p. 2863 371. Mid-Urethral Sling Trocar Injury to the Urinary Tract - p. 2866 372. Sexual Dysfunction After Mid-Urethral Sling Surgery - p. 2873 373. Other Complications After Mid-Urethral Sling Surgery - p. 2873 374. Suggested Readings - p. 2876 375. References - p. 2876.e1 376. 126 Complications Related to the Use of Mesh and Their Repair - p. 2877 377. 127 Additional Therapies for Storage and Emptying Failure - p. 2889 378. 128 Aging and Geriatric Urology - p. 2905 379. Biology and Principles of Aging - p. 2905 380. Demographics of Aging - p. 2906 381. Clinical Evaluation of the Geriatric Urology Patient - p. 2908 382. End-of-Life Care and Urology - p. 2922 383. Summary - p. 2922 384. Suggested Readings - p. 2923 385. References - p. 2923.e1 386. 129 Urinary Tract Fistulae - p. 2924 387. General Considerations - p. 2924 388. Vesicovaginal Fistulae - p. 2924 389. Iatrogenic Fistulae - p. 2926 390. Ureteric Fistulae - p. 2942 391. Vesicouterine Fistulae - p. 2946 392. Urethrovaginal Fistulae - p. 2947 393. Uroenteric Fistulae - p. 2952 394. Pyeloenteric Fistulae - p. 2953 395. Rectourethral Fistulae - p. 2955 396. Urovascular Fistulae - p. 2958 397. Renovascular and Pyelovascular Fistulae - p. 2958 398. Ureterovascular Fistulae - p. 2958 399. Oncologic and Radiation Fistulae - p. 2959 400. Cancer Surgery - p. 2959 401. Radiation Fistulae - p. 2960 402. Other Urinary Fistulae - p. 2962 403. Acknowledgments - p. 2962 404. Suggested Readings - p. 2963 405. References - p. 2963.e1 406. 130 Bladder and Female Urethral Diverticula - p. 2964 407. Bladder Diverticula - p. 2964 408. Female Urethral Diverticula - p. 2972 409. Urethral Diverticula - p. 2975 410. Suggested Readings - p. 2992 411. References - p. 2992.e1 412. 131 Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male - p. 2993 413. Part XIV Benign and Malignant Bladder Disorders - p. 3009.e4 414. 132 Bladder Surgery for Benign Disease - p. 3010 415. 133 Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma - p. 3048 416. 134 Special Urologic Considerations in Transgender Individuals - p. 3062 417. 135 Tumors of the Bladder - p. 3073 418. 136 Management Strategies for Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS) - p. 3091 419. Pathology: Grading and Staging - p. 3091 420. Endoscopic Surgical Management - p. 3094 421. Intravesical Therapy - p. 3098 422. Refractory High-Grade Disease - p. 3105 423. Surveillance and Prevention - p. 3107 424. Suggested Readings - p. 3111 425. References - p. 3111.e1 426. 137 Management of Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer - p. 3112 427. Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Evaluation - p. 3112 428. Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer - p. 3114 429. Neoadjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer - p. 3119 430. Adjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer - p. 3120 431. Prognostic Nomograms for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer - p. 3125 432. Management of Metastatic Bladder Cancer - p. 3127 433. Suggested Readings - p. 3131 434. References - p. 3132.e1 435. 138 Surgical Management of Bladder Cancer - p. 3133 436. 139 Use of Intestinal Segments in Urinary Diversion - p. 3160 437. Surgical Anatomy - p. 3160 438. Selecting the Segment of Intestine - p. 3161 439. Preparing the Bowel for Surgery and Postoperative Recovery - p. 3162 440. Intestinal Anastomoses - p. 3174 441. Ureterointestinal Anastomoses - p. 3184 442. Renal Deterioration - p. 3192 443. Urinary Diversion - p. 3193 444. Metabolic and Neurochemical Problems of Urinary Intestinal Diversion - p. 3198 445. Summary - p. 3205 446. References - p. 3205.e1 447. 140 Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion - p. 3206 448. 141 Orthotopic Urinary Diversion - p. 3233 449. 142 Minimally Invasive Urinary Diversion - p. 3258 450. Part XV The Prostate - p. 3273.e2 451. 143 Development, Molecular Biology, and Physiology of the Prostate - p. 3274 452. Developmental and Cell Biology - p. 3274 453. Endocrine Control of Prostate Growth - p. 3280 454. Prostatic Secretions and Proteins - p. 3295 455. Suggested Readings - p. 3304 456. References - p. 3304.e1 457. 144 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3305 458. Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3305 459. Pathophysiology - p. 3313 460. Epidemiology and Natural History - p. 3316 461. Complications of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3335 462. Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3339 463. Suggested Readings - p. 3341 464. References - p. 3342.e1 465. 145 Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3343 466. Diagnostic Evaluation - p. 3343 467. Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Caused by Benign Prostatic Enlargement - p. 3351 468. Androgen Manipulation - p. 3371 469. Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists - p. 3379 470. β3-Agonist (Mirabegron) - p. 3381 471. Phytotherapy - p. 3393 472. Prognosis of Patients Receiving Medical Treatment for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms - p. 3399 473. Acute Urinary Retention - p. 3400 474. Future Directions in Medical Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3401 475. References - p. 3402.e1 476. 146 Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - p. 3403 477. Introduction - p. 3403 478. Epidemiology and Marketshare - p. 3403 479. Workup - p. 3404 480. Defining Outcomes - p. 3405 481. Presurgical Factors - p. 3407 482. Specific Technologies - p. 3409 483. Failed, Failing, and Future Directions - p. 3443 484. Conclusion - p. 3447 485. Suggested Readings - p. 3448 486. References - p. 3448.e1 487. 147 Simple Prostatectomy - p. 3449 488. 148 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer - p. 3457 489. 149 Prostate Cancer Biomarkers - p. 3478 490. 150 Prostate Biopsy - p. 3490 491. 151 Pathology of Prostatic Neoplasia - p. 3506 492. 152 Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer - p. 3514 493. 153 Active Management Strategies for Localized Prostate Cancer - p. 3522 494. 154 Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer - p. 3537 495. 155 Open Radical Prostatectomy - p. 3548 496. 156 Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy - p. 3566 497. 157 Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer - p. 3587 498. Historical Perspective and Technological Advances - p. 3587 499. External Beam Radiation Treatment (Also See Outcomes for External Beam Radiation) - p. 3593 500. Brachytherapy - p. 3596 501. Androgen Suppression Combined With Radiation - p. 3600 502. Role of Prophylactic Pelvic Nodal Treatment - p. 3602 503. Treatment Morbidity and Quality-of-Life Outcomes - p. 3603 504. Evaluating the Response to Radiation Therapy - p. 3606 505. Treatment Efficacy - p. 3609 506. Suggested Readings - p. 3615 507. References - p. 3615.e1 508. 158 Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer - p. 3616 509. 159 Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer - p. 3640 510. 160 Management Strategies for Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer - p. 3659 511. 161 Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer - p. 3671 512. 162 Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer - p. 3687 513. Index - p. I-1
