Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Wind Power Structures in Marine Environments: Volume 1: Introduction and Corrosive Loads offers the first comprehensive review on corrosion and corrosion protection of offshore wind power structures. The book provides extensive discussion on corrosion phenomena and types in different marine corrosion zones, including the modeling of corrosion processes and interactions between corrosion and structural stability. The book addresses important design issues, namely materials selection relative to performance in marine environments, corrosion allowance, and constructive design. Active and passive corrosion protection measures are emphasized, with special sections on cathodic corrosion protection and the use of protective coatings.
Seawater related issues associated with cathodic protection, such as calcareous deposit formation, hydrogen formation and fouling, are discussed. With respect to protective coatings, the book considers for the first time complete loading scenarios, including corrosive loads, mechanical loads, and special loads, and covers a wide range of coating materials. Problems associated with fouling and bacterial-induced corrosion are extensively reviewed. The book closes with a chapter on recent developments in maintenance strategies, inspection techniques, and repair technologies. The book is of special interest to materials scientists, materials developers, corrosion engineers, maintenance engineers, civil engineers, steel work designers, mechanical engineers, marine engineers.
Offshore wind power is an emerging renewable technology and a key factor for a cleaner environment. Offshore wind power structures are situated in a demanding and challenging marine environment. The structures are loaded in a complex way, including mechanical loads and corrosive loads. Corrosion is one of the major limiting factors to the reliability and performance of the technology. Maintenance and repair of corrosion protection systems are particularly laborious and costly.
1. Chapter 1 Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.1: Offshore wind power structures - p. 1 3. 1.2: Corrosion as an economic parameter - p. 10 4. 1.3: Corrosion as a design parameter - p. 18 5. 1.3.1: Introduction - p. 18 6. 1.3.2: Structural reliability - p. 19 7. 1.3.3: Design of steel structures for offshore applications - p. 24 8. 1.3.4: Axial loads - p. 26 9. 1.3.5: Bending of steel plates and beams - p. 28 10. 1.3.6: Tensile properties - p. 31 11. 1.3.7: Time-varying ultimate strength - p. 35 12. 1.3.8: Stress concentration factors of structural offshore construction elements - p. 35 13. 1.3.9: Corrosion-stress interactions - p. 36 14. 1.3.10: Degradation during electrochemical corrosion and salt spray corrosion - p. 37 15. 1.3.11: Pitting corrosion - p. 38 16. 1.3.12: Combination of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion - p. 58 17. 1.3.13: Fatigue and corrosion - p. 60 18. 1.3.14: Stress corrosion cracking - p. 70 19. 1.3.15: Reliability of corroded harbor infrastructures - p. 71 20. 1.3.16: Strength degradation of offshore jacket structures - p. 71 21. 1.3.17: Offshore jacket structure corrosion - p. 73 22. 1.3.18: Seismic performance of offshore structures - p. 74 23. 1.3.19: Reliability analysis of offshore structures under marine corrosion - p. 75 24. 1.3.20: Global sensitivity analysis - p. 79 25. 1.3.21: Risk-based asset integrity management for offshore wind farms - p. 81 26. 1.3.22: Corrosion of offshore wind power monopile foundations - p. 82 27. 1.3.23: Corroded jacket platform considering decommissioning events - p. 83 28. 1.3.24: Reliability of mild steel welds - p. 84 29. 1.3.25: Reliability of mooring chains - p. 85 30. 1.3.26: Stability of weathering steel parts in marine environment - p. 88 31. 1.3.27: Comparison of strength reduction models - p. 89 32. 1.3.28: Effects of corrosion on natural vibrations - p. 89 33. 1.4: Corrosion protection - p. 90 34. Chapter 2 Corrosion - p. 95 35. 2.1: Some basic relationships - p. 95 36. 2.2: Corrosion systems - p. 116 37. 2.3: Types of corrosion - p. 125 38. 2.4: Corrosion effects and damages - p. 142 39. 2.5: Corrosion models - p. 147 40. 2.5.1: Introduction - p. 147 41. 2.5.2: Single-stage power–law corrosion model (“standard” model) - p. 151 42. 2.5.3: Two-stage power–law corrosion model - p. 167 43. 2.5.4: Intercept power-linear corrosion models - p. 170 44. 2.5.5: Linear regression corrosion models - p. 173 45. 2.5.6: Exponential corrosion models - p. 176 46. 2.5.7: Cumulative damage function - p. 177 47. 2.5.8: Corrosion model with coating deterioration - p. 178 48. 2.5.9: Statistical corrosion models - p. 178 49. 2.5.10: Nonlinear time-variant corrosion models - p. 180 50. 2.5.11: Bi-modal corrosion model - p. 185 51. 2.5.12: Two-parameter Weibull corrosion model - p. 189 52. 2.5.13: Incremental corrosion models - p. 190 53. 2.5.14: Zonal offshore corrosion model - p. 192 54. 2.5.15: Corrosion model for local environmental conditions - p. 193 55. 2.5.16: Local probabilistic corrosion model - p. 194 56. 2.5.17: Spatiotemporal corrosion models - p. 195 57. 2.5.18: Physicochemical corrosion model - p. 199 58. 2.5.19: Mathematical model - p. 199 59. 2.5.20: Multiscale corrosion models - p. 200 60. 2.5.21: Artificial Intelligence-based models - p. 201 61. 2.5.22: Matrix model for stationary offshore platforms - p. 213 62. 2.5.23: Tube deterioration model for offshore platforms - p. 214 63. 2.5.24: Generalization of corrosion models - p. 214 64. 2.5.25: Pitting corrosion models - p. 216 65. 2.5.26: Crevice corrosion models - p. 232 66. 2.6: Atmospheric marine corrosion - p. 233 67. 2.6.1: Characterization of atmospheric corrosion - p. 233 68. 2.6.2: Corrosivity categories - p. 234 69. 2.6.3: Dose–response functions - p. 243 70. 2.6.4: Alternative response functions - p. 246 71. 2.6.5: Chloride deposition - p. 252 72. 2.6.6: Relative humidity - p. 272 73. 2.6.7: Time of wetness - p. 278 74. 2.6.8: Electrolyte layers - p. 281 75. 2.6.9: Cyclic wet–dry conditions - p. 282 76. 2.6.10: Corrosion of metals in marine atmospheres - p. 285 77. 2.6.11: Corrosion products - p. 311 78. 2.6.12: Accelerated corrosion coefficient - p. 344 79. 2.6.13: Exposure parameter ratios for weathering steels - p. 345 80. 2.6.14: Effect of corrosion product removal on accumulated corrosion development - p. 346 81. 2.7: Corrosion in the splash zone - p. 346 82. 2.8: Corrosion in the intermediate (tidal) zone - p. 377 83. 2.9: Corrosion in seawater - p. 393 84. 2.9.1: Corrosivity - p. 393 85. 2.9.2: Corrosion of metals in seawater - p. 417 86. 2.9.3: Corrosion products - p. 456 87. 2.10: Corrosion in sediment/seawater interface - p. 465 88. 2.11: Corrosion in soil/sediments - p. 467 89. 2.12: Corrosion in compartments - p. 480 90. 2.13: Corrosion under insulation - p. 496 91. 2.14: Corrosion in dissimilar corrosive environments - p. 497 92. 2.15: Pitting corrosion - p. 498 93. 2.16: Crevice corrosion - p. 511 94. 2.17: Corrosion fatigue - p. 521 95. 2.18: Mechanically induced corrosion - p. 547 96. 2.19: Erosion corrosion - p. 560 97. 2.20: Correlation between laboratory data and field data - p. 572 98. Chapter 3 Biofouling - p. 579 99. 3.1: Introduction - p. 579 100. 3.2: Macrofouling - p. 586 101. 3.3: Biofilms - p. 625 102. 3.4: Sulfate-reducing bacteria - p. 672 103. 3.5: Effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria on coating performance - p. 695 104. 3.6: Fungal attack - p. 696 105. Bibliography - p. 697 106. Index - p. 739
Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Wind Power Structures in Marine Environments: Volume 1: Introduction and Corrosive Loads offers the first comprehensive review on corrosion and corrosion protection of offshore wind power structures. The book provides extensive discussion on corrosion phenomena and types in different marine corrosion zones, including the modeling of corrosion processes and interactions between corrosion and structural stability. The book addresses important design issues, namely materials selection relative to performance in marine environments, corrosion allowance, and constructive design. Active and passive corrosion protection measures are emphasized, with special sections on cathodic corrosion protection and the use of protective coatings.
Seawater related issues associated with cathodic protection, such as calcareous deposit formation, hydrogen formation and fouling, are discussed. With respect to protective coatings, the book considers for the first time complete loading scenarios, including corrosive loads, mechanical loads, and special loads, and covers a wide range of coating materials. Problems associated with fouling and bacterial-induced corrosion are extensively reviewed. The book closes with a chapter on recent developments in maintenance strategies, inspection techniques, and repair technologies. The book is of special interest to materials scientists, materials developers, corrosion engineers, maintenance engineers, civil engineers, steel work designers, mechanical engineers, marine engineers.
Offshore wind power is an emerging renewable technology and a key factor for a cleaner environment. Offshore wind power structures are situated in a demanding and challenging marine environment. The structures are loaded in a complex way, including mechanical loads and corrosive loads. Corrosion is one of the major limiting factors to the reliability and performance of the technology. Maintenance and repair of corrosion protection systems are particularly laborious and costly.
1. Chapter 1 Introduction - p. 1 2. 1.1: Offshore wind power structures - p. 1 3. 1.2: Corrosion as an economic parameter - p. 10 4. 1.3: Corrosion as a design parameter - p. 18 5. 1.3.1: Introduction - p. 18 6. 1.3.2: Structural reliability - p. 19 7. 1.3.3: Design of steel structures for offshore applications - p. 24 8. 1.3.4: Axial loads - p. 26 9. 1.3.5: Bending of steel plates and beams - p. 28 10. 1.3.6: Tensile properties - p. 31 11. 1.3.7: Time-varying ultimate strength - p. 35 12. 1.3.8: Stress concentration factors of structural offshore construction elements - p. 35 13. 1.3.9: Corrosion-stress interactions - p. 36 14. 1.3.10: Degradation during electrochemical corrosion and salt spray corrosion - p. 37 15. 1.3.11: Pitting corrosion - p. 38 16. 1.3.12: Combination of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion - p. 58 17. 1.3.13: Fatigue and corrosion - p. 60 18. 1.3.14: Stress corrosion cracking - p. 70 19. 1.3.15: Reliability of corroded harbor infrastructures - p. 71 20. 1.3.16: Strength degradation of offshore jacket structures - p. 71 21. 1.3.17: Offshore jacket structure corrosion - p. 73 22. 1.3.18: Seismic performance of offshore structures - p. 74 23. 1.3.19: Reliability analysis of offshore structures under marine corrosion - p. 75 24. 1.3.20: Global sensitivity analysis - p. 79 25. 1.3.21: Risk-based asset integrity management for offshore wind farms - p. 81 26. 1.3.22: Corrosion of offshore wind power monopile foundations - p. 82 27. 1.3.23: Corroded jacket platform considering decommissioning events - p. 83 28. 1.3.24: Reliability of mild steel welds - p. 84 29. 1.3.25: Reliability of mooring chains - p. 85 30. 1.3.26: Stability of weathering steel parts in marine environment - p. 88 31. 1.3.27: Comparison of strength reduction models - p. 89 32. 1.3.28: Effects of corrosion on natural vibrations - p. 89 33. 1.4: Corrosion protection - p. 90 34. Chapter 2 Corrosion - p. 95 35. 2.1: Some basic relationships - p. 95 36. 2.2: Corrosion systems - p. 116 37. 2.3: Types of corrosion - p. 125 38. 2.4: Corrosion effects and damages - p. 142 39. 2.5: Corrosion models - p. 147 40. 2.5.1: Introduction - p. 147 41. 2.5.2: Single-stage power–law corrosion model (“standard” model) - p. 151 42. 2.5.3: Two-stage power–law corrosion model - p. 167 43. 2.5.4: Intercept power-linear corrosion models - p. 170 44. 2.5.5: Linear regression corrosion models - p. 173 45. 2.5.6: Exponential corrosion models - p. 176 46. 2.5.7: Cumulative damage function - p. 177 47. 2.5.8: Corrosion model with coating deterioration - p. 178 48. 2.5.9: Statistical corrosion models - p. 178 49. 2.5.10: Nonlinear time-variant corrosion models - p. 180 50. 2.5.11: Bi-modal corrosion model - p. 185 51. 2.5.12: Two-parameter Weibull corrosion model - p. 189 52. 2.5.13: Incremental corrosion models - p. 190 53. 2.5.14: Zonal offshore corrosion model - p. 192 54. 2.5.15: Corrosion model for local environmental conditions - p. 193 55. 2.5.16: Local probabilistic corrosion model - p. 194 56. 2.5.17: Spatiotemporal corrosion models - p. 195 57. 2.5.18: Physicochemical corrosion model - p. 199 58. 2.5.19: Mathematical model - p. 199 59. 2.5.20: Multiscale corrosion models - p. 200 60. 2.5.21: Artificial Intelligence-based models - p. 201 61. 2.5.22: Matrix model for stationary offshore platforms - p. 213 62. 2.5.23: Tube deterioration model for offshore platforms - p. 214 63. 2.5.24: Generalization of corrosion models - p. 214 64. 2.5.25: Pitting corrosion models - p. 216 65. 2.5.26: Crevice corrosion models - p. 232 66. 2.6: Atmospheric marine corrosion - p. 233 67. 2.6.1: Characterization of atmospheric corrosion - p. 233 68. 2.6.2: Corrosivity categories - p. 234 69. 2.6.3: Dose–response functions - p. 243 70. 2.6.4: Alternative response functions - p. 246 71. 2.6.5: Chloride deposition - p. 252 72. 2.6.6: Relative humidity - p. 272 73. 2.6.7: Time of wetness - p. 278 74. 2.6.8: Electrolyte layers - p. 281 75. 2.6.9: Cyclic wet–dry conditions - p. 282 76. 2.6.10: Corrosion of metals in marine atmospheres - p. 285 77. 2.6.11: Corrosion products - p. 311 78. 2.6.12: Accelerated corrosion coefficient - p. 344 79. 2.6.13: Exposure parameter ratios for weathering steels - p. 345 80. 2.6.14: Effect of corrosion product removal on accumulated corrosion development - p. 346 81. 2.7: Corrosion in the splash zone - p. 346 82. 2.8: Corrosion in the intermediate (tidal) zone - p. 377 83. 2.9: Corrosion in seawater - p. 393 84. 2.9.1: Corrosivity - p. 393 85. 2.9.2: Corrosion of metals in seawater - p. 417 86. 2.9.3: Corrosion products - p. 456 87. 2.10: Corrosion in sediment/seawater interface - p. 465 88. 2.11: Corrosion in soil/sediments - p. 467 89. 2.12: Corrosion in compartments - p. 480 90. 2.13: Corrosion under insulation - p. 496 91. 2.14: Corrosion in dissimilar corrosive environments - p. 497 92. 2.15: Pitting corrosion - p. 498 93. 2.16: Crevice corrosion - p. 511 94. 2.17: Corrosion fatigue - p. 521 95. 2.18: Mechanically induced corrosion - p. 547 96. 2.19: Erosion corrosion - p. 560 97. 2.20: Correlation between laboratory data and field data - p. 572 98. Chapter 3 Biofouling - p. 579 99. 3.1: Introduction - p. 579 100. 3.2: Macrofouling - p. 586 101. 3.3: Biofilms - p. 625 102. 3.4: Sulfate-reducing bacteria - p. 672 103. 3.5: Effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria on coating performance - p. 695 104. 3.6: Fungal attack - p. 696 105. Bibliography - p. 697 106. Index - p. 739
