Clinical Signs in Humans and Animals Associated with Minerals, Trace Elements and Rare Earth Elements

1. Clinical Signs in Humans and Animals Associated with Minerals, Trace Elements, and Rare Earth Elements - p. iii 2. Cover - p. iii 3. Title Page - p. iii 4. Copyright Page - p. iv 5. Table of Contents - p. iv 6. Dedication - p. v 7. Author Biography - p. xxv 8. Preface - p. xxvii 9. Key Features - p. xxxvii 10. Section 1 Clinical signs - p. 1 11. Key to tables - p. 1 12. 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)—High levels - p. 1 13. Abdominal cramps - p. 1 14. Abdominal distension - p. 2 15. Abdominal pain (colic) - p. 2 16. Abnormal/unusual thoughts - p. 2 17. Abortion - p. 2 18. Abasia - p. 2 19. Acetonemia - p. 2 20. Achlorhydria - p. 2 21. Achromotrichia - p. 2 22. Acne - p. 2 23. Acrodynia - p. 2 24. Acroparesthesia - p. 2 25. Acute airway obstruction - p. 2 26. Acute kidney injury (AKI)/acute renal failure - p. 2 27. Acute tubular necrosis - p. 2 28. Adrenal hypertrophy - p. 2 29. Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease; hypoadrenocorticism) - p. 2 30. Agitation - p. 2 31. Aggressive behavior - p. 2 32. Alanine transaminase (ALT)—Elevation - p. 2 33. Albuminuria (proteinuria) - p. 7 34. Aldolase—Reduced levels - p. 7 35. Alkaline phosphatase—Activity reduced - p. 7 36. Alkaline phosphatase—Increased blood concentrations - p. 7 37. Alkalosis—Metabolic - p. 8 38. Allergic reaction - p. 8 39. Alopecia - p. 8 40. Alveolitis - p. 8 41. Alzheimer’s disease - p. 8 42. Amblyacousia - p. 8 43. Aminoaciduria - p. 8 44. Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) - p. 8 45. Amyloidosis - p. 8 46. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - p. 8 47. Anemia - p. 8 48. Anesthesia - p. 8 49. Androgenic receptor protein expression reduced - p. 8 50. Angiedema - p. 8 51. Angular deformity of long bones - p. 8 52. Anhydremia - p. 8 53. Ankylosis - p. 8 54. Anorexia (decreased food intake; inappetence) - p. 8 55. Anosmia - p. 14 56. Antler abnormalities - p. 14 57. Antral stenosis - p. 14 58. Anuria - p. 15 59. Anxiety - p. 15 60. Aortic aneurysm/rupture - p. 16 61. Aortic calcification - p. 16 62. Aortic wall thickening/plaques - p. 16 63. Apathy - p. 16 64. Apnoea—Obstructive sleep apnoea - p. 16 65. Appetite increased - p. 17 66. Arched back - p. 17 67. Arginase activity increased - p. 17 68. Argyria - p. 17 69. Arrhythmia - p. 18 70. Arthralgia - p. 18 71. Arthropathy - p. 18 72. Ascites - p. 19 73. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels—Low - p. 19 74. Aspartate aminotransferase—AST—High - p. 19 75. Astasia - p. 19 76. Asthma - p. 20 77. Ataxia - p. 20 78. Atelectasis - p. 21 79. Atherosclerosis - p. 21 80. ATPase activity—Reduced - p. 21 81. Attention span loss - p. 21 82. Autism (ASD) - p. 23 83. Autoimmune disease—Increased prevalence - p. 23 84. Azotemia - p. 23 85. Balance loss/vestibular syndrome - p. 23 86. Baritosis - p. 23 87. Basophil stippling - p. 23 88. Beak abnormalities - p. 23 89. Behavioral changes - p. 23 90. Bilirubin—High blood levels - p. 24 91. Bipartite sternebrum - p. 24 92. Birth rate—Low - p. 24 93. Birth weight—Low - p. 24 94. Blackouts - p. 25 95. Blanching of ears - p. 25 96. Blindness - p. 25 97. Blink reflex loss - p. 25 98. Blisters—Skin - p. 25 99. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)—High - p. 26 100. Blood volume expansion - p. 26 101. Blood volume loss (severe) - p. 26 102. Blurred vision - p. 26 103. Body fat content—Increased - p. 26 104. Body righting reflexes—Delayed development - p. 26 105. Bone damage - p. 26 106. Bone fragility - p. 26 107. Bone loss - p. 26 108. Bone marrow depression - p. 26 109. Bone marrow hyperplasia - p. 26 110. Bone marrow hypoplasia - p. 26 111. Bone pain - p. 29 112. Bone tumors - p. 29 113. Bone undermineralization (metabolic bone disease, osteomalacia; osteoporosis; osteopenia, rickets) - p. 29 114. Bone—Increased mineralization (osteopetrosis) - p. 30 115. Bowel obstruction - p. 30 116. Bradycardia - p. 30 117. Brain degeneration - p. 31 118. Brain development impaired - p. 31 119. Brain hemorrhage - p. 31 120. Brain edema - p. 31 121. Brain spongiosis - p. 31 122. Breathlessness - p. 32 123. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)—Positive findings - p. 32 124. Bronchitis—Chronic - p. 32 125. Bronchial obstruction - p. 32 126. Bronchiectasis - p. 33 127. Bronchopneumonia - p. 33 128. Bronchospasm - p. 33 129. Cachexia - p. 33 130. Cadmiuria—Increase - p. 34 131. Calcinosis: Soft tissue calcification - p. 34 132. Calcium absorption reduced from intestinal tract - p. 34 133. Calcium metabolism—Impaired - p. 34 134. Calculi (urinary) - p. 34 135. Cannibalism - p. 35 136. Carcinogenic effect - p. 35 137. Cardiac arrest - p. 36 138. Cardiac arrhythmia - p. 36 139. Cardiac atrophy - p. 36 140. Cardiac deformities (fetal) - p. 36 141. Cardiac enlargement (cardiomegaly) - p. 36 142. Cardiac fibrosis - p. 36 143. Cardiac failure/heart failure - p. 36 144. Cardiac murmurs - p. 36 145. Cardiomyopathy - p. 38 146. Cardiovascular abnormalities - p. 38 147. Caries - p. 39 148. Carpal hyperextension - p. 39 149. Cartilage development compromised - p. 39 150. Catalase activity (reduced) - p. 39 151. Cataracts - p. 40 152. Cecal enlargement - p. 40 153. Central nervous system lesions - p. 40 154. Cerebellar agenesis - p. 41 155. Cerebellar ataxia - p. 42 156. Cerebellar coning (herniation) - p. 42 157. Cerebral edema - p. 42 158. Cerebral palsy - p. 42 159. Cerebrovascular infarction - p. 42 160. Ceruloplasmin (serum)—Reduced - p. 42 161. Cheilitis - p. 42 162. Chest pain - p. 42 163. Chest tightness - p. 44 164. Chewing constantly - p. 44 165. Chewing uncoordinated - p. 44 166. Cholangitis - p. 44 167. Cholesterol ratio change - p. 44 168. Cholinesterase—Reduced activity - p. 44 169. Chondrodystrophy - p. 44 170. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - p. 44 171. Chvostek sign - p. 44 172. Circling - p. 44 173. Circulatory failure - p. 44 174. Cirrhosis - p. 44 175. Choreoathetosis - p. 44 176. Cleft palate/lip - p. 44 177. Cloacal prolapse - p. 44 178. Club foot - p. 47 179. Clumsiness worsens - p. 47 180. Coagulation/clotting time—Prolonged - p. 47 181. Coagulopathy - p. 47 182. Cognitive impairment/deficits - p. 47 183. Collagen synthesis reduced - p. 48 184. Collapse/fainting/syncope - p. 48 185. Colloid depletion - p. 48 186. Color vision loss (color blindness) - p. 49 187. Coma - p. 49 188. Concentration loss - p. 49 189. Conception rate—Low - p. 50 190. Confusion - p. 50 191. Congenital malformations - p. 50 192. Congestion (eyes) - p. 51 193. Congestion (internal organs) - p. 51 194. Congestion (pulmonary) - p. 52 195. Conjunctivitis - p. 52 196. Conjunctival edema (chemosis) - p. 53 197. Consciousness changes - p. 53 198. Consolidation (lungs) - p. 53 199. Constipation - p. 53 200. Convulsions (fits) - p. 54 201. Copper accumulation in body tissues - p. 54 202. Copper—Low plasma concentrations - p. 54 203. Copper—Low liver concentrations - p. 54 204. Corneal lesions - p. 54 205. Coronary band inflammation - p. 56 206. Cough - p. 56 207. Cracks on palms of hands and soles of feet - p. 56 208. Cranial nerve palsies - p. 57 209. Creatine kinase (CK) - p. 57 210. Creatinine—High blood concentrations - p. 57 211. Cretinism - p. 57 212. Crystalluria - p. 58 213. Curled toe paralysis - p. 58 214. Cyanosis - p. 58 215. Cytochrome C in tissues (decreased amounts) - p. 58 216. Cytochrome CYT P450 change - p. 59 217. Cytokine—Increased activity - p. 59 218. Cytokine suppression - p. 59 219. Cytotoxic effects - p. 59 220. Deafness/hearing loss - p. 59 221. Death - p. 59 222. Decubital ulcers - p. 61 223. Defecation frequency reduced - p. 61 224. Dehydration - p. 61 225. Delayed gastric emptying - p. 61 226. Delirium - p. 61 227. Delusions - p. 61 228. Dementia - p. 63 229. Demyelination nervous tissue - p. 63 230. Dendriform pulmonary ossification - p. 63 231. Dental abnormalities - p. 63 232. Depression - p. 64 233. Depth perception—Loss - p. 64 234. Dermatitis - p. 65 235. Dexterity loss - p. 66 236. Diarrhea/scours - p. 66 237. Dilated pupils/miosis - p. 67 238. Diplopia - p. 67 239. Disorientation (directional) - p. 67 240. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - p. 68 241. Dizziness - p. 68 242. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage - p. 69 243. Dropped wings - p. 69 244. Drowsiness - p. 69 245. Dry mouth - p. 69 246. Dullness - p. 69 247. Duodenal ulcers - p. 70 248. Dwarfism - p. 70 249. Dysarthria - p. 70 250. Dysgeusia - p. 70 251. Dysmenorrhoea - p. 70 252. Dysphagia - p. 70 253. Dysphonia - p. 71 254. Dyspnoea - p. 71 255. Dyspraxia (speech impediment) - p. 71 256. Dystocia - p. 71 257. Ear drooping - p. 71 258. ECG changes - p. 71 259. Eczema - p. 71 260. Edema - p. 73 261. Egg production—Poor quality/reduced - p. 73 262. Electrolyte imbalance - p. 74 263. Emaciation - p. 74 264. Embolism - p. 74 265. Embryotoxicity - p. 74 266. Emotional lability - p. 75 267. Emphysema - p. 75 268. Encephalopathy - p. 75 269. Endomyocarditis - p. 75 270. Endurance activity reduced - p. 75 271. Enteropathy - p. 75 272. Eosinophilia - p. 76 273. Epigastric pain - p. 76 274. Epiphyseal dysplasia - p. 76 275. Epiphyseal plate widened - p. 76 276. Epistaxis - p. 76 277. Erectile dysfunction - p. 76 278. Erythema - p. 76 279. Erythrocyte abnormalities - p. 77 280. Erythrocytopenia - p. 77 281. Erythropoiesis impaired - p. 77 282. Eschar - p. 77 283. Esophageal impaction - p. 77 284. Esophagitis - p. 77 285. Esophageal perforation - p. 77 286. Estradiol hormone—Reduced synthesis - p. 78 287. Estrus abnormalities - p. 78 288. Excitability - p. 78 289. Exhaustion - p. 78 290. Exophthalmia - p. 78 291. Exostosis - p. 78 292. Expectoration - p. 79 293. Extensor rigidity - p. 79 294. Exudate formation - p. 79 295. Eye irritation - p. 79 296. Eyelid drooping - p. 79 297. Facial deformity - p. 79 298. Facial expression changes - p. 80 299. Falling off perch - p. 80 300. Falling to recumbency - p. 80 301. Falls - p. 80 302. Fanconi syndrome - p. 80 303. Fasciculations - p. 80 304. Fatigue - p. 80 305. Fatty liver - p. 81 306. Fat infiltration of muscle - p. 81 307. Feather abnormalities - p. 81 308. Fetal abnormalities - p. 82 309. Fetal death rate increased - p. 82 310. Fetal resorption - p. 82 311. Fetal size reduced - p. 83 312. Fever - p. 83 313. Fibrosis—Tissue - p. 83 314. Fibrous osteodystrophy (replacement bone with fibrous tissue) - p. 83 315. Fin and skin erosions - p. 84 316. Fingernail changes - p. 84 317. Flatus - p. 84 318. Fluid losses - p. 84 319. Flushes - p. 84 320. Folic acid—Low in serum - p. 84 321. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)—Increased production - p. 84 322. Food conversion efficacy reduced - p. 85 323. Food intake decreased (anorexia; inappetence) - p. 85 324. Food intake increased - p. 86 325. Food utilization—Decreased - p. 86 326. Foot pad changes - p. 86 327. Forgetfulness - p. 86 328. Fractures - p. 86 329. Free radical formation - p. 87 330. Fur chewing - p. 87 331. Gait abnormalities - p. 87 332. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increased activity - p. 87 333. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase - p. 87 334. Gangrene - p. 87 335. Garlic smell on breath/alliaceous breath - p. 88 336. Gastric achlorhydria - p. 88 337. Gastric atrophy - p. 88 338. Gastric carcinoma - p. 88 339. Gastric hemorrhage - p. 88 340. Gastric hyperkeratosis - p. 88 341. Gastric hyperplasia - p. 88 342. Gastrointestinal obstruction - p. 89 343. Gastric pain - p. 89 344. Gastric perforation - p. 89 345. Gastric ulcers - p. 89 346. Gastritis - p. 89 347. Gastrointestinal dysfunction - p. 89 348. Gastrointestinal fibrosis - p. 90 349. Gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration - p. 90 350. Gastrointestinal tract desquamation/necrosis - p. 90 351. Giant cell infiltration - p. 90 352. Giddiness - p. 90 353. Gill filament degeneration - p. 90 354. Gingivitis - p. 91 355. Gliosis - p. 91 356. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)—Reduced - p. 91 357. Glomerulonephritis - p. 91 358. Glossitis—Inflamed tongue - p. 91 359. Glucose-6-phosphatase—Decreased - p. 91 360. Glucose tolerance—Impaired - p. 91 361. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in serum (SGOT) - p. 92 362. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase in serum (SGPT)—Increased - p. 92 363. Glutathione peroxidase—In serum decreased activity - p. 93 364. Glutathione peroxidase—In serum increased activity - p. 93 365. Glycosuria - p. 93 366. Goiter - p. 93 367. Gout - p. 93 368. Granulocytopenia - p. 93 369. Granuloma formation - p. 94 370. Growth impairment/retardation/poor weight gain - p. 94 371. GSH-px blood concentration—Decreased - p. 95 372. GSH-R blood concentration—Decreased - p. 95 373. Gum disease - p. 96 374. Hair coat changes - p. 96 375. Halitosis - p. 97 376. Hallucinations - p. 97 377. Headaches - p. 97 378. Head pressing - p. 98 379. Head retention - p. 98 380. Head shaking - p. 98 381. Head tilt - p. 98 382. Head tremors - p. 98 383. Hearing loss - p. 98 384. Heart failure (congestive)/cardiac failure - p. 98 385. Heat sensitivity - p. 99 386. Heme oxygenase activity increased - p. 99 387. Heme synthesis impaired - p. 99 388. Hematemesis - p. 99 389. Hematochezia - p. 99 390. Hematocrit (PCV)—High - p. 100 391. Hematocrit (PCV)—Low - p. 100 392. Hematoma - p. 100 393. Hematopoiesis—Impaired - p. 100 394. Hematuria - p. 100 395. Hemochromatosis - p. 101 396. Hemoglobin—High - p. 101 397. Hemoglobin—Low - p. 101 398. Hemoglobinuria - p. 101 399. Hemolysis - p. 102 400. Hemorrhage - p. 102 401. Hemosiderosis—Siderosis - p. 102 402. Hemianopsis - p. 103 403. Hemiplegia - p. 103 404. Hepatic atrophy - p. 103 405. Hepatic fibrosis - p. 103 406. Hepatic (hepatocellular) necrosis - p. 103 407. Hepatitis - p. 104 408. Hepatomegaly - p. 104 409. Hepatorenal disease - p. 104 410. Hepatotoxicity - p. 104 411. Histamine (serum) increased - p. 104 412. Hives with angioedema - p. 104 413. Hoarseness - p. 104 414. Hoof abnormalities - p. 105 415. Horn abnormalities - p. 105 416. Hydrocephalus - p. 105 417. Hydronephrosis - p. 105 418. Hyperaldosteronism - p. 105 419. Hyperammonemia - p. 105 420. Hyperbilirubinemia - p. 106 421. Hypercalcemia - p. 106 422. Hypercalciuria - p. 106 423. Hyperchloridemia - p. 106 424. Hypercholesterolemia - p. 106 425. Hyperesthesia - p. 106 426. Hyperexcitability - p. 107 427. Hyperextension of carpi - p. 107 428. Hyperflexion—Hock - p. 107 429. Hyperflexion—Phalanges - p. 107 430. Hyperglobulinemia - p. 107 431. Hyperglycemia - p. 107 432. Hyperinsulinemia - p. 107 433. Hyperkalemia - p. 108 434. Hyperkaluria - p. 108 435. Hyperkeratinization - p. 108 436. Hyperkeratosis - p. 108 437. Hyperlipidemia - p. 108 438. Hypermagnesemia - p. 108 439. Hypermineralization of bone - p. 109 440. Hypernatremia - p. 109 441. Hyperphosphatemia - p. 109 442. Hyperpigmentation - p. 109 443. Hyperpnoea/tachypnoea - p. 109 444. Hyperproteinemia - p. 109 445. Hyperreactive to external stimuli - p. 110 446. Hyperreflexia - p. 110 447. Hypersalivation - p. 110 448. Hypersomnia - p. 110 449. Hypertension - p. 111 450. Hyperthermia - p. 111 451. Hypertonia - p. 111 452. Hypertriglyceridemia - p. 111 453. Hyperthyroidism - p. 112 454. Hyperuricemia - p. 112 455. Hyperuricuria - p. 112 456. Hypoalbuminemia - p. 112 457. Hypocalcemia - p. 112 458. Hypochloridemia - p. 113 459. Hypocholesterolemia - p. 113 460. Hypocupremia - p. 113 461. Hypodynamia - p. 113 462. Hypoglycemia - p. 113 463. Hypogonadism - p. 113 464. Hypoinsulinemia - p. 114 465. Hypokalemia - p. 114 466. Hypomagnesemia - p. 114 467. Hyponatremia - p. 114 468. Hypophosphatemia - p. 114 469. Hypoproteinemia - p. 115 470. Hyporeflexia - p. 115 471. Hypotension - p. 115 472. Hypothermia - p. 115 473. Hypothyroidism - p. 115 474. Hypotonia - p. 115 475. Hypouricemia - p. 115 476. Hypouricuria - p. 115 477. Hypovolemia - p. 115 478. Icterus/Jaundice - p. 115 479. Ileus - p. 115 480. Immune humoral (antibody) response reduced - p. 115 481. Immune response impaired - p. 115 482. Immunoglobulin—Impairment - p. 115 483. Impotence - p. 118 484. Incoordination—Neurological - p. 118 485. Infarction - p. 118 486. Infection risk increased - p. 118 487. Infertility - p. 119 488. Inflammation - p. 119 489. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - p. 119 490. Inflammatory nodule formation - p. 119 491. Injection site necrosis - p. 119 492. Injection site pain - p. 120 493. Insomnia - p. 120 494. Insulin-binding reduced - p. 120 495. Insulin receptor numbers reduced - p. 120 496. Insulin resistance—Increased - p. 120 497. Insulin synthesis reduced - p. 120 498. Intellectual disability - p. 120 499. Internal hemorrhage - p. 121 500. Internal organ congestion/hemorrhages - p. 121 501. Internal organ discoloration - p. 121 502. Interstitial nephritis - p. 121 503. Intestinal distension - p. 121 504. Intestinal inflammation - p. 121 505. Intracranial pressure—Increased - p. 121 506. Intraocular pressure—Increased - p. 122 507. Intravascular coagulation - p. 122 508. Iron in serum—Low - p. 122 509. Iron in serum—High - p. 122 510. Iron-binding capacity (total) (TIBC)—High result - p. 122 511. Irregular menses - p. 122 512. Irritability - p. 122 513. Ischemic heart disease - p. 123 514. Itchiness - p. 123 515. Jaundice/icterus - p. 123 516. Jaw swelling - p. 123 517. Jejunal stricture - p. 124 518. Joint enlargement/swelling - p. 124 519. Joint pain/arthralgia - p. 124 520. Junctionopathy - p. 124 521. Kallikrein—Urine concentration increased - p. 125 522. Keratinization—Poor - p. 125 523. Keratoconjunctivitis - p. 125 524. Ketonuria - p. 125 525. Kidney disease - p. 125 526. Kinked tail (congenital effect) - p. 126 527. Koilonychia—Spoon nail - p. 127 528. Lachrymation - p. 127 529. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)—Activity increased - p. 127 530. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)—Activity decreased - p. 127 531. Lameness - p. 127 532. Laryngeal edema - p. 127 533. Laryngeal spasm - p. 127 534. Lassitude - p. 127 535. Learning difficulties - p. 129 536. Lens luxation - p. 129 537. Lethargy/listlessness/apathy/tiredness - p. 129 538. Leukocyte activity reduced - p. 130 539. Leukocytosis - p. 130 540. Leukoderma/achromoderma - p. 130 541. Leukopenia - p. 130 542. Libido loss - p. 130 543. Licking objects (similar to pica) - p. 131 544. Life expectancy (longevity; lifespan)—Extended - p. 131 545. Life expectancy (longevity; lifespan)—Reduced - p. 131 546. Ligament mineralization - p. 131 547. Light-headedness - p. 131 548. Limb movements (uncontrolled jerks, cycling, paddling) - p. 131 549. Limb edema - p. 132 550. Limb stretching while walking - p. 132 551. Lip cracks/fissures - p. 132 552. Lipid peroxidase activity increased - p. 132 553. Lipofuscinosis - p. 132 554. Listlessness - p. 132 555. Litter size—Low - p. 133 556. Liver copper content increased - p. 133 557. Liver disease/lesions - p. 133 558. Liver iron content decreased - p. 134 559. Liver iron content increased - p. 134 560. Liver zinc content decreased - p. 134 561. Lung compliance—Decreased - p. 135 562. Lung disease - p. 135 563. Lung tumors - p. 136 564. Luteinizing hormone—Reduced synthesis - p. 137 565. Luteinizing hormone (LH)—Increased production - p. 137 566. Lymphadenopathy - p. 137 567. Lymphocytic aneuploidy - p. 137 568. Lymphocytopenia - p. 137 569. Lymphoid hyperplasia - p. 137 570. Lysozymuria - p. 137 571. Macrophagic myofasciitis - p. 138 572. Magnesium in tissues (low) - p. 138 573. Malabsorption - p. 138 574. Malondialdehyde (MDA)—High - p. 138 575. Male infertility - p. 138 576. Manganese accumulation in body organs - p. 138 577. Mean corpuscular volume—Decreased - p. 139 578. Meat production reduced - p. 139 579. Melena - p. 139 580. Melanin synthesis reduced - p. 139 581. Memory loss - p. 139 582. Meningitis - p. 139 583. Menkes syndrome - p. 140 584. Mental derangement - p. 140 585. Mental retardation - p. 140 586. Metabolic acidosis - p. 140 587. Metabolic alkalosis - p. 140 588. Metal fume fever - p. 141 589. Metallic taste in mouth - p. 141 590. Metamorphosis delayed - p. 141 591. Metritis - p. 141 592. Micrognathia - p. 141 593. Micromelia - p. 141 594. Microcytosis - p. 142 595. Microphthalmia - p. 142 596. Milk fever/parturient paresis - p. 142 597. Milk production—Reduced - p. 142 598. Mineralization of soft tissue (not necessarily calcium) - p. 143 599. Mitochondrial damage - p. 143 600. Mitral valve prolapse - p. 143 601. Mood swings - p. 143 602. Monoamine oxidase activity reduced - p. 143 603. Monocytopenia - p. 143 604. Morbidity increased - p. 143 605. Motor coordination lost - p. 144 606. Motor neurone disease - p. 144 607. Motor neuropathy - p. 144 608. Motor speed reduced - p. 144 609. Movement resisted (reluctance to move) - p. 144 610. Mucosal lesions - p. 144 611. Mucous membranes dry and tacky - p. 145 612. Multiple organ system failure - p. 145 613. Multiple sclerosis - p. 145 614. Muscle disease - p. 145 615. Muscle cramps/spasms (dystonia) - p. 146 616. Muscle fasciculations - p. 146 617. Muscle movements (uncontrolled) - p. 146 618. Muscle necrosis - p. 146 619. Muscle pain - p. 147 620. Muscle strength loss/weakness - p. 147 621. Muscle tone—Loss (hypotonia) - p. 147 622. Muscle tremors/twitches - p. 147 623. Muscle wastage/sarcopenia - p. 148 624. Muscular dystrophy - p. 148 625. Myalgia - p. 148 626. Myasthenia - p. 148 627. Mydriasis - p. 148 628. Myelination delayed - p. 148 629. Myelodysplastic syndromes - p. 148 630. Myocardial degeneration - p. 149 631. Myocardial depression - p. 149 632. Myocardial fibrosis - p. 149 633. Myocardial hypokinesia - p. 149 634. Myocardial hypoxic contracture—Reduced - p. 149 635. Myocardial infarction - p. 149 636. Myocardial mineralization - p. 149 637. Myocardial necrosis - p. 150 638. Myocarditis - p. 150 639. Myoclonus - p. 150 640. Myofasciitis - p. 150 641. Myoglobin concentrations: Decreased - p. 150 642. Myokymia - p. 150 643. Myopathy - p. 151 644. Myxedema - p. 151 645. N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG)—Activity reduced - p. 151 646. Nail/hoof abnormalities - p. 151 647. Nasal discharge - p. 151 648. Nasal lesions - p. 151 649. Nasal papilloma - p. 152 650. Nausea - p. 152 651. Neck extension - p. 153 652. Neck pain - p. 153 653. Nephrocalcinosis - p. 153 654. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - p. 153 655. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis - p. 153 656. Nephrotic syndrome - p. 153 657. Nervousness - p. 154 658. Neurasthenic signs - p. 154 659. Neuropathy - p. 154 660. Neuropsychiatric signs - p. 154 661. Neuropsychological changes - p. 154 662. Neurotoxic effects - p. 155 663. Neutropenia - p. 155 664. Neutrophil activity—Inhibition - p. 155 665. Neutrophilia - p. 155 666. Night blindness - p. 156 667. Nitric oxide—High - p. 156 668. Nitrogen balance reduced - p. 156 669. Nodule formation - p. 156 670. Nucleated erythrocytes - p. 156 671. Numbness - p. 156 672. Nystagmus - p. 156 673. Ocular discharge - p. 157 674. Oliguria - p. 157 675. Ophthalmoplegia - p. 157 676. Opisthotonos - p. 157 677. Optical atrophy - p. 157 678. Oral lichen planus - p. 157 679. Oral pain - p. 158 680. Oral ulcers - p. 158 681. Organ of corti damage - p. 158 682. Organic brain syndrome - p. 158 683. Osteoarthritis - p. 158 684. Osteoblast activity—Reduced - p. 158 685. Osteochondrosis - p. 158 686. Osteodystrophy - p. 159 687. Otolith malformation - p. 159 688. Ovarian cysts - p. 159 689. Ovarian necrosis - p. 159 690. Ovulation—Abnormal - p. 159 691. Packed cell volume (PCV)—Low - p. 159 692. Packed cell volume (PCV)—High - p. 159 693. Pain—Peripheral - p. 160 694. Pain sensation loss - p. 160 695. Pain—Substernal - p. 160 696. Pallor - p. 160 697. Palpitations - p. 160 698. Pancreatic aplasia/hypoplasia - p. 160 699. Pancreatic atrophy - p. 161 700. Pancreatic islet cell necrosis - p. 161 701. Pancreatic lesions - p. 161 702. Pancreatitis - p. 161 703. Pancytopenia - p. 161 704. Panting/gasping - p. 161 705. Papilledema - p. 162 706. Paresthesia - p. 162 707. Parakeratosis - p. 162 708. Paralysis - p. 162 709. Paralytic ileus - p. 163 710. Parasitism—Increased risk - p. 163 711. Paresthesia - p. 163 712. Paresis - p. 163 713. Pericardial effusion - p. 163 714. Parkinsonism - p. 164 715. Parosmia - p. 164 716. Performance reduction - p. 164 717. Peritonitis - p. 164 718. Perosis - p. 164 719. Petechial hemorrhages - p. 164 720. Pharyngitis - p. 165 721. Phospholipid concentrations in blood increased - p. 165 722. Phosphorus absorption reduced from intestinal tract - p. 165 723. Phosphorus deficiency - p. 165 724. Phosphorus—Plasma low - p. 165 725. Pica - p. 165 726. Placental abruption - p. 166 727. Placental retention - p. 166 728. Plasma cell hyperplasia - p. 166 729. Platelet count—High - p. 166 730. Platelet count—Reduced - p. 166 731. Pleural effusion - p. 166 732. Pneumoconiosis - p. 166 733. Pneumomediastinum - p. 167 734. Pneumonia - p. 167 735. Pneumonitis - p. 167 736. Pneumothorax - p. 167 737. Polioencephalomalacia - p. 168 738. Polioencephalomalacia-like syndrome - p. 168 739. Poliomyelomalacia - p. 168 740. Polyarthritis - p. 168 741. Polycythemia - p. 168 742. Polydipsia - p. 168 743. Polyneuritis - p. 169 744. Polyneuropathy - p. 169 745. Polyuria - p. 169 746. Poor survivability of young - p. 169 747. Postural reflexes—Abnormal - p. 170 748. Premature birth - p. 170 749. Progesterone levels—Low (in serum) - p. 170 750. Prolonged labor - p. 170 751. Prolonged recovery after exercise - p. 170 752. Proprioceptive deficits - p. 170 753. Prostate problems - p. 171 754. Prostration - p. 171 755. Protein—Total in blood—Increased - p. 171 756. Protein losing enteropathy (gastroenteropathy) - p. 171 757. Proteinuria - p. 171 758. Prothrombin time—Prolonged - p. 171 759. Protoporphyria IX - p. 172 760. Pruritus - p. 172 761. Psychiatric abnormalities - p. 172 762. Psychomotor disturbance - p. 172 763. Psychosis - p. 172 764. Pterygium - p. 172 765. Ptosis - p. 173 766. Puberty—Onset delayed - p. 173 767. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis - p. 173 768. Pulmonary congestion - p. 173 769. Pulmonary edema - p. 173 770. Pulmonary embolism - p. 174 771. Pulmonary fibrosis - p. 174 772. Pulmonary granulomatosis - p. 174 773. Pulmonary hemorrhage - p. 174 774. Pulse weak - p. 174 775. Pupillary constriction (miosis) - p. 175 776. Pupillary dilation - p. 175 777. Pupillary reflex loss - p. 175 778. Pyloric ceca epithelium degeneration - p. 175 779. Pyloric stenosis - p. 175 780. Pyramidal signs - p. 175 781. Quick temperedness - p. 175 782. Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS) - p. 176 783. Recumbency - p. 176 784. Red cell fragility - p. 176 785. Reflexes depressed or lost - p. 176 786. Regurgitation - p. 176 787. Renal failure (acute) - p. 176 788. Renal failure (chronic) - p. 177 789. Renal hypertension - p. 177 790. Renal tubular acidosis - p. 177 791. Renal tubular necrosis - p. 177 792. Reproductive performance—Reduced - p. 177 793. Respiratory distress/failure/labored breathing - p. 179 794. Respiratory tract inflammation (mucous membranes) - p. 180 795. Respiratory noise - p. 180 796. Respiratory quotient reduced - p. 180 797. Restlessness - p. 180 798. Retained placenta - p. 181 799. Retching - p. 181 800. Reticulocytopenia - p. 181 801. Reticulocytosis - p. 181 802. Retinol-binding protein in urine - p. 181 803. Retrobulbar neuritis - p. 181 804. Rhabdomyolysis - p. 181 805. Rhinitis - p. 182 806. Rhinorrhoea - p. 182 807. Riboflavinuria - p. 182 808. Rickets - p. 182 809. Rigidity—Trunk - p. 182 810. Rumen papille degeneration - p. 182 811. Ruminal stasis - p. 183 812. Salivation (ptyalism)/hypersalivation - p. 183 813. Sarcopenia/muscle wastage - p. 183 814. Screwneck - p. 183 815. Seborrhoea - p. 183 816. Sedation - p. 183 817. Seizures (fits) - p. 183 818. Selenosis - p. 184 819. Sensory disturbances - p. 184 820. Sensory polyneuritis - p. 185 821. Sexual maturity delayed - p. 185 822. Shivering - p. 185 823. Shock - p. 185 824. Shortness of breath - p. 185 825. Shyness—Excessive - p. 185 826. Silicosis - p. 186 827. Sinusitis - p. 186 828. Skeletal lesions/disorders - p. 186 829. Skin lesions - p. 188 830. Sleep disturbance - p. 190 831. Sluggishness - p. 190 832. Small intestine degeneration - p. 190 833. Smell—Loss of sensation - p. 190 834. Sneezing - p. 190 835. Sodium: Potassium ratio (Na:K)—Decreased - p. 190 836. Soft tissue calcification - p. 190 837. Somesthetic sensory loss - p. 191 838. Somnipathy - p. 191 839. Somnolence - p. 191 840. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)—Increased - p. 191 841. Speech problems - p. 191 842. Sperm count reduction - p. 191 843. Spinal ankylosis - p. 192 844. Spinal curvature - p. 192 845. Splenic degeneration - p. 192 846. Splenomegaly - p. 192 847. Staggering - p. 192 848. Standing difficulty - p. 193 849. Steatitis - p. 193 850. Stepping syndrome - p. 193 851. Stiffness - p. 193 852. Stillbirths - p. 193 853. Stomatitis - p. 194 854. Stridor - p. 194 855. Stroke - p. 194 856. Stupor - p. 194 857. Subperiosteal hemorrhages - p. 194 858. Substernal pain - p. 194 859. Succinyl dehydrogenase activity (reduced) - p. 194 860. Suckling difficulties—Young - p. 195 861. Suckling—Failure to suckle young - p. 195 862. Superoxide dismutase—Decreased activity - p. 195 863. Survival time reduced/life expectancy reduced - p. 195 864. Swayback syndrome (human) - p. 195 865. Swaying of hindquarters - p. 195 866. Sweating - p. 196 867. Sweating inhibition - p. 196 868. Tachycardia - p. 196 869. Tachypnoea - p. 197 870. Tail drooping - p. 197 871. Taste—Loss of sensation - p. 197 872. Teeth discoloration - p. 197 873. Teeth grinding - p. 197 874. Tendon mineralization - p. 197 875. Tenesmus - p. 198 876. Teratological changes - p. 198 877. Testicular disease - p. 198 878. Testosterone formation reduced - p. 198 879. Tetany - p. 199 880. Thirst reduced - p. 199 881. Throat pain - p. 199 882. Thrombocytopenia - p. 199 883. Thrombus formation - p. 199 884. Thymus atrophy - p. 200 885. Thymus hypoplasia - p. 200 886. Thyroid hyperplasia - p. 200 887. Thyroxine T4—Reduced - p. 200 888. Tibial chondrodysplasia - p. 200 889. Tingling sensation - p. 200 890. Tinnitus - p. 200 891. Tip Toe gait - p. 201 892. Tongue coating (white) - p. 201 893. Tongue papille lesions: Atrophy/parakeratosis - p. 201 894. Tooth loss - p. 201 895. Torsade de pointes - p. 201 896. Tracheobronchitis - p. 201 897. Transaminase (liver) activity increased - p. 202 898. Transferrin—Low blood concentration - p. 202 899. Tremors - p. 202 900. Triglyceride concentrations (blood)—Low - p. 202 901. Trousseau sign - p. 202 902. Tumors - p. 203 903. Tunnel vision - p. 203 904. Twitching - p. 203 905. Umbilical hernia - p. 203 906. Unthriftiness - p. 203 907. Upper respiratory tract obstruction - p. 204 908. Uremia - p. 204 909. Uric acidemia—Lowered - p. 204 910. Urine β-glucuronidase—Increased - p. 204 911. Urine concentrating ability—Lost - p. 204 912. Urine production decreased - p. 204 913. Urine retention - p. 204 914. Urine specific gravity—Low - p. 205 915. Urolithiasis - p. 205 916. Uterine hemorrhage - p. 205 917. Uveitis - p. 205 918. Vaginal development delayed - p. 205 919. Vascular disease (peripheral) - p. 205 920. Vasodilation - p. 206 921. Ventricular dysrhythmia - p. 206 922. Ventricular tachycardia - p. 206 923. Ventroflexion of the neck - p. 206 924. Vestibular syndrome/loss of balance/head tilt - p. 206 925. Vertebral ankylosis - p. 206 926. Vertigo - p. 207 927. Violent acts - p. 207 928. Violent movements—Uncontrolled - p. 207 929. Visual problems - p. 207 930. Vital capacity (lungs)—Reduced - p. 207 931. Vitiligo - p. 207 932. Vocalization—Uncontrolled - p. 208 933. Vomiting - p. 208 934. Wandering - p. 209 935. Water intake—Reduced - p. 209 936. Weakness - p. 209 937. Weak offspring - p. 210 938. Weight gain - p. 210 939. Weight gain—Reduced - p. 210 940. Weight loss - p. 211 941. Wheezing - p. 212 942. White blood cell count—Low - p. 212 943. Withdrawal reflex loss - p. 212 944. Wool abnormalities - p. 212 945. Wound healing—Impaired - p. 212 946. Wrinkled skin - p. 212 947. Wrist drop - p. 213 948. Writhing - p. 213 949. Xanthine oxidase—Increased activity - p. 213 950. Xanthinuria—Increased - p. 213 951. Xerosis - p. 213 952. Yellow nail syndrome - p. 213 953. Zinc—Liver content decreased - p. 214 954. Zinc—Serum concentrations reduced - p. 214 955. Zinc superoxide dismutase—Reduced activity - p. 214 956. Section 2 Minerals, trace elements, and rare earth elements - p. 215 957. Aluminum (Al) - p. 215 958. References** "To view the full reference list for the book, click here" - p. 218 959. Antimony(Sb) - p. 220 960. Arsenic (As) - p. 221 961. Barium (Ba) - p. 224 962. Beryllium (Be) - p. 226 963. Bismuth (Bi) - p. 228 964. Boron (B) - p. 230 965. Bromine (Br) - p. 233 966. Cadmium (Cd) - p. 235 967. Cesium (Cs) - p. 239 968. Calcium (Ca) - p. 240 969. Cerium (Ce) - p. 244 970. Chlorine (Cl) - p. 246 971. Chromium (Cr) - p. 248 972. Cobalt (Co) - p. 251 973. Copper (Cu) - p. 254 974. Dysprosium (Dy) - p. 259 975. Erbium (Er) - p. 261 976. Europium (Eu) - p. 263 977. Fluorine (F) - p. 265 978. Gadolinium (Gd) - p. 267 979. Gallium (Ga) - p. 269 980. Germanium (Ge) - p. 271 981. Gold (Au) - p. 273 982. Holmium (Ho) - p. 275 983. Indium (In) - p. 277 984. Iodine (I) - p. 279 985. Iron (Fe) - p. 282 986. Lanthanum (La) - p. 287 987. Lead (Pb) - p. 289 988. Lithium (Li) - p. 292 989. Lutetium (Lu) - p. 294 990. Magnesium (Mg) - p. 296 991. Manganese (Mn) - p. 299 992. Mercury (Hg) - p. 302 993. Molybdenum (Mo) - p. 305 994. Neodymium (Nd) - p. 309 995. Nickel (Ni) - p. 311 996. Niobium (Nb) - p. 314 997. Palladium (Pd) - p. 316 998. Phosphorus (P) - p. 318 999. Potassium (K) - p. 321 1000. Praseodymium (Pr) - p. 324 1001. Promethium (Pm) - p. 326 1002. Rubidium (Rb) - p. 328 1003. Samarium (Sm) - p. 330 1004. Scandium (Sc) - p. 332 1005. Selenium (Se) - p. 334 1006. Silicon (Si) - p. 338 1007. Silver (Ag) - p. 340 1008. Sodium (Na) - p. 342 1009. Strontium (Sr) - p. 345 1010. Sulphur (S) - p. 347 1011. Tellurium (Te) - p. 350 1012. Terbium (Tb) - p. 352 1013. Thallium (Tl) - p. 354 1014. Thorium (Th) - p. 356 1015. Thulium (Tm) - p. 359 1016. Tin (Sn) - p. 360 1017. Titanium (Ti) - p. 362 1018. Tungsten (W) - p. 364 1019. Uranium (U) - p. 366 1020. Vanadium (V) - p. 368 1021. Ytterbium (Yb) - p. 370 1022. Yttrium (Y) - p. 372 1023. Zinc (Zn) - p. 374 1024. Zirconium (Zr) - p. 378 1025. Section 3 Species - p. 381 1026. Mammals - p. 382 1027. Bears - p. 390 1028. Coatis - p. 390 1029. Dogs - p. 390 1030. Foxes - p. 396 1031. Gerbils - p. 396 1032. Guinea pigs - p. 396 1033. Hamsters - p. 402 1034. Mice - p. 404 1035. Meerkat - p. 408 1036. Mongoose - p. 408 1037. Non-human primates - p. 408 1038. Pigs - p. 413 1039. Rats - p. 416 1040. Squirrels - p. 422 1041. Mineral associated diseases in squirrels - p. 422 1042. Cats - p. 424 1043. Big cats - p. 426 1044. Ferrets - p. 426 1045. Mink - p. 426 1046. Bats - p. 430 1047. Buffaloes - p. 431 1048. Camels - p. 431 1049. Cattle - p. 435 1050. Deer - p. 439 1051. Giraffes - p. 439 1052. Goats - p. 439 1053. Sheep - p. 444 1054. Elephants - p. 447 1055. Horses - p. 447 1056. Rabbits - p. 452 1057. Rhinoceros - p. 456 1058. Tapirs - p. 457 1059. Marine mammals - p. 458 1060. Marsupials - p. 459 1061. Opossums - p. 460 1062. Sugar gliders - p. 461 1063. Wombats - p. 462 1064. Avian - p. 463 1065. Poultry - p. 466 1066. Reptiles - p. 470 1067. Amphibians - p. 473 1068. Fish - p. 474 1069. Appendix 1 - p. 479 1070. Appendix 2 - p. 483 1071. Appendix 3 - p. 485 1072. Index - p. 503