Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics

1. Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.  Surgical techniques - p. 2 3. Bone grafting techniques - p. 2 4. Harvesting fibular grafts - p. 2 5. Harvest of iliac bone graft - p. 5 6. Surgical approaches - p. 7 7. Approach to the interphalangeal joints - p. 7 8. Medial approach to the great toe metatarsophalangeal joint - p. 7 9. Dorsomedial approach to great toe metatarsophalangeal joint - p. 8 10. Dorsal approach to the lesser toe metatarsophalangeal joints - p. 8 11. Medial approach to the calcaneus - p. 9 12. Lateral approach to the calcaneal tuberosity - p. 10 13. Extensile lateral approach to the calcaneus - p. 11 14. Sinus tarsi approach - p. 12 15. U-shaped approach to the calcaneus - p. 12 16. Kocher approach (curved L) to the calcaneus - p. 12 17. Dual approach to the talar neck - p. 13 18. Extensile approach to the ankle joint - p. 14 19. Anterolateral approach to the ankle and chopart joint - p. 14 20. Anterior approach to the ankle joint - p. 15 21. Lateral approach to the distal fibula - p. 16 22. Posterolateral approach to the posterior malleolus and fibula - p. 16 23. J-type single-incision posterolateral approach to the lateral and posterior malleoli - p. 16 24. Kocher lateral approach to the tarsus and ankle - p. 17 25. Ollier approach to the tarsus - p. 17 26. Transfibular posterolateral approach to the ankle - p. 17 27. Anterolateral approach to the lateral dome of the talus - p. 18 28. Posterior approach to the ankle - p. 19 29. Medial approach to the medial malleolus - p. 20 30. Medial approach to the tarsus - p. 20 31. Transverse incision medial approach to the ankle - p. 20 32. Medial approach to the posterior tibia - p. 21 33. Anterolateral approach to the tibia - p. 22 34. Medial approach to the tibia - p. 22 35. Posterolateral approach to the tibial shaft - p. 22 36. Anterolateral approach to the lateral tibial plateau - p. 24 37. Medial approach to the medial tibial plateau - p. 24 38. Posteromedial approach to the medial tibial plateau - p. 25 39. Posteromedial approach (prone) to the tibial plateau - p. 25 40. Lobenhoffer posteromedial approach to the tibial plateau - p. 26 41. Posterolateral approach to the tibial plateau - p. 27 42. Posterolateral approach to the tibial plateau without fibular osteotomy - p. 28 43. Tscherne–Johnson extensile approach to the lateral tibial plateau - p. 28 44. Anterolateral approach for access to posterolateral corner - p. 29 45. Posterolateral approach to the fibula - p. 29 46. Anteromedial parapatellar approach - p. 30 47. Subvastus (Southern) anteromedial approach to the knee - p. 32 48. Anterolateral approach to the knee - p. 33 49. Posterolateral approach to the knee - p. 34 50. Posteromedial approach to the knee - p. 35 51. Medial approach to the knee - p. 36 52. Medial approach to the knee - p. 36 53. Transverse approach to the meniscus - p. 39 54. Lateral approach to the knee - p. 39 55. Lateral approach to the knee - p. 40 56. Lateral approach to the knee - p. 41 57. Extensile approach to the knee - p. 42 58. Direct posterior approach to the knee - p. 44 59. Direct posterolateral approach to the knee - p. 45 60. Anterolateral approach to the femur - p. 47 61. Lateral approach to the femoral shaft - p. 48 62. Posterolateral approach to the femoral shaft - p. 49 63. Posterior approach to the femur - p. 49 64. Medial approach to the posterior surface of the femur in the popliteal space - p. 50 65. Lateral approach to the posterior surface of the femur in the popliteal space - p. 51 66. Lateral approach to the proximal shaft and the trochanteric region - p. 51 67. Anterior iliofemoral approach to the hip - p. 53 68. Anterior approach to the hip using a transverse incision - p. 55 69. Modified anterolateral iliofemoral approach to the hip - p. 56 70. Watson-jones lateral approach to the hip - p. 57 71. Lateral approach for extensive exposure of the hip - p. 58 72. Lateral approach to the hip preserving the gluteus medius - p. 59 73. Lateral transgluteal approach to the hip - p. 61 74. Lateral transgluteal approach to the hip - p. 62 75. Posterolateral approach - p. 63 76. Posterior approach to the hip - p. 67 77. Posterior approach to the hip - p. 67 78. Medial approach to the hip - p. 68 79. Anterior intrapelvic (modified stoppa) approach - p. 69 80. Ilioinguinal approach to the acetabulum - p. 72 81. Iliofemoral approach to the acetabulum - p. 76 82. Pararectus approach to the acetabulum - p. 77 83. Kocher–Langenbeck approach - p. 79 84. Gibson approach (modified kocher-langenbeck) - p. 80 85. Extended iliofemoral approach - p. 81 86. Extensile iliofemoral approach - p. 82 87. Triradiate extensile approach to the acetabulum - p. 85 88. Extensile approach to the acetabulum - p. 86 89. Approach to the ilium - p. 89 90. Approach to the symphysis pubis - p. 89 91. Posterior approach to the sacroiliac joint - p. 90 92. Anterior approach to the sacroiliac joint - p. 90 93. Approach to both sacroiliac joints and sacrum - p. 91 94. Approach to the sternoclavicular joint - p. 92 95. Approach to the acromioclavicular joint and coracoid process - p. 93 96. Anteromedial approach to the shoulder - p. 93 97. Anteromedial/posteromedial approach to the shoulder - p. 94 98. Anterior axillary approach to the shoulder - p. 95 99. Anterolateral limited deltoid-splitting approach to the shoulder - p. 96 100. Extensile anterolateral approach to the shoulder (direct lateral approach) - p. 97 101. Transacromial approach to the shoulder - p. 97 102. Posterior deltoid-splitting approach to the shoulder - p. 99 103. Posterior approach to the shoulder - p. 99 104. Simplified posterior approach to the shoulder - p. 101 105. Posterior inverted-U approach to the shoulder - p. 102 106. Anterolateral approach to the shaft of the humerus - p. 103 107. Subbrachial approach to the humerus - p. 106 108. Posterior approach to the proximal humerus - p. 106 109. Posterolateral approach to the distal humeral shaft - p. 107 110. Posterolateral extensile (cold) approach to the distal humerus - p. 108 111. Posterolateral approach to the elbow - p. 110 112. Extensile posterolateral approach to the elbow - p. 111 113. Posterior approach to the elbow by olecranon osteotomy - p. 112 114. Extensile posterior approach to the elbow - p. 113 115. Kaplan lateral approach to the elbow - p. 114 116. Kocher lateral approach to the elbow - p. 115 117. Medial approach with osteotomy of the medial epicondyle - p. 116 118. Medial and lateral approach to the elbow - p. 117 119. Global approach to the elbow - p. 117 120. Radius - p. 119 121. Posterolateral approach to the radial head and neck - p. 119 122. Approach to the proximal and middle thirds of the posterior surface of the radius - p. 120 123. Volar approach to the proximal shaft and elbow joint - p. 121 124. Volar approach to the distal half of the radius - p. 122 125. Anterior approach to the coronoid process of the proximal ulna - p. 123 126. Approach to the proximal third of the ulna and the proximal fourth of the radius - p. 124 127. Dorsal approach to the wrist - p. 126 128. Dorsal approach to the wrist - p. 127 129. Volar approach to the wrist - p. 127 130. Lateral approach to the wrist - p. 127 131. Medial approach to the wrist - p. 127 132. References - p. 129 133. Supplemental references - p. 131 134. 2.  Perioperative patient optimization and overview of tendon-to-bone fixation and bone grafting - p. 132 135. 3.  Advanced imaging in orthopaedics - p. 153 136. PART II. Reconstructive Procedures of the Hip in Adults - p. 189 137. Introduction - p. 189 138. 4.  Arthroplasty of the hip - p. 190 139. Applied biomechanics - p. 191 140. Design and selection of total hip components - p. 195 141. Indications and contraindications for total hip arthroplasty - p. 212 142. Preoperative patient evaluation and optimization - p. 213 143. Preoperative radiographs - p. 216 144. Preoperative templating for total hip arthroplasty - p. 217 145. The hip-spine relationship - p. 218 146. Preparation and draping - p. 220 147. Surgical approaches and techniques - p. 220 148. Posterolateral approach with posterior dislocation of the hip - p. 221 149. Implantation of cementless acetabular component - p. 224 150. Implantation of cemented acetabular component - p. 226 151. Implantation of cementless femoral component - p. 228 152. Implantation of cemented femoral component - p. 231 153. Direct anterior approach with anterior dislocation of the hip - p. 235 154. Surgical problems relative to specific hip disorders - p. 245 155. Complications - p. 264 156. Mortality - p. 264 157. Hematoma formation - p. 264 158. Heterotopic ossification - p. 265 159. Thromboembolism - p. 266 160. Neurologic injuries - p. 266 161. Vascular injuries - p. 267 162. Limb-length discrepancy - p. 268 163. Dislocation - p. 270 164. Fractures - p. 274 165. Trochanteric nonunion - p. 280 166. Infection - p. 281 167. Debridement and irrigation of the hip with component retention (DAIR) - p. 284 168. Debridement and irrigation with component removal - p. 285 169. Revision after adverse local tissue reaction - p. 296 170. Revision of total hip arthroplasty - p. 297 171. Transtrochanteric approach for revision total hip arthroplasty - p. 299 172. Removal of cemented femoral component - p. 299 173. Removal of cementless femoral component - p. 300 174. Removal of implants with extensive distal bone ingrowth - p. 301 175. Extended trochanteric osteotomy - p. 302 176. Removal of a broken femoral component - p. 304 177. Removal of a broken stem: Proximal window - p. 304 178. Removal of a broken stem: Distal window - p. 305 179. Removal of femoral cement - p. 305 180. Removal of a loose all-polyethylene cup - p. 308 181. Removal of a metal-backed, cemented acetabular component - p. 309 182. Cementless acetabular component - p. 309 183. Management of acetabular cavitary deficits - p. 312 184. Management of segmental acetabular deficit with femoral head allograft - p. 314 185. Management of segmental acetabular deficit with metal augment - p. 315 186. Acetabular distraction for management of pelvic discontinuity - p. 317 187. Cup-cage technique for management of pelvic discontinuity - p. 318 188. Management of pelvic discontinuity with allografting and custom component - p. 318 189. Management of femoral deficit with modular femoral component - p. 323 190. Revision with extensively porous-coated femoral stem - p. 324 191. Management of proximal femoral bone loss with modular tapered fluted stem - p. 324 192. Management of proximal femoral deficiencies with impaction bone grafting and cemented revision stem - p. 326 193. Management of massive deficits with proximal femoral allograft-prosthesis composite - p. 326 194. Management of massive deficits with modular megaprosthesis - p. 328 195. Postoperative management of total hip arthroplasty - p. 328 196. References - p. 330 197. Supplemental references - p. 336 198. 5.  Surface replacement hip arthroplasty - p. 337 199. 6.  Arthrodesis of the hip - p. 349 200. 7.  Hip pain in the young adult and hip preservation surgery - p. 356 201. PART III. Reconstructive Procedures of the Knee in Adults - p. 401 202. Introduction - p. 401 203. 8.  Arthroplasty of the knee - p. 402 204. 9.  Arthrodesis of the knee - p. 472 205. 10.  Knee preservation surgery - p. 481 206. PART IV. Reconstructive Procedures of the Ankle in Adults - p. 513 207. Introduction - p. 513 208. 11.  Total ankle arthroplasty - p. 514 209. 12.  Ankle arthrodesis - p. 557 210. PART V. Reconstructive Procedures of the Shoulder and Elbow in Adults - p. 589 211. Introduction - p. 589 212. 13.  Shoulder arthroplasty - p. 590 213. 14.  Open reconstructive procedures of the shoulder - p. 624 214. 15.  Reconstructive procedures of the elbow - p. 643 215. PART VI. Amputations - p. 667 216. Introduction - p. 667 217. 16.  General principles of amputations - p. 668 218. 17.  Amputations of the foot - p. 686 219. 18.  Amputations of the lower extremity - p. 706 220. 19.  Amputations of the hip and pelvis - p. 718 221. 20.  Major amputations of the upper extremity - p. 729 222. 21.  Amputations of the hand - p. 747 223. Foucher technique - p. 776 224. References - p. 778 225. Supplemental references - p. 780 226. PART VII. Infections - p. 781 227. Introduction - p. 781 228. 22.  General principles of infection - p. 782 229. 23.  Osteomyelitis - p. 806 230. 24.  Infectious arthritis - p. 821 231. 25.  Tuberculosis and other unusual infections - p. 840 232. PART VIII. Tumors - p. 867 233. Introduction - p. 867 234. 26.  General principles of tumors - p. 868 235. 27.  Benign bone tumors and nonneoplastic conditions simulating bone tumors - p. 926 236. 28.  Aggressive benign tumors of bone - p. 952 237. 29.  Malignant tumors of bone - p. 970 238. 30.  Soft-tissue tumors - p. 1004 239. Volume II - p. 1032.e5 240. PART IX. Congenital and Developmental Disorders - p. 1033 241. Introduction - p. 1033 242. 31.  Congenital anomalies of the lower extremity - p. 1034 243. 32.  Congenital and developmental abnormalities of the hip and pelvis - p. 1130 244. 33.  Congenital anomalies of the trunk and upper extremity - p. 1174 245. 34.  Osteochondrosis or epiphysitis and other miscellaneous affections - p. 1186 246. PART X. Nervous System Disorders in Children - p. 1229 247. Introduction - p. 1229 248. 35.  Cerebral palsy - p. 1230 249. 36.  Paralytic disorders - p. 1276 250. Poliomyelitis - p. 1276 251. Posterior transfer of tibialis anterior tendon - p. 1278.e2 252. Subtalar arthrodesis - p. 1278.e4 253. Subtalar arthrodesis - p. 1278.e5 254. Triple arthrodesis - p. 1278.e8 255. Correction of cavus deformity - p. 1278.e8 256. Lambrinudi arthrodesis - p. 1278.e9 257. Anterior transfer of posterior tibial tendon - p. 1278.e10 258. Anterior transfer of posterior tibial tendon - p. 1278.e11 259. Split transfer of anterior tibial tendon - p. 1278.e12 260. Peroneal tendon transfer - p. 1278.e13 261. Peroneus longus, flexor digitorum longus, or flexor or extensor hallucis longus tendon transfer - p. 1278.e13 262. Tenodesis of the achilles tendon - p. 1278.e14 263. Posterior transfer of peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and posterior tibial tendons - p. 1278.e15 264. Posterior transfer of posterior tibial, peroneus longus, and flexor hallucis longus tendons - p. 1278.e16 265. Transfer of biceps femoris and semitendinosus tendons - p. 1278.e18 266. Osteotomy of the tibia for genu recurvatum - p. 1278.e19 267. Triple tenodesis for genu recurvatum - p. 1278.e20 268. Complete release of hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation contracture - p. 1278.e22 269. Complete release of muscles from iliac wing and transfer of crest of ilium - p. 1278.e23 270. Posterior transfer of the iliopsoas for paralysis of the gluteus medius and maximus muscles - p. 1278.e25 271. Trapezius transfer for paralysis of deltoid - p. 1278.e29 272. Trapezius transfer for paralysis of deltoid - p. 1278.e31 273. Transfer of deltoid origin for partial paralysis - p. 1278.e31 274. Transfer of latissimus dorsi or teres major or both for paralysis of subscapularis or infraspinatus - p. 1278.e32 275. Flexorplasty - p. 1278.e33 276. Anterior transfer of the triceps - p. 1278.e33 277. Transfer of the pectoralis major tendon - p. 1278.e34 278. Transfer of the latissimus dorsi muscle - p. 1278.e35 279. Rerouting of biceps tendon for supination deformities of forearm - p. 1278.e37 280. Spina bifida - p. 1278.e38 281. V-O procedure - p. 1287 282. Anterolateral release of calcaneal deformity - p. 1289 283. Posterior transfer of the anterior tibial tendon to the calcaneus - p. 1290 284. Screw hemiepiphysiodesis - p. 1293 285. Supramalleolar varus-producing osteotomy - p. 1293 286. Hamstring lengthening and posterior capsular release - p. 1294 287. Anterior hip release - p. 1297 288. Fascial release - p. 1297 289. Transfer of adductors, external oblique, and tensor fasciae latae - p. 1298 290. Pelvic osteotomy - p. 1298.e2 291. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (multiple congenital contractures) - p. 1299 292. Correction of knee flexion contracture with circular-frame external fixation - p. 1301 293. Correction of knee flexion contracture with guided-growth plate - p. 1303 294. Reorientational proximal femoral osteotomy for hip contractures in arthrogryposis - p. 1305 295. Posterior elbow capsulotomy with triceps lengthening for elbow extension contracture - p. 1307 296. Posterior release of elbow extension contracture and triceps tendon transfer - p. 1307 297. Dorsal closing wedge osteotomy of the wrist - p. 1309.e1 298. Brachial plexus palsy - p. 1310 299. Anterior shoulder release - p. 1314 300. Release of the internal rotation contracture and transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major - p. 1315 301. Arthroscopic release and transfer of the latissimus dorsi - p. 1318.e1 302. Rotational osteotomy of the humerus - p. 1318.e1 303. Glenoid anteversion osteotomy and tendon transfer - p. 1318.e1 304. References - p. 1320 305. Supplemental references - p. 1322 306. 37.  Neuromuscular disorders - p. 1323 307. PART XI. Pediatric Trauma and Spinal Disorders in Children - p. 1355 308. Introduction - p. 1355 309. 38.  Fractures and dislocations in children - p. 1356 310. General principles - p. 1357 311. Shoulder - p. 1362 312. Closed reduction and percutanous pinning (or screw fixation) of proximal humerus - p. 1364 313. Closed reduction and intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft or proximal humeral fracture - p. 1365 314. Elbow - p. 1366 315. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of supracondylar fractures (two lateral pins) - p. 1370 316. Anterior approach - p. 1371 317. Lateral closing wedge osteotomy for cubitus varus - p. 1372 318. Open reduction and internal fixation of lateral condylar fracture - p. 1374 319. Osteotomy for established cubitus valgus secondary to nonunion or growth arrest - p. 1378 320. Open reduction and internal fixation of medial condylar fracture - p. 1379 321. Open reduction and internal fixation for displaced or entrapped medial epicondyle - p. 1382 322. Closed reduction radial neck fractures - p. 1387 323. Percutaneous-assisted reduction and pinning - p. 1387 324. Closed intramedullary nailing - p. 1389 325. Overcorrection osteotomy and ligamentous repair or reconstruction - p. 1395 326. Forearm - p. 1398 327. Intramedullary forearm nailing - p. 1399 328. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of fractures of the distal radius - p. 1401 329. Wrist and hand - p. 1402 330. Open reduction and internal fixation of physeal fractures of phalanges and metacarpals - p. 1403 331. Pediatric spine - p. 1405 332. Pelvis and hip - p. 1411 333. Closed reduction and internal fixation - p. 1421 334. Open reduction and internal fixation - p. 1421 335. Valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy for acquired coxa vara or nonunion - p. 1422 336. Modified pauwels intertrochanteric osteotomy for acquired coxa vara or nonunion - p. 1424 337. Determining the entry point for cannulated screw fixation of a slipped epiphysis - p. 1429 338. Subcapital realignment of the epiphysis (modified dunn) for scfe - p. 1432 339. Compensatory basilar osteotomy of the femoral neck - p. 1435 340. Extracapsular base-of-neck osteotomy - p. 1435.e1 341. Intertrochanteric osteotomy (Imhuser) - p. 1435.e3 342. Femoral shaft (femoral diaphysis) - p. 1439 343. Spica cast application - p. 1441.e1 344. Flexible intramedullary nail fixation - p. 1444 345. Knee - p. 1447 346. Open reduction - p. 1449 347. Reconstruction of the patellofemoral and patellotibial ligaments with a semitendinosus - p. 1452 348. 3-in-1 procedure for recurrent dislocation of the patella: Lateral release, vastus medialis obliquus muscle advancement, and transfer of the medial third of the patellar tendon to the medial collateral ligament - p. 1453 349. Open reduction and internal fixation of sleeve fracture - p. 1454 350. Open reduction and internal/arthroscopic fixation of tibial eminence fracture - p. 1456 351. Open reduction and internal fixation - p. 1460 352. Tibial and fibular shaft - p. 1463 353. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing of tibial fracture - p. 1467 354. Ankle and foot - p. 1467 355. Open reduction and internal fixation - p. 1470 356. Open reduction and internal fixation of tillaux fracture - p. 1473 357. Open reduction and internal fixation of cuboid compression (nutcracker) fracture - p. 1481 358. Traumatic physeal arrest from bridge of bone - p. 1483 359. Bony bridge resection for physeal arrest - p. 1483 360. Bony bridge resection and angulation osteotomy for physeal arrest - p. 1485 361. Peripheral and linear physeal bar resection for physeal arrest - p. 1485 362. Central physeal bar resection for physeal arrest - p. 1485 363. References - p. 1487 364. Supplemental references - p. 1491 365. 39.  Pediatric cervical spine - p. 1492 366. 40.  Scoliosis - p. 1523 367. Infantile idiopathic scoliosis - p. 1525 368. Casting for idiopathic scoliosis - p. 1526 369. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis - p. 1528 370. Dual growing rod instrumentation - p. 1531 371. Spinal guided growth system (Shilla) - p. 1533 372. Growing rod attachment using rib anchors - p. 1534 373. Anterior vertebral tethering - p. 1536 374. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis - p. 1537 375. Posterior exposure for spinal fusion - p. 1549 376. Facet fusion - p. 1551 377. Facet fusion - p. 1551 378. Lumbar pedicle screw insertion - p. 1556 379. Thoracic pedicle screw insertion - p. 1556 380. Pedicle hook implantation - p. 1561 381. Transverse process hook implantation - p. 1562 382. Laminar hook implantation - p. 1562 383. Sublaminar wires - p. 1563 384. Instrumentation sequence in typical lenke 1A curve - p. 1566 385. Deformity correction by direct vertebral rotation - p. 1566.e1 386. Halo-gravity traction - p. 1569 387. Temporary distraction rod - p. 1570 388. Osteotomy of the ribs - p. 1571 389. Anterior release - p. 1571 390. Ponte osteotomy - p. 1574 391. Posterior thoracic vertebral column resection - p. 1574 392. Thoracoabdominal approach - p. 1582.e1 393. Lumbar extraperitoneal approach - p. 1584 394. Disc excision - p. 1584 395. Anterior instrumentation - p. 1585 396. Video-assisted thoracoscopic discectomy - p. 1589 397. Thoracoscopic vertebral body instrumentation for vertebral body tether - p. 1591 398. Neuromuscular scoliosis - p. 1591.e3 399. Luque rod instrumentation and sublaminar wires without pelvic fixation - p. 1595 400. Iliac and lumbosacral fixation with sacral–alar–iliac screws - p. 1595.e2 401. Sacropelvic fixation - p. 1598.e1 402. Galveston sacropelvic fixation - p. 1598.e1 403. Unit rod instrumentation with pelvic fixation - p. 1598.e3 404. Iliac fixation with iliac screws - p. 1598.e5 405. Congenital scoliosis - p. 1604.e2 406. Transpedicular convex anterior hemiepiphysiodesis and posterior arthrodesis - p. 1610 407. Convex anterior and posterior hemiepiphysiodeses and fusion - p. 1611 408. Growing rods and rib-based instrumentation in early-onset scoliosis - p. 1611.e2 409. Hemivertebra excision - p. 1612 410. Hemivertebra excision: Anteroposterior approach - p. 1612 411. Hemivertebra excision: Lateral–posterior approach - p. 1614 412. Hemivertebra excision: Posterior approach - p. 1615 413. Transpedicular eggshell osteotomies with navigation - p. 1616 414. Expansion thoracoplasty - p. 1619 415. Unusual causes of scoliosis - p. 1619.e5 416. References - p. 1626.e1 417. Supplemental references - p. 1628 418. 41.  Kyphosis - p. 1629 419. 42.  Spondylolisthesis (adolescent) - p. 1665 420. PART XII. The Adult Spine - p. 1687 421. Introduction - p. 1687 422. 43.  Anatomy of the spine - p. 1688 423. 44.  Approaches to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine - p. 1697 424. 45.  Degenerative disorders of the cervical spine - p. 1739 425. 46.  Degenerative disorders of the thoracic and lumbar spine - p. 1772 426. Overview of lumbar and thoracic disc degeneration and herniation - p. 1772 427. Disc and spine anatomy - p. 1773 428. Natural history of disc disease - p. 1774 429. Diagnostic studies - p. 1776 430. Myelography - p. 1776.e1 431. Interlaminar thoracic epidural injection - p. 1779 432. Interlaminar lumbar epidural injection - p. 1779.e1 433. Transforaminal lumbar and sacral epidural injection - p. 1779.e2 434. Caudal sacral epidural injection - p. 1779.e3 435. Lumbar intraarticular injection - p. 1780 436. Lumbar medial branch block injection - p. 1780.e1 437. Sacroiliac joint injection - p. 1780.e1 438. Lumbar discography - p. 1781 439. Thoracic discography - p. 1781.e2 440. Thoracic disc disease - p. 1781.e3 441. Thoracic costotransversectomy - p. 1782 442. Thoracic discectomy—anterior approach - p. 1783 443. Thoracoscopic thoracic discectomy - p. 1783.e1 444. Minimally invasive thoracic discectomy - p. 1783.e2 445. Transforaminal endoscopic thoracic discectomy - p. 1784 446. Lumbar disc disease - p. 1784 447. Microscopic lumbar discectomy - p. 1789 448. Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy - p. 1792 449. Interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy - p. 1794 450. Repeat lumbar disc excision - p. 1797 451. Thoracic and lumbar spine arthrodesis - p. 1798 452. Transthoracic approach to the thoracic spine - p. 1798 453. Anterior interbody fusion of the lumbar spine - p. 1799 454. Percutaneous anterior lumbar arthrodesis—lateral approach to L1 to L4–5 - p. 1800 455. Posterolateral lumbar fusion - p. 1801 456. Intertransverse lumbar fusion - p. 1801 457. Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion - p. 1802 458. Pseudarthrosis repair - p. 1807 459. Degenerative disc disease and internal disc derangement - p. 1807 460. Thoracic/lumbar disc arthroplasty (total disc replacement) - p. 1811 461. Stenosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine - p. 1812 462. Midline decompression (neural arch resection) - p. 1821 463. Microdecompression - p. 1822 464. Spondylolisthesis - p. 1823 465. Repair of pars interarticularis defect with V-rod technique - p. 1831 466. In situ posterolateral instrumented fusion: Wiltse and spencer approach - p. 1835 467. Posterior instrumented fusion with interbody fusion (PLIF and TLIF) - p. 1835.e1 468. L5–S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion - p. 1837 469. Lumbar decompression - p. 1842 470. Lumbar decompression and posterolateral fusion with or without instrumentation - p. 1844 471. Lumbar decompression and combined posterolateral and interbody fusion (TLIF or PLIF) - p. 1844 472. Ankylosing spondylitis - p. 1847 473. Coccygeal pain - p. 1848 474. Coccygeal injection - p. 1848 475. References - p. 1848.e1 476. Supplemental references - p. 1850 477. 47.  Adult spinal deformity - p. 1851 478. 48.  Fractures, dislocations, and fracture-dislocations of the spine - p. 1866 479. 49.  Infections and tumors of the spine - p. 1938 480. Volume III - p. 1980.e11 481. PART XIII. Sports Medicine - p. 1981 482. Introduction - p. 1981 483. 50.  Knee injuries - p. 1982 484. Knee joint mechanics and kinematics - p. 1982 485. Knee anatomy - p. 1983 486. Menisci - p. 1994 487. Open meniscal repair - p. 2006 488. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and decompression of meniscal cyst - p. 2009 489. Excision of meniscal cyst - p. 2009 490. Acute traumatic lesions of ligaments - p. 2011 491. Repair of medial compartment disruptions - p. 2028 492. Reconstruction of medial compartment - p. 2036 493. Repair of posteromedial corner - p. 2039 494. Reconstruction of posteromedial corner - p. 2041 495. Repair of lateral compartment disruptions - p. 2043 496. Reconstruction of the posterolateral structures for mild to moderate posterolateral instability - p. 2048 497. Reconstruction of the popliteal tendon using the iliotibial band for posterolateral instability - p. 2051 498. Rerouting of the biceps tendon to the femoral epicondyle for posterolateral instability - p. 2055 499. Anatomic posterolateral knee reconstruction for grade III posterolateral injury - p. 2055 500. Posterolateral corner reconstruction with a single allograft fibular sling - p. 2057 501. Allograft reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament - p. 2058 502. Reconstruction of posterolateral structures with semitendinosus tendon - p. 2060 503. Valgus tibial osteotomy and posterolateral reconstruction - p. 2061 504. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries - p. 2064 505. Repair of bony tibial avulsions of anterior cruciate ligament - p. 2068 506. Extraarticular procedures (iliotibial band tenodesis) - p. 2070 507. Extraarticular procedures (iliotibial band tenodesis) - p. 2070 508. Extraarticular minireconstruction technique - p. 2071 509. Reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament - p. 2073 510. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone graft - p. 2080 511. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstrings (with proximal release of hamstrings) - p. 2084 512. Posterior cruciate ligament - p. 2094 513. Repair of bony avulsion - p. 2097 514. Reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament with patellar tendon graft - p. 2100 515. Reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament with patellar tendon graft - p. 2103 516. Reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament with bone–patellar tendon–bone or achilles tendon–bone grafts - p. 2106 517. Reconstruction of posterior cruciate ligament with bone–patellar tendon–bone or achilles tendon–bone grafts - p. 2108 518. Traumatic dislocations - p. 2108 519. Synovial plicae - p. 2115 520. Articular cartilage injuries - p. 2117 521. Osteochondritis dissecans - p. 2123 522. Disorders of the patella - p. 2127 523. Subperiosteal release of the lateral quadriceps mechanism - p. 2128 524. Advancement of the tibial tuberosity - p. 2131 525. Patellectomy - p. 2132 526. Thompson quadricepsplasty - p. 2133 527. Mini-invasive quadricepsplasty - p. 2133 528. Posterior capsulotomy - p. 2136 529. Posterior capsulotomy - p. 2136 530. Open wounds of the knee joint - p. 2137 531. References - p. 2138 532. Supplemental references - p. 2143 533. 51.  Shoulder and elbow injuries - p. 2144 534. 52.  Recurrent dislocations - p. 2194 535. 53.  Traumatic disorders - p. 2242 536. PART XIV. Arthroscopy - p. 2299 537. Introduction - p. 2299 538. 54.  General principles of arthroscopy - p. 2300 539. 55.  Arthroscopy of the foot and ankle - p. 2312 540. 56.  Arthroscopy of the lower extremity - p. 2332 541. 57.  Arthroscopy of the upper extremity - p. 2419 542. PART XV. Fractures and Dislocations in Adults - p. 2511 543. Introduction - p. 2511 544. 58.  General principles of fracture treatment - p. 2512 545. 59.  Fractures of the lower extremity - p. 2564 546. Ankle fractures - p. 2564 547. Fixation of the lateral malleolus - p. 2570 548. Fixation of the medial malleolus - p. 2571 549. Repair of the deltoid ligament and internal fixation of the lateral malleolus - p. 2573 550. Reduction and fixation of posterior malleolar fracture - p. 2575 551. Reduction and fixation of anterior tibial margin fractures - p. 2576 552. Stabilization of unstable ankle fracture-dislocation - p. 2578 553. Tibial pilon fracture - p. 2578.e1 554. Staged minimally invasive open reduction and internal fixation - p. 2582 555. Posterolateral approach to pilon fractures - p. 2583 556. Spanning external fixation of tibial pilon fracture - p. 2585 557. Definitive ring external fixation of tibial pilon fractures - p. 2586 558. Tibial shaft fractures - p. 2588 559. Intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures - p. 2595 560. External fixation for tibial shaft fractures - p. 2602 561. Ilizarov external fixation for tibial shaft fractures - p. 2604 562. Tibial plateau fracture - p. 2607 563. Open reduction and fixation of a lateral tibial plateau fracture - p. 2615 564. Posteromedial exposure - p. 2617 565. Open reduction and internal fixation of bicondylar injuries - p. 2618 566. Circular external fixation - p. 2619 567. Patellar fractures - p. 2620 568. Approach and technique for patellar fractures - p. 2622 569. Circumferential wire loop fixation - p. 2622 570. Tension band wiring fixation - p. 2623.e1 571. Partial patellectomy - p. 2625 572. Partial patellectomy using figure-of-eight load-sharing wire or cable - p. 2625 573. Total patellectomy - p. 2626 574. Fractures of the distal femur - p. 2626 575. Fracture fixation of the medial condyle - p. 2629 576. Fracture fixation of the posterior part of the medial condyle - p. 2630 577. Swashbuckler approach to the distal femur - p. 2631 578. Submuscular minimally invasive locking condylar plate application - p. 2632 579. Double plate fixation - p. 2633 580. Fractures of the femoral shaft - p. 2634 581. Antegrade femoral nailing - p. 2639 582. Retrograde femoral nailing - p. 2645 583. Extraction of an unbroken antegrade femoral nail - p. 2648 584. Extraction of a broken femoral antegrade nail - p. 2648 585. References - p. 2649 586. Supplemental references - p. 2650 587. 60.  Fractures and dislocations of the hip - p. 2651 588. 61.  Fractures of the acetabulum and pelvis - p. 2696 589. 62.  Fractures of the shoulder, arm, and forearm - p. 2761 590. 63.  Malunited fractures - p. 2840 591. 64.  Delayed union and nonunion of fractures - p. 2902 592. 65.  Acute dislocations - p. 2938 593. 66.  Old unreduced dislocations - p. 2955 594. Volume IV - p. 2976.e3 595. PART XVI. Peripheral Nerve Injuries of the Upper and Lower Extremities - p. 2977 596. Introduction - p. 2977 597. 67.  Peripheral nerve injuries - p. 2978 598. PART XVII. Microsurgery - p. 3023 599. Introduction - p. 3023 600. 68.  Microsurgery - p. 3024 601. PART XVIII. The Hand - p. 3093 602. Introduction - p. 3093 603. 69.  Basic surgical technique and postoperative care - p. 3094 604. 70.  Acute hand injuries - p. 3117 605. 71.  Flexor and extensor tendon injuries - p. 3143 606. 72.  Fractures, dislocations, and ligamentous injuries of the hand and wrist - p. 3193 607. 73.  Nerve injuries at the level of the hand and wrist - p. 3254 608. 74.  Wrist disorders - p. 3272 609. 75.  Special hand disorders - p. 3360 610. 76.  Paralytic hand - p. 3378 611. 77.  Cerebral palsy of the hand - p. 3421 612. 78.  Arthritic hand - p. 3443 613. 79.  Compartment syndromes and volkmann contracture - p. 3501 614. 80.  Dupuytren contracture - p. 3515 615. 81.  Stenosing tenosynovitis of the wrist and hand - p. 3535 616. 82.  Compressive neuropathies of the hand, forearm, and elbow - p. 3542 617. 83.  Tumors and tumorous conditions of the hand - p. 3567 618. 84.  Hand infections - p. 3604 619. 85.  Congenital anomalies of the hand - p. 3625 620. Principles of management - p. 3625 621. Incidence and classification - p. 3625 622. Embryology - p. 3626 623. Malformations upper extremity - p. 3627 624. Metacarpal lengthening - p. 3630.e1 625. Centralization of the hand using transverse ulnar incisions - p. 3635.e1 626. Centralization of the hand with removal of the distal radial anlage - p. 3636 627. Centralization of the hand and tendon transfers - p. 3636.e2 628. Centralization with transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris - p. 3636.e3 629. Centralization of the hand - p. 3636.e4 630. Triceps transfer to restore elbow flexion - p. 3636.e5 631. Rotational osteotomy of the first metacarpal for ulnar longitudinal deficiency - p. 3639 632. Excision of an ulnar anlage - p. 3639 633. Creation of a one-bone forearm - p. 3640 634. Physiolysis and Vicker’s ligament release - p. 3642 635. Closing wedge osteotomy combined with darrach excision of the distal ulnar head - p. 3643 636. Dome osteotomy and excision of Vickers ligament - p. 3643.e1 637. Malformations of hand plate - p. 3643.e1 638. Metacarpal lengthening - p. 3645.e1 639. Lengthening with distraction stage I - p. 3645.e1 640. Lengthening with distraction stage II (bone grafting) - p. 3645.e1 641. Metacarpal lengthening with external fixator - p. 3646 642. Toe-phalanx transplantation - p. 3646 643. Toe-phalanx transplantation - p. 3647 644. Isolated Z-plasty of the thumb web - p. 3648 645. Four-flap Z-plasty - p. 3648 646. Web deepening with a sliding flap - p. 3649 647. Opponensplasty - p. 3650.e1 648. Ring sublimis opponensplasty - p. 3650.e1 649. Ring sublimis opponensplasty with ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction - p. 3652 650. Abductor digiti quinti opponensplasty - p. 3653 651. Rerouting of the flexor pollicis longus - p. 3654 652. Recession of the index finger - p. 3655 653. Pollicization for thumb reconstruction - p. 3656 654. Riordan pollicization - p. 3658 655. Buck-gramcko pollicization - p. 3658.e2 656. Foucher pollicization - p. 3658.e2 657. Correction of types I and II bifid thumbs - p. 3660 658. Correction of types III through VI bifid thumbs - p. 3661 659. Reduction osteotomy - p. 3663 660. Excision of the proximal ulna - p. 3665 661. Reconstruction of the hand and wrist - p. 3665 662. Excision of extra digit - p. 3667 663. Malformations unspecified - p. 3667 664. Withey technique finger syndactyly release - p. 3670 665. Syndactyly release with dorsal flap - p. 3671 666. Syndactyly release with matching volar and dorsal proximally based V-shaped flaps - p. 3671 667. Tendon release - p. 3673 668. Transfer of the flexor superficialis tendon to the extensor apparatus - p. 3675 669. Clasped thumb deformity with deficient extensors and contracted webspace - p. 3676.e1 670. Clasped thumb deformity with metacarpophalangeal joint instability and thenar hypoplasia - p. 3677 671. Reverse wedge osteotomy - p. 3678.e1 672. Opening wedge osteotomy of the distal phalanx - p. 3679 673. Cleft closure - p. 3685 674. Closure of type I and II cleft hands - p. 3685 675. Combined cleft closure and release of thumb adduction contracture - p. 3686 676. Cleft closure and release of thumb adduction contracture - p. 3687 677. Palmar cleft closure - p. 3687 678. Tendon transfer for type II deformities - p. 3688.e1 679. Reconstruction of the hand in apert syndrome - p. 3690 680. Deformations - p. 3691 681. Multiple Z-plasty release of a congenital ring - p. 3691 682. Release of a pediatric trigger thumb - p. 3694 683. Release of a trigger finger - p. 3694 684. Dysplasias - p. 3694 685. Debulking - p. 3696 686. Epiphysiodesis - p. 3696 687. Digital shortening - p. 3696 688. Thumb shortening - p. 3697.e1 689. References - p. 3697.e2 690. Supplemental references - p. 3698 691. PART XIX. The Foot and Ankle - p. 3699 692. Introduction - p. 3699 693. 86.  Surgical techniques of the foot and ankle - p. 3700 694. 87.  Disorders of the hallux - p. 3709 695. Hallux valgus (bunion) - p. 3709 696. Modified mcbride bunionectomy - p. 3716 697. Modification of the mcbride bunionectomy - p. 3722 698. Akin procedure (proximal phalangeal osteotomy) - p. 3723 699. Keller resection arthroplasty - p. 3725.e1 700. Distal chevron metatarsal osteotomy - p. 3727 701. Modified chevron distal metatarsal osteotomy (extracapsular) - p. 3729 702. Johnson modified chevron osteotomy - p. 3734 703. Increased displacement, distal chevron osteotomy - p. 3735 704. Chevron–Akin double osteotomy - p. 3736 705. Minimally invasive chevron–Akin osteotomy - p. 3739 706. Proximal crescentic osteotomy with a distal soft-tissue procedure - p. 3744 707. Scarf osteotomy - p. 3749 708. Ludloff osteotomy - p. 3752 709. Double first metatarsal osteotomies - p. 3754 710. Modified peterson procedure - p. 3755 711. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsocuneiform articulation (lapidus procedure) - p. 3757 712. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsocuneiform articulation (lapidus procedure) with plate fixation - p. 3759 713. First cuneiform osteotomy - p. 3764 714. Distraction osteogenesis for metatarsal shortening - p. 3768 715. First web space dissection, lateral release, and repeat capsular imbrication (hallux valgus angle less than 30 degrees and first-second intermetatarsal angle less than 15 degrees) - p. 3770 716. Correcting distal metatarsal osteotomy - p. 3773 717. Correction of malunion of the chevron osteotomy - p. 3774 718. Soft-tissue correction - p. 3779 719. Distal metatarsal osteotomy, medial capsular release without tendon transfer - p. 3780 720. Transfer of extensor hallucis longus with arthrodesis of the interphalangeal joint of the hallux - p. 3781 721. Extensor hallucis brevis tenodesis - p. 3783 722. Hallux rigidus - p. 3784 723. Cheilectomy - p. 3787 724. Minimally invasive cheilectomy - p. 3788 725. Distal oblique osteotomy for hallux rigidus - p. 3791 726. Extension osteotomy of the proximal phalanx - p. 3792 727. “V” resection of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (valenti procedure) - p. 3792 728. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with flat cut joint preparation - p. 3796 729. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with reamer joint preparation and low-profile contoured dorsal plate and compression screw fixation - p. 3799 730. Truncated cone arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint - p. 3799 731. Conditions of the sesamoid - p. 3800 732. Excision of the sesamoid - p. 3804 733. Fibular sesamoidectomy: Plantar approach - p. 3804 734. Arthritis of the interphalangeal joint - p. 3807 735. References - p. 3808 736. Supplemental references - p. 3810 737. 88.  Disorders of the tendons and fascia and adolescent and adult acquired flatfoot deformity - p. 3811 738. 89.  Lesser toe abnormalities and disorders of nails - p. 3878 739. 90.  Arthritis of the foot - p. 3964 740. 91.  Neuropathic foot - p. 3995 741. 92.  Neurogenic disorders - p. 4025 742. 93.  Fractures and dislocations of the foot - p. 4063 743. 94.  Sports injuries of the ankle - p. 4135 744. Index - p. I-1 745. Endsheet - p. ES3