Thoroughly updated to reflect today's recent advances in adult and pediatric endocrinology, DeGroot’s Endocrinology, 8th Edition, remains the comprehensive, international reference of choice for today’s endocrinologists and fellows. A full peer review of the previous edition, conducted by a largely new group of renowned editors, was used to update this trusted, two-volume resource. In-depth coverage of both basic and clinical aspects of endocrinology and up-to-date information on the treatment and management of endocrine disorders are provided by a diverse group of expert contributors from six continents. A full-color format and helpful algorithms summarize clinical decision-making and practical approaches to patient management.
1. Introduction - p. 557 2. Epidemiology - p. 557 3. Origins of the Disease: Etiologic Factors - p. 558 4. Natural History of Diabetes as an Evolving Glucoregulatory Defect - p. 561 5. The Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance - p. 570 6. The Molecular Basis of Human Insulin Resistance in Target Tissues - p. 572 7. Cell Stress Responses, Nutrient Sensing, and Insulin Resistance - p. 577 8. Syndromes of Severe Insulin Resistance - p. 579 9. Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes as an End-Stage Manifestation of Cardiometabolic Disease - p. 580 10. 34. Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy - p. 589 11. 35. Hyperglycemia Secondary to Non-Traditional Diabetic Conditions - p. 608 12. 36. β Cell Glucose Toxicity and Oxidative Stress - p. 632 13. 37. Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State - p. 641 14. 38. Hypoglycemia and Hypoglycemic Syndromes - p. 655 15. 39. Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults - p. 672 16. 40. Clinical Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 691 17. 41. Pancreas and Islet Transplantation - p. 710 18. 42. Diabetes and Long-Term Complications - p. 730 19. 43. Diabetic Eye Disease - p. 741 20. 44. Diabetic Neuropathy - p. 756 21. 45. Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 770 22. 46. Diabetic Foot and Vascular Complications - p. 791 23. Part 5. Parathyroid Gland, Calciotropic Hormones, and Bone Metabolism - p. 799 24. 47. Parathyroid Hormone and the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type 1 in the Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism - p. 802 25. 48. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein - p. 818 26. 49. Calcitonin - p. 835 27. 50. Vitamin D: From Photosynthesis, Metabolism, and Action to Clinical Applications - p. 850 28. 51. Bone Development and Remodeling - p. 869 29. 52. Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis and Genetic Disorders That Affect Calcium Metabolism - p. 889 30. 53. Genetic Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis - p. 907 31. 54. Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 922 32. 55. Malignancy-Associated Hypercalcemia - p. 942 33. 56. Surgical Management of Hyperparathyroidism - p. 955 34. 57. Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy, and Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia: Disorders Caused by GNAS Mutations that Reduce Gsα Activity - p. 974 35. 58. Genetic Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism and Action - p. 992 36. 59. Hereditary Disorders of the Skeleton - p. 1010 37. 60. Osteoporosis - p. 1022 38. 61. CKD-MBD Syndrome: Chronic Kidney Disease Produced Disorders in Skeletal, Vascular, and Cardiac Tissues and Mineral Metabolism - p. 1039 39. 62. Disorders of Mineralization - p. 1053 40. 63. Paget Disease of Bone - p. 1067 41. Part 6. Thyroid - p. 1078 42. 64. Anatomy and Development of the Thyroid - p. 1080 43. 65. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and TSH Receptor - p. 1099 44. 66. Thyroid Hormone Transporters and Metabolism - p. 1112 45. 67. Thyroid Hormone Action - p. 1128 46. 68. Thyroid Function Testing (Thyrotropin, Triiodothyronine, and Thyroxine) - p. 1142 47. 69. Thyroid Imaging - p. 1151 48. 70. Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - p. 1166 49. 71. Graves Disease - p. 1178 50. 72. Graves’ Orbitopathy - p. 1194 51. 73. Thyroiditis - p. 1214 52. 74. Hypothyroidism - p. 1234 53. 75. Thyroid and Pregnancy - p. 1251 54. 76. Iodine Nutrition and the Thyroid - p. 1266 55. 77. Euthyroid and Hyperthyroid Nodules and Goiter - p. 1277 56. 78. Differentiated Thyroid Cancer – Streamlining Diagnosis and Optimizing Management - p. 1298 57. 79. Medullary Thyroid Cancer - p. 1315 58. 80. Anaplastic (Undifferentiated) Thyroid Carcinoma - p. 1329 59. 81. Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Genetic Defects of the Thyroid - p. 1338 60. 82. Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease - p. 1359 61. 83. Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome - p. 1376 62. 84. Drugs and Thyroid - p. 1389 63. Part 7. Adrenal - p. 1406 64. 85. Adrenal Development and Homeostasis - p. 1408 65. 86. Genetic Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex - p. 1430 66. 87. Enzymes and Pathways of Human Steroidogenesis - p. 1449 67. 88. Mineralocorticoids: Physiology, Metabolism, Receptors, and Resistance - p. 1474 68. 89. Glucocorticoid Receptorse: Mechanisms of Action in Health and Disease - p. 1484 69. 90. Adrenal Androgens, Adrenarche, and Adrenopause - p. 1498 70. 91. Adrenal Pathology - p. 1509 71. 92. Adrenal Gland Imaging - p. 1530 72. 93. Adrenal Insufficiency - p. 1553 73. 94. Defects of Adrenal Steroidogenesis - p. 1569 74. 95. Adrenal Genomics II: Familial and Sporadic Neoplasia - p. 1590 75. 96. Primary Aldosteronism - p. 1599 76. 97. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone–Independent Cushing Syndrome - p. 1614 77. 98. Adrenocortical Carcinoma - p. 1632 78. 99. Pheochromocytoma - p. 1642 79. 100. Adrenal Surgery - p. 1661 80. Part 8. Reproductive Endocrinology and Sexual Function - p. 1683 81. 101. Differences of Sex Development - p. 1686 82. 102. Endocrinology of Sexual Maturation and Puberty - p. 1717 83. 103. Endocrinology of Pubertal Disorders - p. 1731 84. 104. Transgender Healthcare - p. 1752 85. Part 9. Male Reproduction - p. 1757 86. 105. Gonadotropin Regulation and Androgen and Estrogen Physiology - p. 1760 87. 106. Hypogonadism: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment - p. 1783 88. 107. Testosterone Deficiency: Aging and Chronic Disease - p. 1804 89. 108. Gynecomastia - p. 1811 90. 109. Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1825 91. 110. Misuse and Abuse of Anabolic Hormones - p. 1846 92. 111. Regulation of Spermatogenesis - p. 1861 93. 112. Prevalence and Causes of Male Infertility - p. 1878 94. 113. Clinical Management of Male Infertility - p. 1892 95. 114. Male Contraception - p. 1907 96. 115. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and Testicular Tumors - p. 1918 97. 116. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer - p. 1937 98. Part 10. Female Reproduction - p. 1948 99. 117. The Menstrual Cycle and Disorders of Ovulation - p. 1950 100. 118. Folliculogenesis, Ovulation, and Luteogenesis - p. 1971 101. 119. Ovarian Hormone Synthesis - p. 1987 102. 120. Estrogen and Progesterone Action - p. 2003 103. 121. Contraception - p. 2021 104. 122. Menopause and Perimenopause - p. 2030 105. 123. Female Infertility: Evaluation and Management - p. 2046 106. 124. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women - p. 2060 107. 125. Endometriosis - p. 2079 108. 126. Uterine Fibroids and Adenomyosis - p. 2093 109. 127. Hormonal Control of the Breast - p. 2104 110. 128. Sexual Dysfunction in the Female - p. 2124 111. 129. Hormonal Control of Human Pregnancy and Parturition - p. 2135 112. 130. Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology - p. 2152 113. Overview - p. 2152 114. Placental Hormone Production and Transfer - p. 2153 115. Ectopic Fetal Hormone Production - p. 2153 116. Fetal Endocrine Systems - p. 2154 117. The Fetal Autonomic Nervous System - p. 2173 118. Fetal Pancreas and Glucose Homeostasis - p. 2174 119. Fetal Parathryoid and Bone Metabolism - p. 2178 120. Fetal Growth - p. 2181 121. Adaptations to Extrauterine Life - p. 2183 122. Future Directions - p. 2186 123. 131. Hormonal Changes and Pregnancy Testing - p. 2200 124. Part 11. Multisystem Endocrine Disorders - p. 2219 125. 132. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes - p. 2222 126. 133. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 - p. 2237 127. 134. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Types 2 and 3, and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma - p. 2258 128. 135. Neuroendocrine Tumor Syndromes - p. 2274 129. 136. Ectopic Hormone Syndromes - p. 2291 130. 137. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Human Health - p. 2305 131. Index - p. I-1
Thoroughly updated to reflect today's recent advances in adult and pediatric endocrinology, DeGroot’s Endocrinology, 8th Edition, remains the comprehensive, international reference of choice for today’s endocrinologists and fellows. A full peer review of the previous edition, conducted by a largely new group of renowned editors, was used to update this trusted, two-volume resource. In-depth coverage of both basic and clinical aspects of endocrinology and up-to-date information on the treatment and management of endocrine disorders are provided by a diverse group of expert contributors from six continents. A full-color format and helpful algorithms summarize clinical decision-making and practical approaches to patient management.
1. Introduction - p. 557 2. Epidemiology - p. 557 3. Origins of the Disease: Etiologic Factors - p. 558 4. Natural History of Diabetes as an Evolving Glucoregulatory Defect - p. 561 5. The Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance - p. 570 6. The Molecular Basis of Human Insulin Resistance in Target Tissues - p. 572 7. Cell Stress Responses, Nutrient Sensing, and Insulin Resistance - p. 577 8. Syndromes of Severe Insulin Resistance - p. 579 9. Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes as an End-Stage Manifestation of Cardiometabolic Disease - p. 580 10. 34. Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy - p. 589 11. 35. Hyperglycemia Secondary to Non-Traditional Diabetic Conditions - p. 608 12. 36. β Cell Glucose Toxicity and Oxidative Stress - p. 632 13. 37. Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State - p. 641 14. 38. Hypoglycemia and Hypoglycemic Syndromes - p. 655 15. 39. Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults - p. 672 16. 40. Clinical Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - p. 691 17. 41. Pancreas and Islet Transplantation - p. 710 18. 42. Diabetes and Long-Term Complications - p. 730 19. 43. Diabetic Eye Disease - p. 741 20. 44. Diabetic Neuropathy - p. 756 21. 45. Diabetic Kidney Disease - p. 770 22. 46. Diabetic Foot and Vascular Complications - p. 791 23. Part 5. Parathyroid Gland, Calciotropic Hormones, and Bone Metabolism - p. 799 24. 47. Parathyroid Hormone and the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type 1 in the Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism - p. 802 25. 48. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein - p. 818 26. 49. Calcitonin - p. 835 27. 50. Vitamin D: From Photosynthesis, Metabolism, and Action to Clinical Applications - p. 850 28. 51. Bone Development and Remodeling - p. 869 29. 52. Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis and Genetic Disorders That Affect Calcium Metabolism - p. 889 30. 53. Genetic Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis - p. 907 31. 54. Primary Hyperparathyroidism - p. 922 32. 55. Malignancy-Associated Hypercalcemia - p. 942 33. 56. Surgical Management of Hyperparathyroidism - p. 955 34. 57. Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy, and Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia: Disorders Caused by GNAS Mutations that Reduce Gsα Activity - p. 974 35. 58. Genetic Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism and Action - p. 992 36. 59. Hereditary Disorders of the Skeleton - p. 1010 37. 60. Osteoporosis - p. 1022 38. 61. CKD-MBD Syndrome: Chronic Kidney Disease Produced Disorders in Skeletal, Vascular, and Cardiac Tissues and Mineral Metabolism - p. 1039 39. 62. Disorders of Mineralization - p. 1053 40. 63. Paget Disease of Bone - p. 1067 41. Part 6. Thyroid - p. 1078 42. 64. Anatomy and Development of the Thyroid - p. 1080 43. 65. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and TSH Receptor - p. 1099 44. 66. Thyroid Hormone Transporters and Metabolism - p. 1112 45. 67. Thyroid Hormone Action - p. 1128 46. 68. Thyroid Function Testing (Thyrotropin, Triiodothyronine, and Thyroxine) - p. 1142 47. 69. Thyroid Imaging - p. 1151 48. 70. Pathology of the Thyroid Gland - p. 1166 49. 71. Graves Disease - p. 1178 50. 72. Graves’ Orbitopathy - p. 1194 51. 73. Thyroiditis - p. 1214 52. 74. Hypothyroidism - p. 1234 53. 75. Thyroid and Pregnancy - p. 1251 54. 76. Iodine Nutrition and the Thyroid - p. 1266 55. 77. Euthyroid and Hyperthyroid Nodules and Goiter - p. 1277 56. 78. Differentiated Thyroid Cancer – Streamlining Diagnosis and Optimizing Management - p. 1298 57. 79. Medullary Thyroid Cancer - p. 1315 58. 80. Anaplastic (Undifferentiated) Thyroid Carcinoma - p. 1329 59. 81. Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Genetic Defects of the Thyroid - p. 1338 60. 82. Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease - p. 1359 61. 83. Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome - p. 1376 62. 84. Drugs and Thyroid - p. 1389 63. Part 7. Adrenal - p. 1406 64. 85. Adrenal Development and Homeostasis - p. 1408 65. 86. Genetic Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex - p. 1430 66. 87. Enzymes and Pathways of Human Steroidogenesis - p. 1449 67. 88. Mineralocorticoids: Physiology, Metabolism, Receptors, and Resistance - p. 1474 68. 89. Glucocorticoid Receptorse: Mechanisms of Action in Health and Disease - p. 1484 69. 90. Adrenal Androgens, Adrenarche, and Adrenopause - p. 1498 70. 91. Adrenal Pathology - p. 1509 71. 92. Adrenal Gland Imaging - p. 1530 72. 93. Adrenal Insufficiency - p. 1553 73. 94. Defects of Adrenal Steroidogenesis - p. 1569 74. 95. Adrenal Genomics II: Familial and Sporadic Neoplasia - p. 1590 75. 96. Primary Aldosteronism - p. 1599 76. 97. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone–Independent Cushing Syndrome - p. 1614 77. 98. Adrenocortical Carcinoma - p. 1632 78. 99. Pheochromocytoma - p. 1642 79. 100. Adrenal Surgery - p. 1661 80. Part 8. Reproductive Endocrinology and Sexual Function - p. 1683 81. 101. Differences of Sex Development - p. 1686 82. 102. Endocrinology of Sexual Maturation and Puberty - p. 1717 83. 103. Endocrinology of Pubertal Disorders - p. 1731 84. 104. Transgender Healthcare - p. 1752 85. Part 9. Male Reproduction - p. 1757 86. 105. Gonadotropin Regulation and Androgen and Estrogen Physiology - p. 1760 87. 106. Hypogonadism: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment - p. 1783 88. 107. Testosterone Deficiency: Aging and Chronic Disease - p. 1804 89. 108. Gynecomastia - p. 1811 90. 109. Erectile Dysfunction - p. 1825 91. 110. Misuse and Abuse of Anabolic Hormones - p. 1846 92. 111. Regulation of Spermatogenesis - p. 1861 93. 112. Prevalence and Causes of Male Infertility - p. 1878 94. 113. Clinical Management of Male Infertility - p. 1892 95. 114. Male Contraception - p. 1907 96. 115. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and Testicular Tumors - p. 1918 97. 116. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer - p. 1937 98. Part 10. Female Reproduction - p. 1948 99. 117. The Menstrual Cycle and Disorders of Ovulation - p. 1950 100. 118. Folliculogenesis, Ovulation, and Luteogenesis - p. 1971 101. 119. Ovarian Hormone Synthesis - p. 1987 102. 120. Estrogen and Progesterone Action - p. 2003 103. 121. Contraception - p. 2021 104. 122. Menopause and Perimenopause - p. 2030 105. 123. Female Infertility: Evaluation and Management - p. 2046 106. 124. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women - p. 2060 107. 125. Endometriosis - p. 2079 108. 126. Uterine Fibroids and Adenomyosis - p. 2093 109. 127. Hormonal Control of the Breast - p. 2104 110. 128. Sexual Dysfunction in the Female - p. 2124 111. 129. Hormonal Control of Human Pregnancy and Parturition - p. 2135 112. 130. Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology - p. 2152 113. Overview - p. 2152 114. Placental Hormone Production and Transfer - p. 2153 115. Ectopic Fetal Hormone Production - p. 2153 116. Fetal Endocrine Systems - p. 2154 117. The Fetal Autonomic Nervous System - p. 2173 118. Fetal Pancreas and Glucose Homeostasis - p. 2174 119. Fetal Parathryoid and Bone Metabolism - p. 2178 120. Fetal Growth - p. 2181 121. Adaptations to Extrauterine Life - p. 2183 122. Future Directions - p. 2186 123. 131. Hormonal Changes and Pregnancy Testing - p. 2200 124. Part 11. Multisystem Endocrine Disorders - p. 2219 125. 132. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes - p. 2222 126. 133. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 - p. 2237 127. 134. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Types 2 and 3, and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma - p. 2258 128. 135. Neuroendocrine Tumor Syndromes - p. 2274 129. 136. Ectopic Hormone Syndromes - p. 2291 130. 137. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Human Health - p. 2305 131. Index - p. I-1
